Neri Oxman
נרי אוקסמן
Oxman in 2017
Born (1976-02-06) February 6, 1976
Haifa, Israel
NationalityIsraeli, American
EducationHebrew University of Jerusalem
Israel Institute of Technology (BA)
Architectural Association (MA)
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (PhD)
Occupation(s)Professor of media arts and science[1]
Spouses
  • ​
    ​
    (m. 2011; div. 2015)​
  • ​
    (m. 2019)​
Children1
Parent
Awards
Scientific career
ThesisMaterial-based design computation (2010)
Doctoral advisorWilliam J. Mitchell
Military career
Allegiance Israel
Service/branch Israeli Air Force
Rank First lieutenant
Websiteoxman.com

Neri Oxman (Hebrew: נרי אוקסמן; born February 6, 1976) is an American–Israeli designer and professor known for art and architecture that combines design, biology, computing, and materials engineering. She coined the phrase "material ecology" to define her work.[2][3][4][5]

Many of Oxman's projects use new platforms and techniques for 3D printing and fabrication, often in incorporating nature and biology. They include co-fabrication systems for building hybrid structures with silkworms,[6] bees, and ants; a water-based fabrication platform that built structures such as Aguahoja out of chitosan;[7] and the first 3D printer for optically transparent glass.[8] Other projects print clothing, wearables,[9] or structural elements.[10]

Early life and education

Neri Oxman was born in Haifa, Israel, the daughter of architecture professors Robert and Rivka Oxman.[11] Her sister Keren, is an artist.[12] Oxman grew up in Israel, spending time in her parents' architecture studio and at her grandmother's house, which she said "cultivated in me a sense of wonder."[13]

After graduating from the Hebrew Reali School in Haifa in 1993, she served two years in the Israeli Air Force, reaching the rank of first lieutenant.[13][14] Following her military service, she attended Hebrew University's Hadassah Medical School for two years before switching her studies to architecture. She began her architectural studies at Technion Israel Institute of Technology and finished her degree at the Architectural Association School of Architecture in London, graduating in 2004.[12] In 2005, Oxman began Ph.D. studies in architectural design and computation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, advised by William J. Mitchell. Her thesis focused on material-aware design.[15] She graduated from the doctoral program in 2010.

Personal life

Oxman was previously married to Argentine composer Osvaldo Golijov.[16] In 2019, she married investor and hedge fund manager Bill Ackman,[17] with whom she has a daughter.[18][19] They are co-trustees of the Pershing Square Foundation.[20]

Career

General

Oxman with Chuck Hoberman of Harvard Graduate School of Design

Oxman was a Professor of Media Arts and Sciences at the MIT Media Lab, where she founded and led the Mediated Matter research group.[21] She has had exhibitions at the Museum of Modern Art [MoMA],[22] Boston's Museum of Science, SFMOMA, and the Centre Pompidou, which have her works in their permanent collections.[23] MoMA curator Paola Antonelli called her "a person ahead of her time, not of her time".[16]

In 2006, Oxman launched an interdisciplinary research project at MIT called material ecology, to experiment with generative design.[24][25] She became a professor at MIT in 2010, founding the interdisciplinary Mediated Matter group at the MIT Media Lab,[26][27] and was awarded tenure in 2017.[28]

Her research interests involve parametric and contextual design, including engineering techniques to realize those designs in various materials and contexts. Examples include creating a "skin" for buildings that can tan in the sun to create shade, and structural biodegradable polymers.[14][13] She has published collaborations in biology, medicine, wearables, and the design of fabrication tools.[29]

Her work has been mentioned as an inspiration for changing how materials and structures are designed.[30][31][32] In 2016, she helped launch the open Journal of Design Science,[33] an "antidisciplinary" journal which journal co-founder Joi Ito described as "working in spaces that simply do not fit into any existing academic discipline." She wrote that science, engineering, design and art are connected, with the output of each serving as input for the others.[34]

