Early ferries

Until the 19th century, when the first fixed crossings were put in place across the city's waterways, there were many ferries traversing the area.^[4] New York's first ferries date to when the city was a Dutch colony named New Amsterdam, which comprised modern-day Lower Manhattan. A ferry across the East River, between New Amsterdam and modern-day Brooklyn, was created in 1642 by Cornelius Dircksen,^[5] who was reportedly "the earliest ferryman of whom the records speak."^[6] By 1654, New Amsterdam's government passed ordinances to regulate East River ferries.^[7] The first ferry to New Jersey was founded in 1661, traveling across the Hudson River from Manhattan to Communipaw (now part of Jersey City).^[8] Ferries along the Harlem River, between uptown Manhattan and the Bronx, started in 1667, and a ferry to Staten Island was started in 1712.^[9]: 38 The number of ferries would grow, and by 1904, there would be 147 ferry services operating in New York City waters.^[10]

One of the first documented horse-powered "team" boats in commercial service in the United States was the Fulton Ferry Company, an East River ferry run that Robert Fulton implemented in 1814.^[11] The South Ferry Company, founded in 1836, merged with the Fulton Ferry Company three years later, and the combined companies underwent a series of acquisitions, eventually owning many of the East River ferries.^[12] However, by 1918, the construction of bridges and New York City Subway tunnels across the East River resulted in some companies, such as the New York and East River Ferry Company between Yorkville and Astoria, operating at a loss.^[13] Even with city ownership, many of the East River ferries were superseded by bridges, road tunnels, and subway tunnels by the mid-20th century. The Yorkville–Astoria ferry, for instance, stopped in 1936 after being replaced by the Triborough Bridge.^[14]

On the other side of Manhattan, there were a myriad of Hudson River ferries at one point, with boat routes running from New Jersey to twenty passenger docks in Manhattan.^[8] However, the construction of the Holland Tunnel, Lincoln Tunnel, Hudson & Manhattan Railroad, Pennsylvania Railroad and George Washington Bridge between Manhattan and New Jersey, as well as the growth of car ownership in the United States, meant that these ferries were no longer needed by the mid-20th century. As a result, in 1967, the last cross-Hudson ferry (between Hoboken and Battery Park City) ceased operations.^[8][10]

The Richmond Turnpike Company started a steamboat service from Manhattan to Staten Island in 1817. Cornelius Vanderbilt bought the company in 1838, and it was sold to the Staten Island Railroad Company in 1864. The Staten Island Ferry was then sold to the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad in 1884, and the City of New York assumed control of the ferry in 1905.^[9]: 172 The ferry, which still operates, was at one point the only commuter ferry within the entire city, after the discontinuation of the Hoboken ferry in 1967.^[8]

Despite the discontinuation of ferry service to New Jersey, people moved to locations along the Hudson River waterfront there. In 1986, waterfront settlements like Bayonne, Highlands, Keyport, Port Liberte, and Weehawken saw a reinstatement of their ferry service to Manhattan, under the operation of NY Waterway.^[8] By 1989, around 3,000 of the settlements' combined 10,500 residents paid a $5.00 fare in each direction to board the NY Waterway ferries, despite competition from cheaper alternatives like the PATH train system.^[8] Around this time, there were plans to create ferry routes between Inwood and Atlantic City; South Amboy and Wall Street; and from the city proper to New Jersey, Connecticut, and Westchester.^[8]

Revival of ferries

In early 2011, the New York City Economic Development Corporation (NYCEDC), and the NYC & Company water travel initiative NYHarborWay, worked with the New York City Department of Transportation (NYCDOT) to release a Comprehensive Citywide Ferry Study, in which it examined over 40 potential locations for a ferry system in New York City.^[15]: 1 The study was commissioned in order to examine transport alternatives for neighborhoods along New York City's shores.^{[15]: 1, 23–47} It also discussed the East River Ferry, which was set to enter service later that year.^{[15]: 1, 103–111, 130–133, 165} The study identified potential ferry routes to western Manhattan and Riverdale; eastern Manhattan, the South Bronx, and Co-op City; the northern Brooklyn and Queens shorelines; the South Shore of Staten Island; and southwestern Brooklyn, southern Brooklyn, and the Rockaways.^{[15]: 9–14}

