New Flemish Alliance
Nieuw-Vlaamse Alliantie
AbbreviationN-VA
LeaderBart De Wever
ChairpersonsValerie Van Peel
Steven Vandeput
FounderGeert Bourgeois
Founded13 October 2001 (2001-10-13)
Split fromPeople's Union
HeadquartersKoningsstraat 47, bus 6
BE-1000 Brussels
Youth wingJong N-VA
Membership (2018)Increase 45,000[1]
Ideology
Political positionCentre-right[2] to right-wing[3]
Regional affiliationChristian Group[4]
European affiliationEuropean Free Alliance
European Parliament groupEuropean Conservatives and Reformists
Colours  Gold
  Black
SloganDe verandering werkt.[5]
Change works.
Voor Vlaanderen. Voor Vooruitgang.[6] (2019)
For Flanders. For Progress.
Chamber of Representatives
25 / 88
(Flemish seats)
Senate
9 / 35
(Flemish seats)
Flemish Parliament
35 / 124
Brussels Parliament
3 / 17
(Flemish seats)
European Parliament
3 / 12
(Flemish seats)
Flemish Provincial Councils
46 / 175
Benelux Parliament
4 / 21
Party flag
Website
english.n-va.be

The New Flemish Alliance (Dutch: Nieuw-Vlaamse Alliantie, N-VA)[7] is a Flemish nationalist[8][9] and conservative[14] political party in Belgium. The party was established in 2001 by the right-leaning fraction of the centrist-nationalist People's Union (VU).[15]

The N-VA is a regionalist[16] and separatist[17][18][19][20] movement that self-identifies with the promotion of civic nationalism.[21] Within the Flemish Movement, the party strives for the peaceful[22] and gradual secession of Flanders from Belgium.[23] In recent years it has become the largest party of Flanders as well as of Belgium as a whole, and it participated in the 2014–18 Belgian Government until 9 December 2018.[24]

The N-VA was established as a centre-right party with the main objective of working towards furthering Flemish autonomy and redefining Belgium as a confederal country through gradually obtaining more powers for both Belgian communities separately with the belief that this will pave the way for eventual Flemish independence.[25] During its early years, the N-VA mostly followed the platform of the former VU by characterising itself as a big tent[26] party with Flemish nationalism as its central theme. Furthermore, it emphasized a pragmatic and non-revolutionary image (as opposed to the far-right character of the other main Flemish pro-separatist party Vlaams Belang) in order to legitimise increased Flemish autonomy. The party also espoused non-interventionalist and pro-individual freedom messages in its original platform.[27] In subsequent years, the N-VA moved to the right and adopted a distinctly conservative identity under the leadership of Bart De Wever, who succeeded the founding leader Geert Bourgeois. The party used to be pro-Europeanist,[28][29] and previously advocated deepening ties with the European Union (EU) which the N-VA regarded as an important means to give Flanders more international influence,[30] but has since shifted to a "Eurorealist" or "Eurocritical" stance by calling for democratic reform of the EU and opposing a Federal Superstate.[31][29] The party is known for its insistence on the exclusive use of Dutch, Flanders' sole official language, in dealings with government agencies.[21] The N-VA advocates economic liberalism and immediate tax reductions to stimulate the economy. It also supports stricter law and order and controlled immigration policies, with stronger measures to integrate immigrants in Flanders.[32][33]

A leading member of the European Free Alliance (EFA), since the 2014 European Parliament election, the N-VA has sat with the European Conservatives and Reformists (ECR) parliamentary group in the European Parliament.

History

Fall of the People's Union

The N-VA stems from the right-leaning faction of the People's Union (Dutch: Volksunie, VU), a Belgian political party and broad electoral alliance of Flemish nationalists from both sides of the political spectrum. Towards the end of the 20th century, with a steadily declining electorate and the majority of the party's federalist agenda implemented, friction between several wings of the People's Union emerged. In the beginning of the 1990s, Bert Anciaux became party president and led the party in an ever more progressive direction, combining the social-liberal and social democratic ideas of his iD21-movement with the regionalist course of the People's Union. These experiments were opposed by the more traditional right-wing party base. Many of the VU's more ardent national-conservative members defected to the Vlaams Blok after becoming disgruntled with direction of the party, prompting a further decline in support. Around this time, VU member Geert Bourgeois, de facto leader of the VU's traditionalist and centre-right nationalist wing, put together the so-called "Oranjehofgroep" (which would go on to become the bedrock of the N-VA) which included fellow VU members Frieda Brepoels, Eric Defoort, Ben Weyts and Bart De Wever. The Oranjehofgroep opposed the direction in which the party was being taken by Anciaux and wanted the VU to pursue a more conservative, Flemish nationalist and separatist direction, while the wing helmed by Anciaux was looking to merge the Volksunie with its progressive programme with another political party.[34]