Oxman's early projects took the form of surfaces, furniture, or objects that could be worn or put on display. Since 2013, most projects have included temporary or interactive installations, including an overview of the production processes and study of its mechanism and material properties. These include both mechanical processes, such as for Ocean Pavilion and Glass I,[35] and biological ones, such as for Silk Pavilion and Synthetic Apiary.[36][37] Exhibited works are largely in the permanent collections of museums; Silk Pavilion II was acquired by the Esquel Group in Hong Kong.[38]

Oxman's work is in the permanent collections of museums including New York's Museum of Modern Art (MoMA), the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art (SFMOMA), the Museum of Applied Arts (MAK) in Vienna, the Smithsonian, and Boston's Museum of Fine Arts and Museum of Science.[39] In 2020, the MoMA displayed the first exhibition of her work as its own collection.[40][41]

In 2016, Oxman worked with Björk to create a mask based on the singer's face, and worked with Dutch fashion designer Iris van Herpen to 3D-print a collection of wearable couture.[14][42]

In 2019, an MIT report revealed that Oxman's lab had received $125,000 from Jeffrey Epstein, part of a series of donations he made to the Media Lab and its director Joi Ito.[43][44] Oxman asked people in her lab to prepare and send a gift to Epstein, according to documents shared by an MIT employee. A graduate student emailed to Oxman: “Have you read the articles about this Jeff Epstein? He seems pretty shady. . . . Just wanted to point it out in case you weren’t aware."[44] Oxman stated she was aware, adding in the e-mail, that “Jeff E.” should always be “confidential" and told the student that they were not sponsored by Epstein.[44]

Plagiarism allegations

In late 2023, Oxman's husband, Bill Ackman, joined calls to remove Claudine Gay as president of Harvard over plagiarism accusations.[45] Shortly after, journalists at Business Insider published multiple articles alleging plagiarism from a range of sources, including from Wikipedia, in Oxman's 2010 PhD dissertation and three journal articles.[46][47][48][49][50] Oxman subsequently apologized for citation errors.[51] Ackman said he would launch an investigation of Business Insider's "reporters and staff".[52][53] Business Insider's owner Axel Springer SE released a statment saying it was investigating the outlet's "processes" after Ackman questioned the motives behind its reporting.[54][55][56]

Design philosophy

Oxman at Pop!Tech 2009

Oxman's philosophy of material ecology was developed in 2006 while a graduate student at MIT.[24] It combines 3D printing techniques with biology, engineering, materials science, and computer science to create objects and structures through growth and without assembly.[57] She proposed developing a material ecology with "holistic products, characterized by property gradients and multi-functionality" – placing humanity in harmony with nature,[58] in contrast to assembly lines and “a world made of parts".[59]

She described her work as shifting "from consuming nature as a geological resource to editing it as a biological one."[60][61] This includes using biological shapes as inspiration, textures, and even fabrication, such as the glowing bacteria in Mushtari and the silkworms in the Silk Pavilion.[6][62] Antonelli described Oxman's work as a way to "decipher nature's myriad [design] lessons and render them digitally for future application at all scales."[58]

Oxman has spoken and written about her philosophy and its applications to design. Her approach to form generation and environmental design[63] is cited by rapid prototypers in other fields,[64] and her 2015 TED talk on material ecology has been viewed over 2.5 million times.[59][65] In 2019, the Netflix docu-series Abstract: The Art of Design featured her work in its second season.[66]

Works

Early works

Much of Oxman's early work focused on 3D printing related to human uses, including projects like Carpal Skin, which used the profile of pain for a person with carpal tunnel syndrome to ease their discomfort. She also produced Monocoque (2007), a demonstration of how a printed structure could support its weight via its exterior skin rather than interior supports.[67] This required a printer that could simultaneously print multiple materials with different structural properties,[68] a process she named 'variable property rapid prototyping'.[69][70] In 2008, futurist Bruce Sterling called her work "shatteringly different from anything before".[71]

Mediated Matter

Oxman in 2012

Started in 2010, Oxman's research and design lab at MIT, the Mediated Matter group, used computational design, digital fabrication, 3D printing, materials science and synthetic biology to work with both small and large structures.[39][60] The group developed its own methods and printing platforms, and worked with a range of 3D production systems. Projects have ranged in scale from enclosures and large furniture, to artwork and clothes, to biocomposites, artificial valves, and DNA assembly. Production methods include taking images of a biological or natural sample, developing algorithms to produce similar structures, and developing new manufacturing processes to realize the results. Projects include wearable clothes and tools,[72] solar-powered and biodegradable designs,[73] new artistic techniques, and construction of surfaces, walls, coverings and load-bearing elements.