NYC Ferry's East River line in its former NY Waterway livery

In June 2011, the NY Waterway-operated East River Ferry line started operations.^[16] The route was a 7-stop East River service that ran from Pier 11 to East 34th Street, making four intermediate stops in Brooklyn and one in Queens. The ferry, an alternative to the New York City Subway, cost $4 per one-way ticket (the subway at the time cost $2.25).^[16] It was instantly popular, with two to six times the number of passengers that the city predicted would ride the ferries. From June to November 2011, the ferry accommodated 2,862 riders on an average weekday, as opposed to a projection of 1,488 riders, and it had 4,500 riders on an average weekend, six times the city's projected ridership; in total, the ferry saw 350,000 riders in that period, over 250% of the initial ridership forecast of 134,000 riders.^[17]

In the aftermath of Hurricane Sandy on October 29, 2012, massive infrastructural damage to the IND Rockaway Line (A train) south of the Howard Beach–JFK Airport station severed all direct subway connections between the Rockaways, Broad Channel, and the Queens mainland for seven months. Ferry operator SeaStreak began running a city-subsidized ferry service between a makeshift ferry slip at Beach 108th Street and Beach Channel Drive in Rockaway Park, Queens, and Pier 11/Wall Street, then continuing on to the East 34th Street Ferry Landing. A stop at Brooklyn Army Terminal was added in August 2013 because of the reconstruction of the Montague Street Tunnel, which temporarily suspended R train service through the tunnel.^[18] The ferry proved to be popular and its license was extended several times, as city officials evaluated the ridership numbers to determine whether to establish the service on a permanent basis. Between its inception and December 2013, the service had carried close to 200,000 riders.^[19]

The NYCEDC study was updated in 2013, following the introduction of the SeaStreak Rockaway ferry.^[20] The study, called "CFS2013", showed the effect of ferry services in New York City, citing the success of the East River ferry. Specifically, ferry service raised the values of real estate within 1 mile (1.6 km) of ferry landings by an average of 1.2%; spurred new construction near ferry stops; added more transport options to neighborhoods with few transit alternatives; and helped relieve crowding on other parts of New York City's transport network.^{[20]: 15–21} The study also suggested extra routes that could be added to the ferry system, with proposed routes that would serve new development in all five boroughs.^{[20]: 22–30} The specific idea of a citywide ferry was also first proposed in the study.^{[20]: 31–69}

When the city government announced its budget in late June 2014 for the upcoming fiscal year beginning July 1, the ferry only received a $2 million further appropriation, enough to temporarily extend it again through October.^[21] The administration of Mayor Bill de Blasio stated that there was not enough ridership to justify the cost of operation.^[22] Despite last-minute efforts by local transportation advocates, civic leaders, and elected officials, ferry service ended on October 31, 2014. They promised to continue efforts to have the service restored.^[23][24] This led to many negotiations between the mayor's office and the parties interested in reopening the ferry. The mayor's office eventually agreed to restart the Rockaway ferry when the NYC Ferry system opened.^[22]

Proposal

NYC Ferry, first proposed by the NYCEDC as the "Citywide Ferry Service," was announced by de Blasio's administration in 2015 as part of a proposed citywide ferry system that would reach through the five boroughs, though a Staten Island terminal had not been finalized.^[4][25] The NYCEDC promised the project, along with the Brooklyn–Queens Connector proposal, as a way to reinvent the city's transit system.^[26] Routes were to go to Astoria, Bay Ridge, the Rockaways, the Lower East Side, Soundview, South Brooklyn, and Brooklyn Navy Yard.^[27] NY Waterway's East River route was to be transferred to NYC Ferry system as part of the plan.^[28] Funding was being sought for a route to Coney Island and Stapleton, but it was not included in NYC Ferry's implementation timeline.^[29][30]