Tension rose towards the end of the decade, as Geert Bourgeois was elected chairman by party members, in preference to the incumbent and progressive Patrik Vankrunkelsven who belonged to the iD21 wing. Factions subsequently clashed multiple times, over the future course of the party and possible support for current state reform negotiations. On 13 October 2001 the party openly split into three factions: the progressive wing around Bert Anciaux, which would later become the Spirit party; the conservative nationalist wing around Geert Bourgeois; and a centrist group opposing the imminent split. An internal referendum was held on the future course of the party. The right wing gained a substantial plurality of 47% and inherited the party infrastructure.[35] Since no faction got an absolute majority, however, the name Volksunie could no longer be used under Belgian constitutional law and the VU was dissolved. The centre-right orientated faction of the VU went on to found the N-VA while the remaining centre-left faction reorganized itself as Spirit and the centrist-liberal wing mostly folded into the Open VLD.

Foundation and the election threshold

In the autumn of 2001, the New Flemish Alliance (Dutch: Nieuw-Vlaamse Alliantie, N-VA) was officially registered. Seven members of parliament from the People's Union joined the new party. The new party council created a party manifesto and a statement of principles. The first party congress was held in May 2002, voting on a party program and permanent party structures. Geert Bourgeois was elected chairman. The N-VA initially continued some of the VU's former policies.

The party participated in elections for the first time in the 2003 federal elections, but struggled with the election threshold of 5%. This threshold was only reached in West Flanders, the constituency of Geert Bourgeois. With only one federal representative and no senator, the party lost government funding and faced irrelevance.

Cartel with CD&V

In February 2004, the N-VA entered into an electoral alliance, commonly known in Belgium as a cartel, with the Christian Democratic and Flemish (CD&V) party, the traditionally largest party, which was then in opposition. They joined forces in the regional elections in 2004 and won. Both parties joined the new Flemish government, led by CD&V leader Yves Leterme. Geert Bourgeois became a minister, and Bart De Wever became the new party leader in October 2004.

The cartel was briefly broken when the former right-wing liberal Jean-Marie Dedecker left the Open Flemish Liberals and Democrats (Open VLD) and entered the N-VA on behalf of the party executive. However, the party congress did not put Dedecker on the election list, instead preferring to continue the cartel with CD&V, who had strongly opposed placing him on a joint cartel list. Dedecker saw this as a vote of no confidence, and left the party after only 10 days, to form his own party, List Dedecker (LDD). Deputy leader Brepoels, who supported Dedecker, stepped down from the party board afterwards.

In the Belgian federal election of 2007 the CD&V/N-VA cartel won a major victory again, with a campaign focusing on good governance, state reform and the division of the electoral district Brussels-Halle-Vilvoorde. The N-VA won five seats in the Chamber of Representatives and two seats in the Senate. Yves Leterme initiated coalition talks, which repeatedly stalled (see 2007–2008 Belgian government formation). On 20 March 2008, a new federal government was finally assembled. N-VA did not join this government, but gave its support pending state reform.

The cartel ended definitively on 24 September 2008, due to lack of progression in state reform matters and a different strategy on future negotiations. N-VA left the Flemish Government and gave up its support of Leterme at the federal level.

Mainstream party

In the regional elections of June 2009, N-VA won an unexpected 13% of the votes, making them the winner of the elections, along with their old cartel partner CD&V. N-VA subsequently joined the government, led by Kris Peeters (CD&V). Bart De Wever chose to remain party leader and appointed Geert Bourgeois and Philippe Muyters as ministers in the Flemish Government and Jan Peumans as speaker of the Flemish Parliament.