Organic and natural fabrication

A number of Oxman's works have involved fabrication by animals or by natural processes. The Silk Pavilion, an installation designed in 2013, was noted for its fabrication method as much as its final form. It was woven by 6,500 free-ranging silkworms on a nylon-frame dome.[74] Experiments with the silkworms identified how they would respond to different surfaces, and what would encourage them to spin onto an existing structure rather than spinning a cocoon. The frame of a large polyhedral dome was loosely woven by a robotic arm out of thin nylon threads, and suspended in an open room.[75] The dome was designed with gaps where it would be warmest. Silkworms were released onto the frame in waves, where they added layers of silk before being removed. This involved engineering, sericulture, and modeling sun in the room. The resulting pavilion was hung so that people could stand inside it. This was reprised in 2020 for Silk Pavilion II, installed as part of the Oxman exhibition at MoMA.[76]

The Synthetic Apiary, a room-sized installation built in 2015, studied the behavior of bees in an indoor environment, including how they built hives in and around different structures. This was developed in collaboration with a beekeeping company, as a way of testing possible responses to colony loss, and exploring how biological niches could be integrated into buildings.[77]

Wearables

In 2012, Oxman printed a set of body-sized wearables, Imaginary Beings, inspired by legendary creatures.[78] She also collaborated with van Herpen and materials engineer Craig Carter on Anthozoa, a cape and skirt evocative of marine life.[79]

In 2015, she designed the Wanderers collection, inspired by interplanetary exploration, in collaboration with Christoph Bader and Dominik Kolb. The collection included the Living Mushtari chestpiece, a model digestive tract filled containing a colony of microorganisms that could sustain life in harsh environments.[80] The collection was described by Andrew Bolton as "defined by neither time nor place".[81]

In 2016, she produced Rottlace, a 3D-printed mask for Björk,[82] based on a 3D scan of the performer's face. Björk wore it in the world's first 360° virtual reality livestream.[9][83] Oxman also developed Lazarus, a project designed to capture the wearer's last breath, and began work on Vespers, a collection of 15 death masks. The masks were divided into past, present, and future, and embedded with minerals and bacteria.[84][85]

Environments

In 2014, she collaborated with Carter on Gemini, a chaise longue with a milled wood frame and 3D-printed upholstery designed for both structural and acoustical properties, designed to recreate a calming womb-like environment.[86] It was produced with a combination of additive and subtractive printing. SFMOMA acquired the piece the next year.[87] This work gave rise to a model for a larger scale Gemini Cinema.[88]

3D printing platforms

Mediated Matter also prototyped new platforms and tools for printing. These included a printer that can print entire sections of rooms, a glass printer, and a quick-curing printer that can make free-standing objects without support structures.[89]

Glass

In 2014, they developed G3DP,[90][91] the first 3D printer to produce optically transparent glass.[92][93] At the time, sintering 3D printers could print with glass powder, but the results were brittle and opaque.[94] G3DP was a collaboration with MIT's Glass Lab and the Wyss Institute, emulating traditional glass working processes, with a kiln and annealing chamber. The process allowed close control of color, transparency, thickness and texture.[95][96] Certain settings turned the printer into a "molten glass sewing machine".[97] Two generations of the printer, G3DP and G3DP2, produced collection of vessels that have gone on exhibit as Glass I and Glass II.[98][99]

A 10-foot glass and light sculpture printed by this platform,YET, was installed at the 2017 Milan Design Week.[100]

Aguahoja

Also in 2014, the group developed Aguahoja, a project involving a water-based fabrication platform that built structures out of chitosan, a curable water-soluble organic fiber similar to chitin. Structural pillars or long leaves could be made by varying how the fibers were deposited. The resulting combination of hard and soft structures could change from solid to willowy over the length of a branch or leaf, using the same base material.[13] This was demonstrated in a pair of installations, Aguahoja I and II, featuring a central 15-foot tall sculpture resembling "enormous, folded cicada wings".[101]