The future site of a NYC Ferry landing at Gantry Plaza in Long Island City

A fare for one trip was set at $2.75, the same as on other modes of transportation in New York City. Free transfers would be offered only to other NYC Ferry lines, meaning that riders would pay another fare if they transferred to one of the city's other mass-transit systems.^[31] Transfers to other lines would be issued on request.^[32] Prior to the implementation of NYC Ferry, other ferry lines in the city had weekday and weekend fares of $4 and $6, respectively.^[33] The relatively low fare of NYC Ferry was made in contrast to some other major cities like San Francisco and Sydney, where ferry fares are higher than the fares of other modes of mass transit in these cities. The city said that the low ferry fares were intended to make the ferries affordable, while de Blasio stated that it is intended to promote "transit equity".^[4] Assuming that the ferry system met the projection of 4.5 million annual riders, the city would pay a subsidy of $6.60 per rider, making the ferry the third-most subsidized form of transportation in the city, after the express bus service and the Long Island Rail Road.^[34]

NYC Ferry was to cost $325 million^[4] with the city contributing an additional operating subsidy of $10 million to $20 million per year.^[27] The privately operated ferries^[27] were offered under a 6-year contract to Hornblower Cruises, which would receive at least $30 million annually during the course of the contract.^[29][35] After having accepted the contract, Hornblower Cruises was selected as the ferry's operator on March 16, 2016.^[33][36]

Some of the ferry's six proposed routes were originally supposed to be operational in June 2017,^[26] but the implementation date was later moved to May 1.^[37] Under the 2015 plan, the whole system was expected to come into full service by 2018.^[25] The system includes routes that were formerly under NY Waterway, most notably the East River route.^[25] There would be at least 18 boats needed for rush-hour operation.^[33] Twelve boats would be deployed in 2017, while the other six would be put in service the next year.^[29] The number of boats was later revised slightly to 20, including three boats that would be upgraded later.^[38][39]

The creation of the ferry system was supposed to relieve some of the load of the city's transportation system, which is largely "the footprint of an early-19th-century transit map" according to Deputy Mayor Alicia Glen, and cannot accommodate the city's fast population growth.^[4] As a result of projected desire for the ferries, annual ridership was expected to eventually reach 4.5 million^[4] to 4.6 million.^[27] Even though this amounted to only about 12,500 daily riders (compared to the New York City Subway's 5 million riders each weekday), one fellow at the Manhattan Institute said that "every person you're not cramming on to the trains helps".^[33] New York City's deputy mayor for housing and economic development stated, "Our aim is to make this thing as big as possible."^[4]

Planning

NYC Ferry
Throgs Neck SV Soundview SV The Bronx Manhattan ┃ Queens East 90th Street SV AST Astoria AST Roosevelt Island AST Long Island City AST East 34th Street AST ER SV Stuyvesant Cove SV Hunters Point South ER Queens Brooklyn Greenpoint ER North Williamsburg ER South Williamsburg ER Brooklyn Navy Yard AST Corlears Hook SB DUMBO (BBP Pier 1) ER SB Wall Street (Pier 11) AST CI ER GI RW SB SV Atlantic Avenue (BBP Pier 6) SB Governors Island GI SB Midtown West (Pier 79) ST Battery Park City ST Manhattan Staten Island St. George ST Red Hook SB Sunset Park (BAT) RW SB Bay Ridge SB CI Coney Island CI Staten Island ┃ Brooklyn Queens Rockaway RW
Current routes: AST Astoria ER East River RW Rockaway SV Soundview SB South Brooklyn GI Governors Island (seasonal) ST St. George Future routes: CI Coney Island

In March and April 2015, the city started the process of environmental review for Citywide Ferry.^[40]: 2 The city requested the draft of the Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) on August 12, 2015, which was completed by April 18, 2016.^[41] After public comment, the final EIS was approved on July 28, 2016.^{[41][42]: 2} The project also had a City Environmental Quality Review, which analyzed the ferry's effects on open space, urban design, natural resources, nearby transportation, noise pollution, air quality, the environment, and public health.^{[40][42]: 2}