In December 2018, a political crisis emerged over whether to sign the Global Compact for Migration; N-VA was against this, whereas the other three parties in the federal government supported it. On 4 December 2018, the Prime Minister of Belgium, Charles Michel, announced that the issue would be taken to parliament for a vote.[36] On 5 December, parliament voted 106 to 36 in favor of backing the agreement.[37] Michel stated that he would endorse the pact on behalf of parliament, not on behalf of the divided government.[38] Consequently, N-VA quit the federal government; the other three parties continue as a minority government (Michel II).

During the 2019 federal elections the party again polled in first place in the Flemish region but saw a decline in vote share for the first time, falling to 25.6% of the Flemish vote.

Foundation and ideology

The New Flemish Alliance is a relatively young political party, founded in the autumn of 2001. Being one of the successors of the People's Union (Volksunie) party which existed from 1954–2001, it is however, based on an established political tradition. The N-VA works towards the same goal as its Volksunie predecessor: to redefine Flemish nationalism in a contemporary setting. The N-VA's leader Bart De Wever calls himself a conservative and a nationalist.[39] In its early years, the N-VA argued for a Flemish Republic as a member state of a democratic European confederation. In its initial mission statement, the party stated that the challenges of the 21st century can best be answered by strong communities and by well-developed international co-operation, a position which reflected in their tagline: "Necessary in Flanders, useful in Europe." (Dutch: Nodig in Vlaanderen, nuttig in Europa.)

Presently, the N-VA is generally characterised by political scientists and journalists as conservative,[10] conservative liberal, and economically liberal positioned within the centre-right to the right-wing of the political spectrum with Flemish issues forming the core of its policy ideas and messages.[2][40][41] In recent years the party has also been defined as moderately eurosceptic and more EU-critical compared to its early stance on a European confederation.[42]

During the N-VA's early years a label for the political orientation for the party was difficult to find. Borrowing from its Volksunie predecessor, the N-VA was initially considered a big tent or catch-all party and a socially liberal nationalist movement that combined left- and right-wing policies. The N-VA also summed up its initial platform with the motto Evolution, not Revolution, arguing for a more pragmatic and less radical approach to Flemish nationalism. The N-VA argued that a nationalist party was needed in the Belgian Federal Parliament both to represent the Flemish people and to work with politicians from all Belgian communities to redefine Belgium as a confederal rather than a federal state by securing more autonomy and political powers for both the Flemish and Walloon regions of Belgium.[43] This strategy assumed that through successive transfers of powers from the federal level to both regions on the one hand, and the European Union on the other, the Belgian state will gradually become obsolete.

In its 2009 election programme, the N-VA described itself as economically liberal[33] and ecologically green. The party supported public transport, open source software, renewable energy and taxing cars by the number of kilometres driven. It wanted more aid for developing countries and more compulsory measures to require that immigrants learn Dutch. The party has generally been supportive of LGBT rights and backed same-sex marriage in Belgium.[44] It calls for measures to protect weaker members of society but also robust welfare reform and limits to welfare benefits to encourage people back into work and reduce unemployment.[33]

Within the decade of its founding, the N-VA has shifted from a big tent to a conservative party by basing some of its socio-economic policies on that of the British Conservative Party.[45][46][47][48] Political scientist Glen Duerr has described the N-VA's current position as evolving to somewhere between that of Vlaams Belang and CD&V.[49]

Since 2014, the N-VA has been described as continuing to move ideologically further to the right under the influence of Bart De Wever and Theo Francken by adopting tougher stances on immigration, integration of minorities, requirements to obtain Belgian citizenship, law and order, national security and repatriation of foreign born criminals and illegal immigrants.[50][28] In 2015, German weekly Die Zeit published a list of 39 successful radical political parties in Europe. The paper described N-VA as right-wing populist and separatist because it reduces complex political problems to territorial issues.[51][48] N-VA responded that "foreign media find the party difficult to place, so they just label us as extremists." Some commentators have attributed these shifts as a response to a revival in support for the Flemish nationalist Vlaams Belang.[52] In contrast to other Belgian parties, the N-VA is more critical of the cordon sanitaire placed on the Vlaams Belang party and recently has been more open to negotiating with the party (although accepting former Vlaams Blok/Vlaams Belang members as defectors into the N-VA still remains controversial within some ranks of the party).[53][54]