Digital Construction Platform

In 2016, the group developed a large-scale robotic printing system, the Digital Construction Platform (DCP), which printed polyurethane foam molds with a robot arm based on the Altec aerial work platform. DCP v2 was able to print a section of a dome 15 meters across and 4 meters high.[102][103][104]

Other developments

Starting in 2018, the Mediated Matter lab developed the Totems project, exploring ways to extract melanin from different species and embed it in 3D-printed structures. This led to a concept for buildings with facades that respond to sunlight, such as a proposed architectural pavilion initiated by Ravi Naidoo and introduced at his Design Indaba conference.[105][106]

From 2017 to 2020, a new Silk Pavilion was developed, Silk Pavilion II, exploring new potential models for gathering silk from silkworms without needing to boil cocoons and end the silkworm's lifecycle.[107]

In 2020, the lab produced a new Aguahoja installation, Aguahoja III, identical to the first but stored in a climate-controlled gallery. This is intended to serve as a long-term control against which to compare the original, in measuring how chitosan degrades or is influenced by environmental changes.[108] The lab stopped active work in 2021.[109]

Recent work

Starting in 2020, Oxman's studio, Oxman Architects, has explored similar themes in their projects. They produced a documentary about their work, Nature × Humanity,[110] which became the name of an 2022 exhibition of their work at SFMOMA.[111]

In 2020, she created the final version of Silk Pavilion II, weaving a new pavilion in Padua, Italy in collaboration with a silkworm-rearing facility in nearby Teolo. The structure was constructed on a dissolvable hyperboloid.[107]

In 2021, her team revisited the Synthetic Apiary, constructing a new environment for bees to build hives, printed with embedded pheromones. The resulting hive structures were analyzed by CT scans to allow digital reconstruction and provide insight into the bees' construction process.[112] They also designed an experiment testing how bees respond to low-gravity environments, and fabricated a new type of payload module to house the experiment on a Blue Origin suborbital flight.[113]

Selected works

  • Cartesian Wax, Monocoque, Raycounting[114] (2007, MoMA)[115]
  • Carpal Skin[116] (2010, Museum of Science)
  • Imaginary Beings (2012, Centre Pompidou)
  • Silk Pavilion I (2013) and II (2020), installation
  • Anthozoa (2013, MFA), couture dress
  • Gemini (2015, SF MoMA), acoustical chaise
  • Wanderers collection (2015,[117] incl. Living Mushtari)
  • Glass I (2014), 3D printer & glasswork[118]
  • Aguahoja I & II (2017–2019), biocomposite structures[119]
Art, surfaces, and furniture
Processes and installations

Selected exhibits

Publications

  • 2020: Hybrid Living Materials[128]
  • 2016: Recursive symmetries for complex additive manufacturing[129]
  • 2015: Additive Manufacturing of Optically Transparent Glass[130]
  • 2015: Flow-based fabrication[131]
  • 2013: Compound Fabrication[132]
  • 2011: Variable property rapid prototyping[133]

Awards and recognition

Oxman is a senior fellow in the Design Futures Council, and a Royal Designer for Industry in the UK.[134][135] She has won the Vilcek Prize in Design,[136] a National Design Award,[137] and a SFMOMA Contemporary Vision Award.[138]

In 2016, she served as a culture leader at the World Economic Forum and received MIT's Collier Medal.[139] In 2018, she received a Design Innovation Medal from the London Design Festival.[138][140][141] The following year, Aguahoja was named "Sustainable Design of the Year" and "Design Project of the Year" in Dezeen's annual awards.[142][143]