Construction

From January to June 2016, the city bought 4 boats for the proposed ferry service for a combined total of $6 million, with plans for a total of 30 boats over the coming years.^[4] Hornblower Cruises requested 13 boats for the first routes, each costing $4 million.^[4][43] The total combined cost of the boats is more than $70 million.^[4][44] In addition, the city was building 13 ferry landings at a cost of $85 million, as well as a boat depot.^[4] One of these docks, in Astoria, was built privately as part of the Astoria Cove development.^[45] In September 2016, construction on 19 ferries began at two shipyards in Bayou La Batre, Alabama, and Jeanerette, Louisiana,^[46][43] with 200 full-time employees working on the boats.^[47][48] The contract with the two shipyards is unusual because shipbuilding contracts are usually with only one company. However, NYC Ferry executives had purposely chosen these two companies because of their expertise and because of the unlikeliness that both shipyards would be destroyed by hurricanes.^[43]

Ferry implementation required permission from several entities. Before the ferry could start service, the NYCDOT was required to approve a new transportation mode within its service area. Additionally, the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation and United States Army Corps of Engineers (CoE) was supposed to give NYC Ferry permission to use of the landings, with the United States Coast Guard advising the CoE's approval of a permit as well as monitoring the design of vessels.^[41] In addition, the New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation had to allow ferries to use the landing at Gantry Plaza State Park, and the Roosevelt Island Operating Corporation was consulted so they could give permission for the Roosevelt Island landing to be built.^[41] By September 2016, the Gantry Plaza landing had been approved.^[49]

In December 2016, Hornblower purchased the rights to operate the East River route for $21 million. The route had been operated by Billybey Ferries, which had a contract to operate the line under the NY Waterway banner.^[50][28] As part of the sale, Hornblower paid $6 million for four older boats already in use on the East River ferry.^[50]

The first completed new vessel left the Bayou La Batre facility on around March 24, 2017,^[51] and it arrived in New York on April 2, 2017.^[52] On April 6, Mayor de Blasio announced that the service had been rebranded from Citywide Ferry to NYC Ferry, and that the start of service had been moved up a month from the original schedule, with the East River, South Brooklyn, and Rockaway routes to begin on May 1,^[37] a month ahead of schedule.^[53] Under the new schedule, the South Brooklyn route began on June 1^[54] and the Astoria route began on August 29,^[55][32] while the Lower East Side and Soundview routes were still to begin in 2018.^[37][53]

Opening and high ridership

Articulated gangway at the South Williamsburg landing

The first two routes were opened on May 1, 2017.^[56][57] On its first day of service, NYC Ferry saw more than 6,400 riders; of these, 1,828 rode the Rockaway ferry while the rest rode the East River Ferry.^[58] In its first week, the ferry transported 49,000 riders, of which 38,000 used the East River Ferry while the remaining 11,000 used the Rockaway route.^[59] Although the service had a 95% on-time rate during the first week, NYC Ferry chartered a boat from NY Waterway due to delays on some routes.^[50] NYC Ferry also continued to temporarily use some of the older East River Ferry boats on that route.^[50] The ferry grew so popular that during the Memorial Day weekend in May 2017, the routes saw 26,000 passengers over two days, including 9,600 riders on the East River Ferry during each day.^[60] Described by The New York Times as the service's "biggest test so far",^[60] the 2017 Memorial Day weekend saw reports of hour-long waits for overcrowded ferries.^[61]

In June, NYC Ferry had to charter two 400-passenger charter boats for the East Ferry route to alleviate crowding on the routes serving Governors Island^[38] while packed boats skipped stops along these routes.^[61] By June 22, the ferry had carried 500,000 passengers, a milestone officials had not expected to be reached for several months.^[62] Due to unexpected demand, crowding became worse as the summer of 2017 progressed, with packed-to-capacity boats and long waits becoming more common.^[63] By July 2017, there were an estimated 83,500 riders on the South Brooklyn route in one month, exceeding the original ridership estimate by more than 30,000.^[39] The East River ferry saw about 7,200 riders per average weekday since being taken over by NYC Ferry, up from 3,257 average weekday riders in 2013.^[64] That month, three new boats being built were also revised to fit more passengers.^[38][39] A 500-passenger boat was also borrowed from SeaStreak for the Rockaway route.^[65] By July 26, 2017, NYC Ferry had carried 1 million riders.^[66][67]