Flemish nationalism

The N-VA is part of the broader Flemish nationalist movement and describes its ideology as combining civic and cultural nationalism.[55][56] The party promotes what it calls inclusive nationalism not defined by revolutionary or racist sentiments in which newcomers can become part of the Flemish community through compulsory learning of the Dutch language, Flemish history and Western values.[57] In its current mission statement, the party claims that political divides in Belgium are not a xenophobic conflict but due to the political structure, arguing that Belgium has effectively been divided into two separate democracies since the 20th Century.[58] The N-VA believes the solution is to redefine the Belgian state as a confederal union by means of transferring powers separately to both communities with a smaller government in Brussels. The N-VA argues that Flanders should pursue more independent economic, taxation and foreign policies which it believes will lead to gradual Flemish secessionism. The party also supports a review into financial transfers from Flanders to Brussels and the Wallonia region, arguing that such a policy threatens solidarity between different linguistic groups and has been a burden on Flemish tax payers.[59]

Migration

The party calls for more strict immigration policies and reforms to asylum laws on its platform, proritizing knowledge-based immigration and including a compulsory "integration contract" for immigrants to learn Dutch and undergo a values and social skills test before receiving Belgian citizenship. It also argues that dual nationals should be stripped of their citizenship if they are convicted of terrorism and other serious crimes and for the removal of illegal immigrants. The party also established a new government position of Minister for Integration in the Flemish Government after becoming the largest party in the Flemish Parliament.[60][61] In Federal politics, N-VA MP Theo Francken who served as Belgium's Secretary of State for Asylum and Migration sought to tighten laws on family migration and was noted for overseeing a record deportation of illegal immigrants and foreigners with criminal backgrounds.[62] This policy made him the most popular politician[63] The party has also recently become critical of multiculturalism, arguing that it prevents inclusiveness and social cohesion among the population, and has accused French-speaking parties of pushing mass immigration and multicultural policies onto Flanders through Belgian state politics.[64] In 2018, the party opposed the UN Global Compact for Migration and subsequently withdrew its participation in the Belgian government in protest of its passing.[36] Some commentators have attributed these shifts as a response to a revival in support for the Flemish nationalist Vlaams Belang, which also campaigned against the Migration Compact.[65] The N-VA also supports increased spending and resources for the police and border forces, as well as more resources for counter-terrorism and national security efforts.[66]

Climate change

In 2019, the party adopted what it calls a ecorealism stance, arguing for constructive methods and the use of green technology and expanding Belgium's nuclear power stations to mitigate climate change.

However, the N-VA voted at European level against the foundations of the European Green Deal, namely against an extension of the European Union Emissions Trading System to more sectors and against a European carbon border tax.[67] At the Flemish level, the N-VA and the Flemish government are in favor of a 40% reduction in emissions by 2030, while the EU is calling for a 47% reduction, an objective for which Brussels and Wallonia do commit.[68]

Foreign policy

In terms of foreign policy, the N-VA's stance on the European Union began as strongly pro-European in character (which it regarded as an important means of gaining legitimacy for Flemish nationalism on an international stage) and in 2010 the party called for "an ever stronger and more united Europe." However, the party has since moved in a Eurocritical direction and takes a more critical stance on European integration by no longer endorsing a European confederation, calling for less EU interference at national decision making levels and for the right for member states to maintain their own cultural identity, more democratic reform of the EU and arguing that economically unstable nations should leave the Eurozone.[28][29][45] The party is critical of the EU's stance on illegal immigration (in particular its handling of the migrant crisis) and the role played by NGOs in picking up migrants. The N-VA argues that the EU should emulate the Australian model of border protection to reinforce its external border and work with nations outside of Europe to stem the flow of illegal migrants arriving by sea.[69]

The N-VA supports continued Belgian participation in NATO and for military cooperation between European states.[70]

Other policies

On economic policy, the N-VA calls for reduced national debts and balanced budget in the Flemish and Federal Parliaments. It has generally advocated for free-market policies and limits on certain government spending. It also supports increased trade and business investment for Flanders.[71]

