Nalepella
Nalepella danica
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Chelicerata
Class: Arachnida
Order: Trombidiformes
Family: Phytoptidae
Genus: Nalepella
Keifer, 1944

Nalepella, the rust mites, is a genus of very small Trombidiform mites in the family Phytoptidae.[1][2] They are commonly found on a variety of conifers, including hemlock, spruce, balsam fir, and pine.[2][3][4][5] They sometimes infest Christmas trees in nurseries.[2][4] Nalepella mites are vagrants, meaning they circulate around the tree; females overwinter in bark cracks.[4][6] Infested spruce emit a characteristic odour.[7]

Distribution

The genus is holarctic, and species are found in North America, Europe, and China.[1][8]

Effects

The mites feed on the cell sap of the tree's needles, sometimes causing severe damage.[4] Typical effects from a Nalepella infestation include needle discolouration and premature needle drop.[2][6] The colour of discolouration varies by species; for example, Nalepella tsugifoliae causes yellowed or grey discolouration, while Nalepella halourga's discolouration is more bronze in colour.[6][9] Some species are considered serious pests of ornamental coniforous trees.[10] They are commonly found on Christmas trees in North America and Europe, and they may seriously damage the tree.[2]

Spruce infested by Nalepella were found to increase emissions of certain compounds that may cause the characteristic smell of infested plants.[7] Another study in 2009 found that some compounds emitted by infected spruce attracted or repelled Hylobius abietis, another pest of conifers.[11]

Life cycle

Nalepella mite eggs overwinter on needles, then hatch early in the spring.[2][12] As cold-season mites, they are most active in the early spring and the fall.[2][12] The mites deposit eggs during the fall, but may continue to be active into the winter.[2] They have multiple generations per year.[12]

N. danica

Species

Species details

Nalepella brewrieanae

N. brewrieanae, first discovered in 2003 on Picea breweriana.[14] It was first described from Germany, but is also known from Poland.[14][22] Besides P. breweriana, it is also known from P. abies and P. glauca.[22][23]

Nalepella danica

Nalepella danica infests members of the Abies (fir) genus. Specifically, it has been recorded from A. alba, A. concolor, A. lasiocarpa, and A. nordmanniana.[22][24][25] It causes small rusty brown to bronze spots on the needles of its host plant, but a severe infestation can result in defoliation.[22][25] Nymphs typically grow between 90 and 108 µm, while female adults 145 and 240 µm.[25] They are known exclusively from Denmark.[24][25]

Nalepella ednae

Nalepella ednae is distributed across the central and Northwestern United States, as well as in British Columbia.[26] They are of concern in Mexico, where they may be introduced via cut Christmas trees.[26][27][28] Although it is only known from a few fir species, all may be hosts.[26] The damage they cause is unknown.[22][29]

Nalepella halourga eggs

Nalepella haarlovi

Nalepella haarlovi is known from Denmark and Finland.[8] It has been recorded infesting Picea sitchensis.[30] They are one of the most economically important members of the genus.[8] This species has four to eight generations per year.[8]

Nalepella halourga

Nalepella halourga, commonly known as the spruce rust mite, is restricted to Picea (spruce).[2] Their colour varies throughout the year; during the growing season, they are colourless to pale yellow, but in the fall they turn reddish-purple.[9] They are found in Eastern North America.[8]

Nalepella longoctonema

N. danica

Nalepella longoctonema was first described in 1991 from two fir species in Oregon.[31][32] They grow to 206 µm in length, and have been collected in large numbers on fir plantations.[8] They are one of the most economically important members of the genus.[8]

Nalepella shevtchenkoi

Nalepella shevtchenkoi lives around the bases of the host plant's needles, as well as on its stems.[22][33] It is known from Abies (fir) and Picea (spruce) species.[22] The species is considered one of the most damaging of the eriophyoid mites.[22] It is found in parts of central and eastern Europe.[34][35]

Nalepella tsugifoliae

The hemlock rust mite is reddish-orange in colour, and has relatively large eggs.[36] They infest fir, hemlock, larch, and yew to high densities- there may be as many as 100 mites on one needle.[2][6][37] Infested trees turn bluish, then yellow, before beginning to drop needles.[38] They feed on both sides of the tree's needles.[39]