In August 2017, NYC Ferry filed plans to build four ferry docks: one in Soundview, one in Yorkville, one near Stuyvesant Cove, and one on the Lower East Side.^{[68][69]: 4–5} It also sought to add two more piers to its home port at the Brooklyn Navy Yard.^[69]: 5 The Soundview route was revised so that it would stop at East 34th Street instead of at East 62nd Street, which would no longer be built.^[70] That month, Brooklyn politicians called for docks to be built in Coney Island and Canarsie, owing to the new system's popularity.^[71] The Astoria route was projected to carry 1,800 daily passengers upon opening, by which point the service had seen 1.4 million riders.^[72] Due to even more ridership demand, three extra ferries were ordered in September 2017, by which time over 2 million people had ridden the ferry.^[73] By November 2017, there had been a total of 2.5 million rides on NYC Ferry, compared to the 1.8 million that had been projected by this time, and two of the four routes had already surpassed ridership milestones that the city had not anticipated would be reached until 2019. At that point, the city had spent $16.5 million to subsidize the ferry.^[74][75] The New York Post reported in November 2017 that five of the new ferryboats had already been taken out of service due to leaks. According to the Post, the boats were taken out of service starting in October after Coast Guard inspectors observed severe corrosion on the hulls.^[76] Hornblower subsequently confirmed the report, saying that the cause of the corrosion was misaligned keel coolers, and that three vessels had been removed from service in October for repair, followed by three more in November.^[77]

Construction on the four remaining NYC Ferry docks in Manhattan and the Bronx started on February 28, 2018, in preparation for the start of Lower East Side and Soundview service that summer.^[78][79] In May 2018, the first anniversary of the ferry system's opening, de Blasio announced that NYC Ferry had received an extra $300 million to purchase extra boats, increase fleet capacity, and expand service. The number of new boats was not specified, but it was expected that there would be a mix of standard 150-passenger boats and large 350-passenger boats; as a stopgap, Hornblower would charter up to eight 500-passenger boats for temporary use on NYC Ferry. At this point, the city planned that the service would see 9 million riders per year, double the original annual estimate of 4.5 million riders.^[80] However, critics stated that the MTA's subway and bus systems carried a combined 7 million passengers per day, and that such a large subsidy for NYC Ferry was disproportionate to the number of people who rode the ferry.^[81] According to The Village Voice, NYC Ferry was aiming to transport 24,500 daily riders by 2023, a figure smaller than the 2017 daily ridership of 14 local bus routes. NYC Ferry had averaged 10,000 daily riders in 2017, while the bus and subway system had respectively carried 2 million and 5 million daily riders on average.^[82]

Further changes

Astoria Ferry

Astoria ferries run in both directions with year-round service running every 38 minutes during rush hours and evenings, hourly during weekday middays, and on an irregular schedule at least once per hour on weekends.^[140][37]

The route began stopping at the Brooklyn Navy Yard/Pier 72 in May 2019, and was extended to end at East 90th St on August 22, 2020.^{[90][91][148]}

East River Ferry

The East River Ferry in its former NY Waterway livery

East River ferries operate in both directions with year-round service, running every 22 minutes during rush hours, every 36 minutes during middays and evenings, and every 24 minutes on weekends.^[137]

Rockaway Ferry

The Rockaway Ferry route runs in both directions with year-round service. Service operates every 60 minutes.^[138]

In May 2018, a special Rockaway Express service was implemented, running express between Pier 11/Wall Street and Rockaway while skipping Sunset Park. This service did not return for the summer 2019 season.^[138] In July 2022, a new variation of the express service was introduced. (See Rockaway Rocket).^[127][128]

South Brooklyn Ferry

South Brooklyn ferries run in both directions with year-round service running every 50–60 minutes weekdays, and every 40–60 minutes on weekends.^[139]

On May 19, 2020, this route was modified to replace the Lower East Side route when it was discontinued. The route north of Atlantic Av was changed, where it now serves Wall St/Pier 11 before DUMBO, and was extended to now end at Corlears Hook. In 2021, service to DUMBO, Sunset Park, and Bay Ridge was to be discontinued in conjunction with the opening of the Coney Island route. However, due to issues trying to find a suitable landing in Coney Island, the route was postponed indefinitely as well as the changes to the South Brooklyn route. It is unknown if the addition of the Industry City stop, will still occur.^{[90][91][148][98]} In March 2023, a special AM express variant was created, which runs from Bay Ridge to Wall Street, making only one stop at Atlantic Avenue to speed up commutes.^[153][154]