References

  1. ↑ Hill, David J. (June 4, 2012). "3D Printing Is The Future Of Manufacturing And Neri Oxman Shows How Beautiful It Can Be". singularityhub.com. Retrieved June 4, 2012.
  2. ↑ "Material Ecology website". Retrieved October 15, 2011.
  3. ↑ "Material Ecology". The Dirt. August 20, 2009. Archived from the original on July 18, 2011. Retrieved April 25, 2011.
  4. ↑ Green, Penelope (October 6, 2018). "Who Is Neri Oxman?". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved September 8, 2023.
  5. ↑ "5 Women at the Forefront of Next-Gen Innovation". Architectural Digest. November 18, 2021. Retrieved September 8, 2023.
  6. 1 2 Silkworms and Robot work together to weave silk pavilion, Dezeen, June 3, 2013.
  7. ↑ Mogas-Soldevila, Laia; Duro-Royo, Jorge; Lizardo, Daniel; Kayser, Markus; Patrick, William; Sharma, Sunanda; Keating, Steven; Klein, John; Inamura, Chikara; Oxman, Neri (2015). "DESIGNING THE OCEAN PAVILION: Biomaterial Templating of Structural, Manufacturing, and Environmental Performance" (PDF). Proceedings of the International Association for Shell and Spatial Structures (IASS) Symposium. Retrieved September 16, 2016.
  8. ↑ "Glass I". Mediated Matter Group. Archived from the original on July 7, 2020.
  9. 1 2 "Björk to perform the world's first 360 VR stream – Dancing Astronaut". Dancing Astronaut. June 28, 2016. Retrieved August 2, 2016.
  10. ↑ "Hybrid Living Materials". Hybrid Living Materials. Retrieved April 18, 2021.
  11. ↑ Roux, Caroline (February 28, 2020). "Neri Oxman: The Architect of Tomorrow". Financial Times. Retrieved August 18, 2021.
  12. 1 2 Dvir, Noam (June 7, 2016). "Neri Oxman Is Redesigning the Natural World". Surface. Retrieved August 24, 2021.
  13. 1 2 3 4 Langmuir, Molly (August 9, 2019). "Neri Oxman Has All the Answers". Elle. Archived from the original on January 3, 2020. Retrieved August 18, 2021.
  14. 1 2 3 Green, Penelope (October 6, 2018). "Who Is Neri Oxman?". The New York Times. Retrieved August 24, 2021.
  15. ↑ Oxman, Neri (June 2010). Material-based design computation. DSpace@MIT (Thesis). Massachusetts Institute of Technology. hdl:1721.1/59192. Retrieved August 18, 2021.
  16. 1 2 "Neri Oxman Is Redesigning the Natural World". Surface Magazine. June 6, 2016. Retrieved July 8, 2016.
  17. ↑ Mallozzi, Vincent (January 19, 2019). "As If by Design, Their Connection Was Inevitable". The New York Times. Retrieved September 14, 2020.
  18. ↑ "Neri Oxman: the architect of tomorrow". Financial Times. February 28, 2020. Retrieved September 14, 2020.
  19. ↑ Bailey, Spencer. "Episode 16 | Neri Oxman on Her Extraordinary Visions for the "Biological Age"". TimeSensitive.fm. Retrieved September 14, 2020.
  20. ↑ "About Us". Pershing Square Foundation. Retrieved December 16, 2021.
  21. ↑ "Person Overview ‹ Neri Oxman". MIT Media Lab. Retrieved September 8, 2023.
  22. ↑ "No Joints Needed: By Experimenting with Materials in an Open Ended Manner, Neri Oxman Reshapes the Look and Feel of Architecture Yet to Come". Mark Magazine. December 1, 2008. Retrieved August 9, 2021.
  23. ↑ "SFMOMA Collection". SFMOMA.
  24. 1 2 Oxman, Neri. "Material Ecology Blog". Material Ecology Blog. Retrieved August 25, 2019.
  25. ↑ Oxman, Neri. "Material Ecology projects".
  26. ↑ Mazade, Kate (February 27, 2020). "Neri Oxman grows tools for the future at new MoMA retrospective". The Architect’s Newspaper. Retrieved August 24, 2021.
  27. ↑ Waddoups, Ryan (March 2, 2020). "Neri Oxman and Sir Norman Foster on the Future of Design". Surface. Retrieved August 18, 2021.
