NOAA-7
Atlas E/F-Star-37S-ISS (s/n 87F) launch carrying the NOAA 7 satellite, 23 June 1981
NamesNOAA-C
Mission typeWeather
OperatorNOAA
COSPAR ID1981-059A
SATCAT no.12553
Mission duration2 years (planned)
5 years (achieved)
Spacecraft properties
Spacecraft typeTIROS
BusTIROS-N[1]
ManufacturerRCA Astro Electronics
Launch mass1,418 kg (3,126 lb) [2]
Dry mass735 kg (1,620 lb)
Start of mission
Launch date23 June 1981, 10:52:59 UTC[3]
RocketAtlas F-Star-37S-ISS
(Atlas S/N 87F)
Launch siteVandenberg, SLC-3W
ContractorConvair
End of mission
DisposalDecommissioned
DeactivatedJune 1986
Orbital parameters
Reference systemGeocentric orbit[4]
RegimeSun-synchronous orbit
Perigee altitude845 km (525 mi)
Apogee altitude863 km (536 mi)
Inclination98.90°
Period102.00 minutes
 

NOAA-7, known as NOAA-C before launch, was an American operational weather satellite for use in the National Operational Environmental Satellite System (NOESS) and for the support of the Global Atmospheric Research Program (GARP) during 1978-1984. The satellite design provided an economical and stable Sun-synchronous platform for advanced operational instruments to measure the atmosphere of Earth, its surface and cloud cover, and the near-space environment.[5] An earlier launch, NOAA-B, was scheduled to become NOAA-7, however NOAA-B failed to reach its required orbit.[6]

Launch

The launch of NOAA-7 took place at 10:52:59 UTC on 23 June 1981 from Space Launch Complex 3W (SLC-3W) at the Vandenberg Air Force Base in California. NOAA-7 was launched atop an Atlas F launch vehicle with a Star-37S upper stage.

Spacecraft

The NOAA-7 satellite had a mass of 1,418 kg (3,126 lb). The satellite was based upon the DMSP Block 5D satellite bus developed for the U.S. Air Force, and it was capable of maintaining an Earth-pointing accuracy of better than ± 0.1° with a motion rate of less than 0.035 degrees/second.[5]

Instruments

Primary sensors included the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR/2) for global cloud cover observations, and the TIROS Operational Vertical Sounder (TOVS) suite for atmospheric temperature and water profiling. Secondary experiments consisted of a Space Environment Monitor (SEM) measuring proton and electron fluxes, and the Data Collection and Platform Location System (DCPLS) for relaying data from balloons and ocean buoys for the Argos system. The TOVS suite consists of three subsystems: the High Resolution Infrared Radiation Sounder 2 (HIRS/2), the Stratospheric Sounding Unit (SSU), and the Microwave Sounding Unit (MSU).[5]

Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer

The NOAA 7 Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR/2) was a four-channel scanning radiometer capable of providing global daytime and nighttime sea-surface temperature and information about ice, snow, and clouds. These data were obtained on a daily basis for use in weather analysis and forecasting. The multispectral radiometer operated in the scanning mode and measured emitted and reflected radiation in the following spectral intervals: channel 1 (visible), 0.55 to 0.90 micrometer (µm); channel 2 (near infrared), 0.725 µm to detector cutoff around 1.1 µm; channel 3 (IR window), 3.55 to 3.93 µm; and channel 4 (IR window), 10.5 to 11.5 µm. All four channels had a spatial resolution of 1.1 km, and the two IR-window channels had a thermal resolution of 0.12 Kelvin at 300 Kelvin. The AVHRR was capable of operating in both real-time or recorded modes. Real-time or direct readout data were transmitted to ground stations both at low (4 km) resolution via automatic picture transmission (APT) and at high (1 km) resolution via high-resolution picture transmission (HRPT). Data recorded on board were available for processing in the NOAA central computer facility. They included global area coverage (GAC) data, with a resolution of 4 km, and local area coverage (LAC), that contained data from selected portions of each orbit with a 1-km resolution. Identical experiments were flown on other spacecraft in the TIROS-N/NOAA series.[7]

TIROS Operational Vertical Sounder

The TIROS Operational Vertical Sounder (TOVS) consisted of three instruments: the High-resolution Infrared Radiation Sounder modification 2 (HIRS/2), the Stratospheric Sounding Unit (SSU), and the Microwave Sounding Unit (MSU). All three instruments were designed to determine radiances needed to calculate temperature and humidity profiles of the atmosphere from the surface to the stratosphere (approximately 1 mb). The HIRS/2 instrument had 20 channels in the following spectral intervals: channels 1 through 5 , the 15-micrometer (µm) CO2 bands (15.0, 14.7, 14.5, 14.2, and 14.0 µm); channels 6 and 7, the 13.7- and 13.4-µm CO2/H2O bands; channel 8, the 11.1-µm window region; channel 9, the 9.7-µm ozone band; channels 10, 11, and 12, the 6-µm water vapor bands (8.3, 7.3, and 6.7 µm); channels 13 and 14, the 4.57- and 4.52-µm N2O bands; channels 15 and 16, the 4.46- and 4.40-µm CO2/N2O bands; channel 17, the 4.24-µm CO2 band; channels 18 and 19, the 4.0- and 3.7-µm window bands; and channel 20, the 0.70-µm visible region. The SSU instrument was provided by the British Meteorological Office (United Kingdom). It was similar to the Pressure-Modulated Radiometer (PMR) flown on Nimbus 6. The SSU operated at three 15.0-µm channels using selective absorption, passing the incoming radiation through three pressure-modulated cells containing CO2. The MSU instrument was similar to the Scanning Microwave Spectrometer (SCAMS) flown on Nimbus 6. The MSU had one channel in the 50.31-GHz window region and three channels in the 55-GHz oxygen band (53.73, 54.96, and 57.95 GHz) to obtain temperature profiles which were free of cloud interference. The HIRS/2 had a field of view (FOV) 30 km in diameter at nadir, whereas the MSU had a FOV of 110 km in diameter. The HIRS/2 sampled 56 FOVs in each scan line about 2250 km wide, and the MSU sampled 11 FOVs along the swath with the same width. Each SSU scan line had 8 FOVs with a width of 1500 km. This experiment was also flown on other TIROS-N/NOAA series spacecraft.[8]