Station service legend
	Stops all times
	Stops rush hours in the peak direction only
Time period details

LCL	EXP	Stop	Transfers[139][152][149][150][151]
	—	Corlear's Hook FDR Drive at Grand Street 40°42′38″N 73°58′45″W / 40.71042°N 73.97919°W / 40.71042; -73.97919 (Corlear's Hook Landing)	NYCT Bus: M14A SBS, M21 and M22 buses
		Dumbo/Fulton Ferry Fulton Street, Brooklyn 40°42′13″N 73°59′53″W / 40.70367°N 73.99806°W / 40.70367; -73.99806 (Dumbo Landing)	New York Water Taxi 2 and ​3 trains at Clark Street A and ​C trains at High Street F and <F>​ trains at York Street NYCT Bus: B25 bus
	↑	Pier 11 at Wall Street South Street at Gouverneur Lane 40°42′14″N 74°00′33″W / 40.70376°N 74.00919°W / 40.70376; -74.00919 (Pier 11 at Wall Street Landing)	SeaStreak New York Beach Ferry NYCT Bus: M15, M15 SBS and SIM5 buses MTA Bus: BM1, BM2, BM3, BM4, QM7, QM8, QM11 and QM25 buses
	↑	Brooklyn Bridge Park Pier 6 Atlantic Avenue, Brooklyn 40°41′31″N 74°00′11″W / 40.69197°N 74.00308°W / 40.69197; -74.00308 (Brooklyn Bridge Park Pier 6 Landing)	NYCT Bus: B57, B61 and B63 buses
	|	Red Hook Brooklyn 40°40′41″N 74°01′12″W / 40.67819°N 74.02006°W / 40.67819; -74.02006 (Red Hook Landing)	NYCT Bus: B57 and B61 buses
	|	Sunset Park Brooklyn Army Terminal, Brooklyn 40°38′44″N 74°01′34″W / 40.6455°N 74.02608°W / 40.6455; -74.02608 (Sunset Park Landing)	N, ​Q, ​R, and ​W trains at 59th Street NYCT Bus: B9, B11, B37 and B63 buses
	↑	Bay Ridge Bay Ridge Avenue, Brooklyn 40°38′22″N 74°02′24″W / 40.63932°N 74.03988°W / 40.63932; -74.03988 (Bay Ridge Landing)	NYCT Bus: B9, B64, X27 and X37 buses

Soundview Ferry

Soundview ferries run in both directions. Service on this route runs every 40 minutes during rush hours, every 60 minutes during middays and evenings, hourly weekend mornings, and every 40 minutes on weekend afternoons and evenings.^[141]

On May 19, 2020, Stuyvesant Cove (originally a part of the Lower East Side Line) was added between Wall Street and 34th Street to replace LES service at this stop.^[99] On December 28, 2021, the route was extended from Soundview to Throgs Neck.^[118][119]

Governors Island Ferry

A shuttle from Pier 11/Wall Street to Governors Island runs every 30 minutes on summer weekends only.^[142]

St. George Ferry

This route runs every 30 minutes during rush hours, every 45 minutes during midday, every 45 minutes weekend mornings, and every 30 minutes on weekend afternoons and evenings. This route is the first NYC Ferry route to not stop at Wall St/Pier 11.^{[143][90][91][148]}

Coney Island Ferry

Service on this route was scheduled to begin in 2021.^{[146][90][91][148]} The construction and placement on the Coney Island dock in Fraser Park was met with opposition due to concerns over environmental impact. The landing was completed in December 2022, with testing beginning that same month, but community opposition prompted NYC Ferry to stop test runs and remove the landing later that month. After weeks of unsuccessful attempts to find a new location for the landing, the route was postponed indefinitely.^[157]