  28. ↑ Gamolina, Julia (September 2, 2020). "Intimate Links: Neri Oxman on Designing Systems, Radical Change, and Architecture as Destiny". Madame Architect. Retrieved December 10, 2021.
  29. ↑ Oxman, Neri (July 8, 2010). "Structuring Materiality: Design Fabrication of Heterogeneous Materials". Architectural Design. 80 (4): 78–85. doi:10.1002/ad.1110.
  30. ↑ "Most Creative People of 2009". Fast Company. 2010.
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  32. ↑ "The Team at Wired are 3D Printing Obsessed". October 5, 2012. Retrieved August 2, 2016.
  33. ↑ MIT Media Lab's Journal of Design Science, Liz Stinson, WIRED. March 10, 2016.
  34. ↑ The Age of Entangelement, Neri Oxman, Journal of Design and Science. January 13, 2016.
  35. ↑ "3D-printed glass: Where are we now?". The American Ceramic Society. March 26, 2019. Retrieved April 18, 2021.
  36. ↑ "Neri Oxman's Synthetic Apiary II shows how beehive construction "is a responsive and dynamic process"". Dezeen. November 19, 2021. Retrieved January 4, 2022.
  37. ↑ Camuset, Jean-Christophe (June 16, 2020). "Neri Oxman, la femme qui réconcilie l'architecture et la Nature". Ideat (in French). Retrieved August 31, 2021.
  38. ↑ "Integral". www.esquel.com. Retrieved March 30, 2022.
  39. 1 2 "Mediated Matter group website". MIT Media Lab. Retrieved June 15, 2016.
  40. ↑ Cogley, Bridget (March 4, 2020). "Neri Oxman's body of work displayed in MoMA exhibition Material Ecology". Dezeen. Retrieved August 25, 2021.
  41. ↑ Roux, Caroline (February 28, 2020). "Neri Oxman: the architect of tomorrow". Financial Times.
  42. ↑ Laster, Paul (July 7, 2020). "Neri Oxman: Designing for the Future". Art & Object. Retrieved August 24, 2021.
  43. ↑ Griggs, Mary Beth (January 10, 2020). "Read MIT's full investigation on Jeffrey Epstein's controversial donations and who knew what". The Verge. Retrieved April 18, 2021.
  44. 1 2 3 "A meeting with Jeffrey Epstein led to a gift — and, now, regrets – The Boston Globe". BostonGlobe.com. Retrieved September 14, 2019.
  45. ↑ Sainato, Michael (January 6, 2024). "Wife of financier who called for Harvard head's exit faces plagiarism allegations". The Guardian. Retrieved January 8, 2024.
  46. ↑ Long, Katherine; Newsham, Jack (January 4, 2024). "Bill Ackman's wife, Neri Oxman, plagiarized in her MIT dissertation". Business Insider. Retrieved January 5, 2024.
  47. ↑ Schoifet, Mark (January 4, 2024). "Bill Ackman's wife is accused of plagiarism after her husband crusaded against Harvard's president over the same problem". Fortune. Retrieved January 5, 2024.
  48. ↑ Morrow, Allison (January 5, 2024). "Bill Ackman's wife is accused of plagiarizing part of her dissertation". CNN. Retrieved January 5, 2024.
  49. ↑ Long, Katherine; Newsham, Jack; Parakul, Narimes (January 5, 2024). "Academic celebrity Neri Oxman plagiarized from Wikipedia, scholars, a textbook, and other sources without any attribution". Business Insider. Retrieved January 6, 2024.
  50. ↑ "Wife of Investor Who Pushed for Harvard President's Exit Is Accused of Plagiarism". The New York Times. January 5, 2024. Retrieved January 10, 2024.
  51. ↑ Lee, Lloyd; Berg, Madeline (January 5, 2024). "How plagiarism by Claudine Gay, Harvard's former president, compares to that of Neri Oxman, an academic and Bill Ackman's wife". Retrieved January 5, 2024.
  52. ↑ Gabbatt, Adam (January 9, 2024). "Media now in Bill Ackman's sights after wife embroiled in plagiarism row". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved January 9, 2024.