Data Collection and Platform Location System

The Data Collection and Platform Location System (DCPLS) on NOAA-7, also known as Argos, was designed and built in France to meet the meteorological data needs of the United States and to support the Global Atmospheric Research Program (GARP). The system received low-duty-cycle transmissions of meteorological observations from free-floating balloons, ocean buoys, other satellites, and fixed ground-based sensor platforms distributed around the globe. These observations were organized on board the spacecraft and retransmitted when the spacecraft came within range of a Command and Data Acquisition (CDA) station. For free-moving balloons, the Doppler frequency shift of the transmitted signal was observed to calculate the location of the balloons. The DCPLS was expected, for a moving sensor platform, to have a location accuracy of 3 to 5 km, and a velocity accuracy of 1.0 to 1.6 m/s. This system had the capability of acquiring data from up to 4000 platforms per day. Identical experiments were flown on other spacecraft in the TIROS-N/NOAA series. Processing and dissemination of data were handled by CNES in Toulouse, France.[9]

Space Environment Monitor

The Space Environmental Monitor (SEM) was an extension of the solar proton monitoring experiment flown on the ITOS spacecraft series. The object was to measure proton flux, electron flux density, and energy spectrum in the upper atmosphere. The experiment package consisted of three detector systems and a data processing unit. The Medium Energy Proton and Electron Detector (MEPED) measured protons in five energy ranges from 30 keV to >2.5 MeV; electrons above 30, 100, and 300 keV; protons and electrons (inseparable) above 6 MeV; and omni-directional protons above 16, 36, and 80 MeV. The High-Energy Proton Alpha Telescope (HEPAT), which had a 48° viewing cone, viewed in the anti-Earth direction and measured protons in four energy ranges above 370 MeV and alpha particles in two energy ranges above 850 MeV/nucleon. The Total Energy Detector (TED) measured electrons and protons between 300 eV and 20 keV.[10]

Science objectives

  • Day and night observation of global cloud cover.
  • Observation of atmospheric water/temperature profile.
  • Monitoring particle flux in the near-Earth environment.

Mission

NOAA-7 was withdrawn from use in June 1986 after its power system malfunctioned.[11] In August 1997, the decommissioned satellite experienced an abrupt 1 second change in orbital period. At the same time 3 new debris particles were observed. It is unclear if this was caused by an internal release of energy or collision with an unidentified object.[12] As of 8 December 2013, the derelict satellite remains in a 834 by 850 km (518 by 528 mi) orbit, inclined at 98.87° and with a period of 101.62 minutes.[13]

References

  1. ↑ "Tiros N". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from the original on 28 December 2016. Retrieved 15 January 2017.
  2. ↑ "NOAA-6". World Meteorological Organization (WMO). 28 July 2015. Retrieved 31 December 2020.
  3. ↑ McDowell, Jonathan. "Launch Log". Jonathan's Space Report. Retrieved 27 December 2020.
  4. ↑ "Trajectory: NOAA 7 1981-059A". NASA. 14 May 2020. Retrieved 27 December 2020. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  5. 1 2 3 "Display: NOAA-7 1981-059A". NASA GSFC. 14 May 2020. Retrieved 31 December 2020. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  6. ↑ Bell, Peter M. (1980). "NOAA-B satellite mission unsuccessful". Eos. 61 (27): 515. Bibcode:1980EOSTr..61R.515B. doi:10.1029/eo061i027p00515-03. Retrieved 2 September 2014.
  7. ↑ "AVHRR/2 1981-059A". NASA. 14 May 2020. Retrieved 31 December 2020. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  8. ↑ "TOVS 1981-059A". NASA. 14 May 2020. Retrieved 31 December 2020. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  9. ↑ "DCPLS 1981-059A". NASA. 14 May 2020. Retrieved 31 December 2020. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  10. ↑ "SEM 1981-059A". NASA. 14 May 2020. Retrieved 31 December 2020. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  11. ↑ "The NOAA Series". NASA GSFC. Archived from the original on 15 February 2013. Retrieved 8 December 2013. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  12. ↑ "The Orbital Debris Quarterly News" (PDF). NASA Johnson Space Center. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 July 2004. Retrieved 27 August 2014. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  13. ↑ "NOAA 7 Satellite details 1981-059A NORAD 12553". N2YO. 8 December 2013. Retrieved 8 December 2013.
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