Rockaway Rocket

The Rockaway Rocket express service was introduced in 2022 and runs during summer weekends and holidays. The Rockaway Rocket is a premium-fare service costing $8 per ticket; a seat is reserved for every ticket holder. During mornings, the Rockaway Rocket runs directly from Pier 11 to Rockaway; during afternoons and evenings, the Rockaway Rocket runs from Rockaway to Pier 11.^[144]

This is a new variation of the Rockaway Express route, which last ran in 2019. Due to intense crowding, a special express version of the Rockaway route, named the Rockaway Rocket, supplements the regular Rockaway ferry by providing direct service to the Rockaways with reserved guaranteed seating and a higher price.^[127][128]

Discontinued routes

Active roster

The following vessels are owned and operated by Hornblower for NYC Ferry operation, and do not include vessels leased from other companies.

Image	Vessel (Number)	Year	Notes
	Waves of Wonder (HB-101)	2016	1st Generation (T Class) Standard/River Type Vessel Able to accommodate up-to 150 passengers Contains displays and announcements for route stops/destinations Features top deck accessible from rear of vessel, and plastic seats with tables.
	Sunset Crossing (HB-102)
	Happy Hauler (HB-103)
	Great Eagle (HB-104)
	Owl's Head (HB-105)
	Munsee (HB-106)
	Lunchbox (H-200)
	Urban Journey (H-201)
	Friendship Express (H-202)
	Connector (H-203)	2016–2017	1st Generation (T Class) Rockaway Type Vessel Able to accommodate up-to 150 passengers Contains displays and announcements for route stops/destinations Features top deck accessible from rear of vessel, and plastic seats with tables. Plans were made to convert these vessels to accommodate up to 250 passengers; Conversion was halted as funding would be in place to order additional vessels Eventually will be operating on the South Brooklyn route, beginning in 2021
	Opportunity (H-204)
	Flyer (H-205)
	McShiny (H-206)	2017–2018	2nd Generation (T Class) Standard/River Type Vessel Able to accommodate up-to 150 passengers Features top deck accessible from rear of vessel, and plastic seats with tables. HB-107 was the last and only standard boat to be delivered in 2018.
	Starlight (H-207)
	Spring Mallard (H-208)
	Atlantic Compass (H-209)
	Ferry Godmother (HB-107)
	Ocean Queen Rockstar (HB-108)	2018–2019	2nd Generation (K Class) Rockaway Type Vessel Can accommodate up to 350 passengers[178][179] Features leather vinyl seating without tables[174] The top deck can be reached from either end of the vessel.[174]
	Seas the Day (HB-109)
	Golden Narrows (HB-110)
	Rainbow Cruise (HB-111)
	Unity (HB-112)
	Traversity (HB-113)
	Jewel of the Harbor (HB-114)
	Koalafied Cruiser (H-214)
	Dream Boat (HB-115)
	Forget Me Knot (H-90)
	Signs to Liberty (H-215)
	River Sprinter (HB-119)	2019–2020	3rd Generation (T Class) Standard/River Type Vessel Able to accommodate up-to 150 passengers Features top deck accessible from rear of vessel, and plastic seats with tables. HB123 is the last vessel delivered as part of the contract.
	Bay Hopper (HB-120)
	Cyclone Shark (HB-121)
	White Sands (H-501)
	Tooth Ferry (HB-122)
	Time Traveler (HB-123)
	Melting Pot (H-91)	2020	3rd Generation (K Class) Rockaway Type Vessel Can accommodate up to 350 passengers Features leather vinyl seating without tables[174] The top deck can be reached from either end of the vessel.
	Purpose (H-401)
	Curiosity (H-301)
	City Fishy (H-92)

Praise

NYC Ferry stop at Pier 11

There has been both praise and criticism for the ferry service.^[182][183] The editorial board in the local newspaper AM New York praised the NYC Ferry system's affordability and stated that if done correctly, the ferry "could be far more enjoyable than a subway ride".^[182] It urged city officials to consider what routes to prioritize for Phase 1 service in 2017.^[182] Politicians such as City Councilman Vincent Gentile and State Senator Marty Golden also lauded the fact that the ferry would bring service to places, such as southwest Brooklyn, that are underserved by transportation.^[184]