  53. ↑ Sommer, Will (January 8, 2024). "Business Insider story on Harvard antagonist's wife draws owner's scrutiny". The Washington Post. Retrieved January 8, 2024.
  54. ↑ "Article on Bill Ackman's Wife Triggers Tensions Between Business Insider and Owner". The Wall Street Journal. January 9, 2024. Retrieved January 10, 2024.
  55. ↑ "Business Insider story on Harvard antagonist's wife draws owner's scrutiny". Washington Post. January 8, 2024. Retrieved January 10, 2024.
  56. ↑ "Business Insider's owners clash over plagiarism story". Semafor. January 7, 2024. Retrieved January 10, 2024.
  57. ↑ "Neri Oxman's "Material Ecology"". TL Magazine. August 11, 2020. Retrieved August 26, 2021.
  58. 1 2 Antonelli, Paola; Burckhardt, Anna (2020). The Neri Oxman Material Ecology Catalogue (PDF). New York: Museum of Modern Art. pp. 7, 17. ISBN 978-1-63345-105-6. Retrieved August 26, 2021.
  59. 1 2 Design at the Intersection of Technology and Biology, 2015.
  60. 1 2 Neri Oxman (January 17, 2016). "What if our buildings were grown, not built?". World Economic Forum. Retrieved July 10, 2016.
  61. ↑ Oxman, Neri (December 7, 2012). "Five Tenets of a New Kind of Architecture". CNN.
  62. ↑ Mufson, Beckett (December 1, 2014). "Neri Oxman's Bacteria-Infested Spacesuits Are Grown, Not Designed". VICE. Retrieved August 26, 2021.
  63. ↑ On Designing Form, PopTech 2009.
  64. ↑ Bibb, Richard (2015). Medical Modelling: The Application of Advanced Design and Rapid Prototyping Techniques in Medicine. Woodhead Publishing. pp. 313, 332. ISBN 9781782423003.
  65. ↑ Oxman, Neri (2015). "Design at the intersection of technology and biology". TED. Retrieved August 26, 2021.
  66. ↑ Gibson, Eleanor (September 20, 2019). "Neri Oxman and Olafur Eliasson feature in second series of Netflix design documentary". Dezeen. Retrieved October 8, 2019.
  67. ↑ Dvir, Noam (June 7, 2011). "'Nature Is a Brilliant Engineer'". Haaretz. Retrieved August 30, 2021.
  68. ↑ "Materials, mathematics,and rapid manufacturing meet at MoMA". Advanced Materials & Processes. December 2008.
  69. ↑ Oxman, Neri (March 1, 2011). "Variable property rapid prototyping". Virtual and Physical Prototyping. 6 (1): 3–31. doi:10.1080/17452759.2011.558588. ISSN 1745-2759. S2CID 108722093.
  70. ↑ US application 2011079936, Oxman, Neri, "Methods and apparatus for variable property rapid prototyping", published 2011-04-07, since abandoned.
  71. ↑ Sterling, Bruce (May 1, 2008). "Neri Oxman weaves nature's logic into design and makes buildings, architects, and Bruce Sterling sweat". Abitare Magazine.
  72. ↑ Design Fiction: Neri Oxman, “Imaginary Beings: Mythologies of the Not Yet”, Wired magazine. May 12, 2012.
  73. ↑ “Mushtari” Is a 3D Printed Wearable That Makes Products from Sunlight, ArchDaily. July 12, 2015.
  74. ↑ Oxman, Neri; Laucks, Jared; Kayser, Markus; et al. "Silk Pavilion: A case study in fibre-based digital fabrication" (PDF). Fabricate: Negotiating Design and Making. gta Verlag. pp. 249–255.
  75. ↑ Dvorsky, George. "Thousands of silkworms and one robot made this intricate sculpture". io9. Retrieved March 19, 2017.
  76. ↑ "Inside Look at Neri Oxman's Material Ecology Exhibition at MoMA". Interior Design. Retrieved December 27, 2021.
  77. ↑ "Neri Oxman + Mediated Matter Create Synthetic Apiary to Combat Honeybee Colony Loss". ArchDaily. October 5, 2016. Retrieved July 10, 2016.
  78. ↑ "The not-so-secret Objet multi-color 3D printer". 3D Printer. May 7, 2012. Retrieved February 28, 2017.