The N-VA also supports abolishing the Belgian Senate.[72]

International affiliations

At European level, the N-VA is part of the European Free Alliance (EFA), a European political party consisting of regionalist, pro-independence and minority interest political parties, of which the People's Union was a founder member. During the 7th European Parliament of 2009–2014, the N-VA was a member of The Greens–European Free Alliance (Greens/EFA) group in the European Parliament. However, following the 2014 European elections, the N-VA announced it was moving to a new group and chose the European Conservatives and Reformists (ECR)[73] over the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe.[45]

Party chairmen

NamePortraitFromTo
1Geert Bourgeois20012004
2Bart De Wever2004present

Faction leaders

Electorate

In the federal elections in 2003 N-VA received 3.1% of the votes, but won only one seat in the federal parliament. In February 2004 they formed an electoral alliance (cartel) with the Christian Democratic and Flemish party (CD&V). The cartel won the elections for the Flemish Parliament. The N-VA received a total of 6 seats. However, on 21 September 2008 the N-VA lost its faith in the federal government and the following day minister Geert Bourgeois resigned. In a press conference he confirmed the end of the CD&V/N-VA cartel.

In the 2004 European elections, N-VA had 1 MEP elected as part of the cartel with CD&V.

In the 10 June 2007 federal elections, the cartel won 30 out of 150 seats in the Chamber of Representatives and 9 out of 40 seats in the Senate.

In the regional elections of 11 June 2009, N-VA (now on its own after the split of the cartel with CD&V) won an unexpected 13% of the votes, making them the winner of the elections along with their former cartel partner. In the 2009 European elections held on the same day, the N-VA had one MEP elected.

In the 2010 federal elections, N-VA became the largest party of Flanders and of Belgium altogether.

In the 2014 federal elections, N-VA increased their dominant position, taking votes and seats from the far-right Flemish Interest. In the simultaneous 2014 regional elections and 2014 European elections, the N-VA also became the largest party in the Flemish Parliament and in the Belgian delegation to the European Parliament.

In the 2019 federal elections the party remained in first place in the Chamber of Representatives, European Parliament and Flemish Parliament, but saw a decline of their vote share for the first time, obtaining 16.03% of the votes in the Federal Parliament. With a decline of 24.7 percent of their votes compared to 2014, the N-VA suffered the biggest election defeat of any Flemish government party in the last fifty years.[74] The decline in votes was in part due to a sudden upsurge in support for the Flemish Interest.

The six biggest Flemish political parties and their results for the House of Representatives (Kamer). From 1978 to 2014, in percentages of the total vote in Belgium.

Electoral results

Chamber of Representatives

Election Votes  % Seats +/- Government
2003 201,399 3.1
1 / 150
 Opposition
2007[lower-alpha 1] 1,234,950 18.5
5 / 150
 Increase 4 Opposition
2010 1,135,617 17.4
27 / 150
 Increase 22 Opposition
2014 1,366,073 20.3
33 / 150
 Increase 6 Coalition (2014-2018)
Opposition (2018-2019)
2019 1,086,787 16.0
25 / 150
 Decrease 8 Opposition
  1. ↑ In coalition with CD&V;30 seats won in total.

Senate

Election Votes  % Seats +/-
2003 200,273 3.1
0 / 71
2007[lower-alpha 1] 1,287,389 19.4
2 / 71
 Increase 2
2010 1,268,780 19.6
14 / 71
 Increase 12
2014
12 / 60
 Decrease 2
2019
9 / 60
 Decrease 3
  1. ↑ In coalition with CD&V; 14 seats won in total.

Regional

Brussels Parliament

Election Votes  % Seats +/- Government
D.E.C. Overall
2004[lower-alpha 1] 10,482 16.8 (#4)
0 / 89
 Opposition
2009 2,586 5.0 (#6)
1 / 89
 Increase 1 Opposition
2014 9,085 17.0 (#4)
3 / 89
 Increase 2 Opposition
2019 9.177 18.0 (#4)
3 / 89
 Steady 0 Opposition
  1. ↑ In coalition with CD&V; 3 seats won in total.