In July 2017, after the ferry had opened, a commentator for the news website CityLab called the NYC Ferry system's "customer-oriented amenities" a "key to transit's future." The writer noted that some of the high-quality amenities included snacks and drinks, an advanced ticketing system, connections to shuttle buses at certain terminals, and ferry workers who provided customer service—in contrast to the Metropolitan Transportation Authority, which she said "blames riders for its staggering decline in reliability" over the previous year.^[185] A reporter for Curbed NY wrote in September 2017 that the East River route was "worth the $2.75 fare, especially if you're a person who loves architecture", owing to its waterfront views of landmarks along the river.^[186]

Criticism

The ferry system has been criticized for mainly benefiting the well-off and for serving gentrifying waterfront areas such as Williamsburg.^[187] Most of the ferry stops were placed in areas where the annual income is higher than the city average.^[188] Additional criticism arose from the fact that the ferry system was not definitively planned to serve Staten Island. One writer for the Staten Island Advance noted that the only proposed NYC Ferry route to Staten Island, the Stapleton route, was not only unfunded but also redundant to the existing Staten Island Ferry.^[189]

After NYCEDC president James Patchett touted the ferry as a substitute to the subway system, Henry Grabar of Slate's Moneybox noted that Patchett's supposition was "ludicrous" since each ferry fits fewer people than a single subway car. According to Grabar, the first half-dozen ferries in service on opening day did not even carry the same number of people in a single subway train. He said that the ferry system was not a way to improve transit access to people in transit-deserts, but as a way to spur economic development along the waterfront.^[190] Grabar wrote that subways had been the reason for early ferries' demise in the first place, and that the ferry was not an effective remedy for subway congestion. However, Grabar also stated that "the commute will be a real delight" for the few who found the ferry convenient enough.^[190]

Benjamin Kabak, a transit blogger, wrote that "the reach of the ferries is particularly narrow", out of walking distance for 94% of city residents. He also noted that the total ridership for NYC Ferry in 2017 was less than the New York City Subway's total daily ridership, and that more than three times as many people rode Citi Bike, the city's bike-share system, than took the ferry in 2017. Kabak stated that the ferry system was only a small part of the city's transit future, and that the city could easily build a light rail line with the subsidies that it was paying to fund NYC Ferry.^[191] The New York Post editorial board wrote in June 2020, "Mayor Bill de Blasio's favorite white elephant had turned into a real drag on the city" even before the COVID-19 pandemic, with the NYCEDC recording its first negative profits in 2019.^[192]

Tom Fox, the president of New York Water Taxi from 2001 to 2011, wrote in 2016 that the plan was marred with "an unrealistic time frame, the wrong lead agency, the selection of an inexperienced operator with no ferries, and poor planning".^[183] Fox cited the selection of Hornblower Cruises, a California-based cruise operator, despite a bid from three large ferry operators in the New York metropolitan area; the decision to build new boats for the system, instead of buying existing boats from other companies; and the fact that the new boats could accommodate fewer people than the overcrowded existing East River ferries.^[183] He noted that the city bought French motorboat engines that had never been used on passenger boats in the United States; and that since all American shipyards with expertise were not able to take new orders until 2018, the city decided to use a builder with less experience.^[183] Additionally, a reporter for DNAinfo.com wrote that Hornblower Cruises had a history of poor relations with its workers' unions.^[193] Another writer for that website stated that Hornblower had hired ticket sellers who harangued passersby in order to sell tickets for separate ferries in Lower Manhattan.^[194] The aggressive ticket-selling practice was stopped following the latter story.^[195]

Rider reception

According to an August 2017 customer satisfaction survey from the NYCEDC, passengers had a mostly positive view of the NYC Ferry system, with 93% of riders giving positive ratings.^[196][82] Almost 70% of the 1,300 riders surveyed gave the ferry the highest possible rating.^[197] In May 2018, The Village Voice conducted an informal demographic survey of NYC Ferry riders, since the NYCEDC had not officially released the rider-demographic data. The Voice found that most of the 60 riders it encountered were using the ferry simply because it was less crowded and more comfortable compared to the subway. Additionally, many of the surveyed riders worked in higher-income jobs.^[82]