Notes

  1. ↑ Previously known as Rhyncaphytoptus abiesis.
  2. ↑ Also spelled picea-abietis.
  3. ↑ Originally described as Phyllocoptes triceras.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 "Nalepella Keifer, 1944". www.gbif.org. Retrieved 2023-02-26.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 "Eriophyid Rust and Sheath Mites". PennState Extension. 21 Nov 2017.
  3. ↑ Baker, Whiteford L. (Whiteford Lee) (1972). Eastern forest insects. National Agricultural Library U. S. Department of Agriculture. Washington : U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service ; for sale by the Supt. of Docs., U.S. G.P.O.
  4. 1 2 3 4 "A new species of Nalepella Keifer (Acarina: Eriophyoidea: Phytoptidae) from Abies in Denmark". Acarologia. 42 (1). ISSN 0044-586X.
  5. ↑ National Agricultural Library (U.S.); Library (U.S.), National Agricultural. Pesticides documentation bulletin. Vol. 4. Washington: National Agricultural Library, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, #c 1965-1969.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 Baker, James (2022-02-25). "Nalepella tsugifoliae". Center for Agriculture, Food, and the Environment. Retrieved 2023-02-26.
  7. 1 2 Kännaste, Astrid; Vongvanich, Namphung; Borg-Karlson, Anna-Karin (2008-03-01). "Infestation by a Nalepella species induces emissions of α- and β-farnesenes, (−)-linalool and aromatic compounds in Norway spruce clones of different susceptibility to the large pine weevil". Arthropod-Plant Interactions. 2 (1): 31–41. doi:10.1007/s11829-008-9029-4. ISSN 1872-8847. S2CID 29705558.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Vacante, Vincenzo (2015-12-21). The Handbook of Mites of Economic Plants: Identification, Bio-Ecology and Control. CABI. ISBN 978-1-84593-994-6.
  9. 1 2 Baker, James. "Spruce Rust Mite | NC State Extension Publications". content.ces.ncsu.edu. Retrieved 2023-02-26.
  10. ↑ Castagnoli, M. (1996-01-01), Lindquist, E. E.; Sabelis, M. W.; Bruin, J. (eds.), "3.2.13 Ornamental coniferous and shade trees", World Crop Pests, Eriophyoid Mites Their Biology, Natural Enemies and Control, Elsevier, vol. 6, pp. 661–671, retrieved 2023-02-26
  11. ↑ Kännaste, Astrid; Nordenhem, Henrik; Nordlander, Göran; Borg-Karlson, Anna-Karin (2009-10-01). "Volatiles from a Mite-Infested Spruce Clone and Their Effects on Pine Weevil Behavior". Journal of Chemical Ecology. 35 (10): 1262–1271. doi:10.1007/s10886-009-9708-3. ISSN 1573-1561. PMID 19902304. S2CID 25943719.
  12. 1 2 3 Katovich, Steven; McCullough, Deborah; Ostry, Michael; O'Donnell, Jill; Munck, Isabel; Sadof, Cliff, eds. (June 2014). Christmas Tree Pest Manual (PDF) (3rd ed.). United States Department of Agriculture.
  13. 1 2 Xue, Xiao-Feng; Guo, Jing-Feng; Hong, Xiao-Yue (2013-07-17). "Eriophyoid mites from Northeast China (Acari: Eriophyoidea)". Zootaxa. 3689 (1): 1–123. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3689.1.1. ISSN 1175-5334. PMID 26146687.
  14. 1 2 3 Domes, R. (2005-06-30). "Descriptions of three new species on Siskiyou spruce (Picea breweriana S.Wats.), Pinaceae". Acarologia. 45 (1): 67–76. ISSN 0044-586X.
  15. ↑ Löyttyniemi, Kari (1969-01-01). "An Eriophyidae species damaging Norway spruce seedlings in nurseries in Finland". Silva Fennica. 3 (3).
  16. ↑ "IRMNG - Nalepella Keifer, 1944". irmng.org. Retrieved 2023-02-27.
  17. ↑ Eriophyid Studies: C. Entomology Research Division, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture. 1969.