  79. ↑ Yang, Qianqian (March 22, 2016). "3D Printers and Cosmic Mirrors: #techstyle Showcases the Future of Fashion". The Harvard Crimson. Retrieved August 30, 2021.
  80. ↑ "MIT professor creates 3D printed 'wearable skin' for space exploration". December 3, 2014. Retrieved August 7, 2016.
  81. ↑ Sullivan, Robert. “Future Perfect”, in VOGUE, Met Gala Special Edition, June 2016, pp. 44–45.
  82. ↑ From "Roðlaus", Icelandic for "skinless".
  83. ↑ "Making of Björk Digital" (in Japanese). Archived from the original on April 23, 2017. Retrieved February 28, 2017.
  84. ↑ "Haunting 3D-printed death masks are like something out of Alien". WIRED UK. Retrieved March 10, 2017.
  85. ↑ "Vespers, the Latest Mask Collection by MIT's Neri Oxman". Architect. December 15, 2016. Retrieved March 10, 2017.
  86. ↑ Oxman, Neri; Dikovsky, Daniel; Belocon, Boris; Carter, W. Craig (September 1, 2014). "Gemini: Engaging Experiential and Feature Scales Through Multimaterial Digital Design and Hybrid Additive–Subtractive Fabrication". 3D Printing and Additive Manufacturing. 1 (3): 108–114. doi:10.1089/3dp.2014.1505. hdl:1721.1/108169. ISSN 2329-7662. S2CID 54010121.
  87. ↑ "Neri Oxman Further Pursues 3D Printing with Multi-Materials for her Latest Mythical Installation — "GEMINI"". March 27, 2014. Retrieved August 10, 2016.
  88. ↑ "Nature × Humanity: Oxman Architects". Azure Magazine. Retrieved March 30, 2022.
  89. ↑ "Freeform 3D Printing: Towards a Sustainable Approach to Additive Manufacturing". 2013. Archived from the original on March 2, 2017. Retrieved March 1, 2017.
  90. ↑ Klein, John (2015). Additive Manufacturing of Optically Transparent Glass. Mediated Matter.
  91. ↑ "Glass I (G3DP)". Kayser Works. Archived from the original on July 9, 2020.
  92. ↑ Chandler, David (September 14, 2015). "Printing transparent glass in 3-D". MIT News. Retrieved July 9, 2016.
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  94. ↑ joris (April 14, 2010). "you can now 3D print in glass with Shapeways". The Shapeways Blog. Retrieved March 19, 2017.
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  116. ↑ Prototype for a Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Splint
  117. ↑ Wearable skins, Sarah Anderson Goehrke. 3DPrint.com, November 25, 2014.
  118. ↑ "Glass I (G3DP)".
  119. ↑ Aguahoja in the Cooper Hewitt collection
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  122. ↑ Imaginary Beings: Mythologies of the Not Yet, Wired, May 2012.
  123. ↑ 3-D printing produces a fresh creative outlet for artists, L.J. Williamson, LA Times. March 10, 2013.
  124. ↑ "Neri Oxman: At the Frontier of Ecological Design" (PDF). Museum of Science, Boston. Fall 2009. Retrieved July 1, 2016.
  125. ↑ What is the future of fashion?, Joe Incollingo, Boston Globe. March 7, 2016.
  126. ↑ Remora – EXEMPLARY: 150 YEARS OF THE MAK, MAK Blog. July 8, 2014.
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  130. ↑ Klein, John; Stern, Michael; Franchin, Giorgia; Kayser, Markus; Inamura, Chikara; Dave, Shreya; Weaver, James C.; Houk, Peter; Colombo, Paolo; Yang, Maria; Oxman, Neri (August 19, 2015). "Additive Manufacturing of Optically Transparent Glass". 3D Printing and Additive Manufacturing. 2 (3): 92–105. doi:10.1089/3dp.2015.0021. hdl:1721.1/101831. ISSN 2329-7662.
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  142. ↑ Ladanyi, Olivia (October 17, 2019). "Dezeen Awards 2019 design category winners revealed". Dezeen. Retrieved January 21, 2022.
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