Flemish Parliament

Election Votes  % Seats +/- Government
2004[lower-alpha 1] 1,060,580 26.1 (#1)
6 / 124
 Coalition
2009 537,040 13.1 (#5)
16 / 124
 Increase 10 Coalition
2014 1,339,946 31.9 (#1)
43 / 124
 Increase 27 Coalition
2019 1,052,252 24.8 (#1)
35 / 124
 Decrease 8 Coalition
  1. ↑ In coalition with CD&V; 35 seats won in total.

European Parliament

Election Votes  % Seats +/-
D.E.C. Overall
2004[lower-alpha 1] 1,131,119 28.2 (#1) 17.4
1 / 24
2009 402,545 9.9 (#5) 6.1
1 / 22
 Steady 0
2014 1,123,363 26.7 (#1) 16.8
4 / 21
 Increase 3
2019 1,123,355 22.4 (#1) 14.2
3 / 21
 Decrease 1
  1. ↑ In coalition with CD&V; 4 seats won in total.

Representation

European politics

N-VA holds three seats in the ninth European Parliament (2019–2024) for the Dutch-speaking electoral college.

European Parliament
Name In office Parliamentary group
Geert Bourgeois2019–presentEuropean Conservatives and Reformists
Assita Kanko2019–present
Johan Van Overtveldt2019–present

Federal politics

Chamber of Representatives (2019–2024)
Constituency Name Notes
AntwerpWim Van der DoncktReplaces Jan Jambon, who became Flemish Minister-President
Valerie Van Peel
Peter De Rooverfloor leader
Michael Freilich
Sophie De Wit
Koen Metsu
Yoleen Van Camp
Bert Wollants
East FlandersAnneleen Van Bossuyt
Peter Buysrogge
Tomas Roggeman
Christoph D'Haese
Kathleen Depoorter
West FlandersSander Loones
Yngvild Ingels
Björn Anseeuw
Flemish BrabantTheo Francken
Darya Safai
Sigrid GoethalsReplaces Jan Spooren, who became Governor of Flemish Brabant
Kristien Van Vaerenbergh
Katrien Houtmeyers
Limburg (Belgium)Joy Donnéreplaces Zuhal Demir, who became Minister in the Flemish government)
Frieda Gijbels
Wouter Raskin
Senate (2019–2024)
Type Name
Community senator Andries Gryffroy
Community senator Freya Perdaens
Community senator Maaike De Vreese
Community senator Karolien Grosemans
Community senator Nadia Sminate
Community senator Karl Vanlouwe
Community senator Allessia Claes
Community senator Philippe Muyters
Co-opted senator Mark Demesmaeker

Regional politics

Flemish Government

Flemish Government Jambon (incumbent)
Name Function
Jan Jambon Minister-President of the Flemish Government and Flemish Minister for Culture, Foreign Policy and Development Cooperation
Ben Weyts Vice minister-president of the Flemish Government and Flemish Minister for Education, Animal Welfare, Brussels Periphery and Sport
Zuhal Demir Flemish Minister for Justice, Planning, Environment, Energy, and Tourism
Matthias Diependaele Flemish Minister for Finance, Budget, Housing and Immovable Heritage
Former Flemish Ministers

Flemish Parliament

Flemish Parliament (2019–2024)
Constituency Name Notes
AntwerpBart De Wever
Liesbeth HomansSpeaker of Parliament
Annick De Ridder
Kris Van Dijck
Philippe Muyters
Sofie Joosen
Kathleen Krekels
Paul Van Miert
Freya Perdaens
Manuela Van Werde
Maarten De Veuster
Tine van der Vloet
East FlandersJoris NachtergaeleReplaces Matthias Diependaele, who became Minister
Sarah Smeyers
Koen Daniëls
Elke Sleurs
Marius Meremans
Andries Gryffroy
Flemish BrabantArnout CoelReplaces Ben Weyts, who became Minister
Nadia Sminate
Lorin Parys
Piet De Bruyn
Inez De Coninck
Allessia Claes
West FlandersBert Maertens
Maaike De Vreese
Axel Ronse
Cathy Coudyser
Wilfried VandaeleFloor Leader
Limburg (Belgium) Steven Vandeput
Katja VerheyenReplaces Jan Peumans
Karolien Grosemans
Rita MoorsReplaces Jos Lantmeeters who resigned to become Governor of Limburg
Brussels-Capital RegionKarl Vanlouwe
Annabel Tavernier