  18. 1 2 3 Zhang, Zhi-Qiang; Hong, Xiao-Yue; Fan, Qing-Hai (2010). Xin Jie-Liu Centenary: Progress in Chinese Acarology. Magnolia Press. ISBN 978-1-86977-545-2.
  19. ↑ 动物分类学报 (in Chinese). 科学出版社. 1988.
  20. ↑ Ueckermann, Edward A. (2010-09-23). Eriophyoid Mites: Progress and Prognoses. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-90-481-9562-6.
  21. ↑ Lindquist, E. E.; Bruin, J.; Sabelis, M. W. (1996-07-03). Eriophyoid Mites: Their Biology, Natural Enemies and Control. Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-08-053123-6.
  22. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Kiedrowicz, Agnieszka; Lewandowski, Mariusz; Skoracka, Anna (2016-06-01). "Diversity and significance of eriophyoid mites (Acari: Eriophyoidea) associated with coniferous trees in Poland: a review". Biological Letters. 53 (1): 19–30. doi:10.1515/biolet-2017-0003. ISSN 1734-7467. S2CID 89965462.
  23. ↑ "Nalepella breweriana – Plant Parasites of Europe". bladmineerders.nl. Retrieved 2023-02-26.
  24. 1 2 "Nalepella danica – Plant Parasites of Europe". bladmineerders.nl. Retrieved 2023-02-26.
  25. 1 2 3 4 Boczek, J.; Harding, S.; Shi, A.; Bresciani, J. (2002-04-19). "A new species of Nalepella Keifer (Acarina: Eriophyoidea: Phytoptidae) from Abies in Denmark". Acarologia. 42 (1): 53–60. ISSN 0044-586X.
  26. 1 2 3 Nalepella ednae (PDF) (in Spanish), Secretary of environment and natural resources | National forestry commission
  27. ↑ "Manejo del riesgo de introducción de Nalepella ednae y Epitrimerus pseudotsugae para árboles cortados" [Management of the risk of introduction of Nalepella ednae and Epitrimerus pseudotsugae for cut trees] (PDF), Estudio de análisis de riesgo de plagas de los insectos y patógenos exóticos que pueden entrar en los árboles de navidad que se importan de Estados Unidos y Canadá a México [Pest risk analysis study of exotic insects and pathogens that can enter Christmas trees that are imported from the United States and Canada to Mexico] (in Spanish), pp. 355–357
  28. ↑ ext_dpla (2014-10-08). "Pest Quarantine Information". pubs.extension.oregonstate.edu. Retrieved 2023-02-26.
  29. ↑ "Nalepella ednae – Plant Parasites of Europe". bladmineerders.nl. Retrieved 2023-02-26.
  30. ↑ "Nalepella haarlovi – Plant Parasites of Europe". bladmineerders.nl. Retrieved 2023-02-26.
  31. ↑ Zicha, Ondrej. "BioLib: Biological library". www.biolib.cz. Retrieved 2023-02-26.
  32. ↑ Hu, D.; Krantz, G.W. (1991-03-01). "A new species of Nalepella keifer (Acari: eriophyoidea: nalepellidae) from conifers in Oregon, USA". International Journal of Acarology. 17 (1): 5–8. doi:10.1080/01647959108683878. ISSN 0164-7954.
  33. ↑ "Nalepella shevtchenkoi – Plant Parasites of Europe". bladmineerders.nl. Retrieved 2023-02-26.
  34. ↑ Petanović, R.; Vidović, B. (2009). "NEW ACARICALUS SPECIES (ACARI: ERIOPHYOIDEA) FROM TURKEY OAK, QUERCUS CERRIS L. (FAGACEAE) AND THE NEW RECORDS FOR THE FAUNA OF SERBIA". Acta Entomologica Serbica. S2CID 85892683.
  35. ↑ "PESI portal - Nalepella shevtchenkoi Boczek, 1969". www.eu-nomen.eu. Retrieved 2023-02-26.
  36. ↑ "Hemlock Rust Mite | NC State Extension Publications". content.ces.ncsu.edu. Retrieved 2023-02-27.
  37. ↑ FRASER FIR SCOUTING MANUAL (PDF). NC State Extension.
  38. ↑ Plant health care for woody ornamentals (PDF). p. 116.
  39. ↑ Eastern Hemlock Conservation Plan (PDF). Ohio Department of Natural Resoures.
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