Leaves

Leaves are sessile and coriaceous in texture. The lamina (leaf blade) is lanceolate-elliptic in shape and reaches 8 cm in length by 1 cm in width,^[1] being widest in its distal half.^[2] The lamina has an acute apex and is shortly attenuate at the base, clasping the stem for approximately one-third of its circumference. It is not decurrent down the stem. Two to three longitudinal veins are present on either side of the midrib, while pinnate veins are numerous. Tendrils are up to 7.5 cm long and 1 mm wide.^[1]

Pitchers

Rosette and lower pitchers are narrowly ovate in the basal portion and cylindrical or sometimes slightly infundibular above.^[3] They are very small, reaching only 4.1 cm in height by 1.6 cm in width. A pair of wings (≤4 mm wide) typically runs down the ventral surface of the pitcher cup, although these may be reduced to ribs.^[3] The wings bear fringe elements measuring around 3 mm and spaced 2.5–3 mm apart. Only the basal third of the interior surface of the pitcher is glandular. The peristome is cylindrical and up to 0.8 mm wide, bearing ribs up to 0.1 mm high and spaced 0.1 mm apart.^[3] Teeth are not visible on the inner margin of the peristome.^[2] The pitcher lid or operculum may be elliptic, ovate, or orbicular, and generally has a cordate base.^[3] The lid lacks appendages^[3] and measures up to 2 cm in length by 1.8 cm in width, being slightly wider than the pitcher mouth.^[1] The nectar glands of the lower lid surface number more than 100.^[2] A branched or divided^[3] spur (≤3 mm long) is inserted near the base of the lid.^[1]

A rosette plant with a bright red stem

Upper pitchers are produced from an early age.^[3] They may be infundibular throughout^[1] or narrowly infundibular in their basal part, becoming narrower and roughly cylindrical above.^[3] They are broadest in the middle or in the upper portion.^[2] Aerial pitchers are larger than their terrestrial counterparts, growing to 6.7 cm in height by 2 cm in width (although more often around 4 cm by 1.7 cm).^[3] The pitcher lid is of the same width as the mouth. Wings are always reduced to ribs.^[3] In other respects, upper pitchers are similar to the lower traps.^[1]

Inflorescence

Nepenthes micramphora has a racemose inflorescence measuring up to 35 cm in length by 6 mm in width. The peduncle itself may be up to 8 cm long and 1 mm wide. Flowers are borne on one-flowered, non-bracteate pedicels (3–4 mm long), of which there are between 20 and 40 on the inflorescence. The ovate tepals measure up to 2.5 mm in length by 1.2 mm in width. Fruits are up to 20 mm long.^[1]

Indumentum

The stem, lamina, and pitchers are glabrous. An inconspicuous indumentum of simple, rusty brown hairs (0.1 mm long) covers the inflorescence.^[1]

Distribution

A stunted tree growing in the "Bonsai Forest" of Mount Hamiguitan

Nepenthes micramphora has only been recorded from the highland slopes of Mount Hamiguitan, Davao Oriental, in the extreme southeast of Mindanao island in the Philippines. Much of the surrounding region has not been explored for Nepenthes, and this species may therefore be present in other parts of southern Mindanao.^[3] Its altitudinal distribution extends from 1100 m above sea level to the summit at 1635 m.^[1]

Habitat

This species grows terrestrially in a wide range of habitats, including upper montane mossy forest, secondary vegetation, ridge tops, cliff sides, and landslides.^[3] It has also been recorded at the margins of montane forest around the so-called Bonsai Forest,^[1] which is named for its stunted trees. The species is restricted to ultramafic substrates. While N. micramphora tolerates shady conditions, it grows best under direct sunlight.^[3] On Mount Hamiguitan, N. micramphora is sympatric with N. alata (sensu lato), N. justinae^[5] (previously identified as N. mindanaoensis), and N. peltata,^[1] and grows in the same altitudinal range as N. hamiguitanensis.^[4] Despite this, no natural hybrids have been observed with certainty.

Conservation status

In his 2009 book, Pitcher Plants of the Old World, Stewart McPherson writes that N. micramphora is "not currently threatened" owing to its extensive populations on Mount Hamiguitan and the fact that visitors are only permitted to climb the mountain with the assistance of a guide.^[3] The future of wild populations of N. micramphora will be further secured if provincial officials of Davao Oriental are successful in their bid to gain recognition of Mount Hamiguitan as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.^[3][6]

N. micramphora group

Botanical illustrations of N. abgracilis (left) and N. cid from Cheek and Jebb's type descriptions, showing various aspects of vegetative morphology

Nepenthes micramphora gives its name to the informal "N. micramphora group", which also includes N. abgracilis from northeastern Mindanao and N. cid from north-central Mindanao. This group was introduced by Martin Cheek and Matthew Jebb in a 2013 paper that also included the formal descriptions of the latter two species.^[2] Before this, N. micramphora was considered an outlier or species of uncertain placement that did not fall into any of the established groups of Philippine Nepenthes (the three main ones being the N. alata, N. ventricosa, and N. villosa species groups).^[7]

Nepenthes abgracilis, N. cid and N. micramphora are united by aspects of pitcher and stem morphology as well as shared habitat preferences. Cheek and Jebb identified seven diagnostic characters that they used to define the group:^[2]

1. submontane habitat;
2. stems terete;
3. peristome slender, cylindrical, 0.8–2 mm wide;
4. peristome ridges low, about 0.1 mm high, inconspicuous;
5. inner edge of peristome without visible teeth (in natural position);
6. lower surface of lid lacking a basal ridge and appendage;
7. lid nectar glands >100, monomorphic, large (ca. 0.5 mm diam.) with a narrow border, ± evenly spread over the lid

These species show some similarities to those of the N. alata group, but differ in lacking a basal ridge or appendage on the lower surface of the lid.^[2]

Nepenthes cid differs from the other two species of the N. micramphora group in growth habit (it is epiphytic as opposed to terrestrial), indumentum development (vegetative parts hairy as opposed to subglabrous), and in having a distinct petiole (versus sessile in the other two).^[2] Both it and N. abgracilis have entire spurs, as compared to branched in N. micramphora.^[2]

Nepenthes micramphora is most easily distinguished from N. abgracilis by its upper pitchers, which are more-or-less infundibular (versus subcylindric in N. abgracilis), narrowest at the base and widest in the middle or upper half (versus widest near the base), and much smaller in all respects (≤6.7 cm versus c. 16 cm high).^[2]

Other similar species

A basal rosette of N. bellii, with lower pitchers and a climbing stem trailing off to the right

Nepenthes micramphora is very similar to N. bellii of northern Mindanao in terms of the morphology of its stem, lamina, and inflorescence. Indeed, prior to the description of N. micramphora in 2009, the species was misidentified as N. bellii on its native Mount Hamiguitan.^[8][9] Nepenthes micramphora is smaller in all respects and can be distinguished on the basis of its pitchers, which differ markedly in shape, size, peristome width, and tendril length. It also produces a greater abundance of pitchers on its rosettes — up to 7 live traps have been recorded at any one time.^[1]

Nepenthes gracilis also bears a superficial resemblance to N. micramphora in the size and shape of its leaves, but this species is absent from the Philippines.^[3]