Parliament of the Brussels-Capital Region

Brussels Regional Parliament (2019–2024)
Name Notes
Cieltje Van Achter
Matthias Vanden Borre
Gilles Verstraeten

References

  1. ↑ "Open VLD heeft de meeste leden en steekt CD&V voorbij". deredactie.be. 30 October 2014.
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  21. 1 2 Manifesto of the New Flemish Alliance point 13: "Inclusion for newcomers" (in Dutch).
  22. ↑ Manifesto of the New Flemish Alliance point 6: "Pacifisme" (in Dutch).
  23. ↑ Manifesto of the New Flemish Alliance point 3: "Flanders member state of the European Union" (in Dutch).
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  32. ↑ Mouton, Alain (8 May 2014). "Knack Magazine election manifesto review 2014". Trends.knack.be. Retrieved 16 January 2017.
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  35. ↑ New Parties in Old Party Systems. Oxford University Press. September 2013. p. 26. ISBN 978-0-19-964606-7.
  36. 1 2 Casert, Raf (4 December 2018). "Dispute over UN migration pact fractures Belgian government". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 4 December 2018.
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  38. ↑ "Belgian PM Charles Michel wins backing for UN migration pact". timesnownews.com. 6 December 2018. Retrieved 6 December 2018.
  39. ↑ Trouw: "Laat Belgie maar rustig verdampen", last seen 8 April 2010.
  40. ↑ "Why Belgian struggle for identity could tear country apart". 3 October 2020. Retrieved 6 June 2023.
  41. ↑ "The New Flemish Alliance's decision to join the ECR group says more about Belgian politics than it does about their attitude toward the EU". 23 June 2014. Retrieved 6 June 2023.
  42. ↑ Weyns, Jordy; Bursens, Peter (2022). "Is Euroscepticism Contagious?". Politics of the Low Countries. 4: 3–26. doi:10.5553/PLC/.000011. Retrieved 6 June 2023.
  43. ↑ Dandoy, Régis (2013). "Belgium". In Dandoy, Régis; Schakel, Arjan (eds.). Regional and National Elections in Western Europe: Territoriality of the Vote in Thirteen Countries. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 54. ISBN 978-1-137-02544-9.
  44. ↑ "High profile forum on LGBT rights in Brussels". N-VA. 30 May 2017. Retrieved 24 February 2020.
  45. 1 2 3 John FitzGibbon; Benjamin Leruth; Nick Startin (19 August 2016). Euroscepticism as a Transnational and Pan-European Phenomenon: The Emergence of a New Sphere of Opposition. Taylor & Francis. pp. 56–. ISBN 978-1-317-42251-8.
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  47. ↑ Brack, Nathalie; Startin, Nicholas (June 2015). "Introduction: Euroscepticism, from the margins to the mainstream". International Political Science Review. 36 (3): 239–249. doi:10.1177/0192512115577231.
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  51. ↑ "ZEIT ONLINE | Lesen Sie zeit.de mit Werbung oder imPUR-Abo. Sie haben die Wahl". zeit.de. Retrieved 15 July 2020.
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  53. ↑ "Belgium's 'Black Sunday' sees far-right surge, threatens new government crisis". Euractive. 27 May 2019. Retrieved 18 October 2019.
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  58. ↑ "Issue communitarisation in Belgian politics: explaining the prolonged appeal of New Flemish Alliance's nationalism". 29 October 2019. Retrieved 6 June 2023.
  59. ↑ "The N-VA's ideology and purpose". 24 April 2015. Retrieved 6 June 2023.
  60. ↑ "Radicalization and terrorism". Retrieved 6 June 2023.
  61. ↑ "Asylum, migration and integration". Retrieved 6 June 2023.
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  69. ↑ "Francken wil naar Australisch asielmodel: 0 asielverzoeken in Brussel". 14 April 2018.
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  71. ↑ "Finance and taxation". Retrieved 6 June 2023.
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  74. ↑ Pauli, Walter (12 June 2019). "Hoe de N-VA wegkomt met de grootste verkiezingsnederlaag in vijftig jaar". Knack.

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