In Advaita Vedanta and Jnana Yoga Nididhyasana (Sanskrit: निदिध्यासन) is profound and repeated meditation[1] on the mahavakyas, great Upanishadic statements such as "That art Thou", to realize the identity of Atman and Brahman. It is the fourth step in the training of a sisya (disciple), consisting of preparatory practices, listening to the teachings as contained in the sruti, reflection on the teachings, and nididhyasana.

Four stages of practice

Nididhyasana is the final step in the correct understanding of the meaning of the Mahavakyas. Classical Advaita Vedanta emphasizes the path of Jnana Yoga, a progression of study and training to attain moksha. It consists of four stages:[2][web 1]

  • Samanyasa or Sampattis,[3] the "fourfold discipline" (sādhana-chatustaya), cultivating the following four qualities:[2][web 1]
    • Nityānitya vastu viveka (नित्यानित्य वस्तु विवेकम्) — The ability (viveka) to correctly discriminate between the eternal (nitya) substance (Brahman) and the substance that is transitory existence (anitya).
    • Ihāmutrārtha phala bhoga virāga (इहाऽमुत्रार्थ फल भोगविरागम्) — The renunciation (virāga) of enjoyments of objects (artha phala bhoga) in this world (iha) and the other worlds (amutra) like heaven etc.
    • Śamādi ṣatka sampatti (शमादि षट्क सम्पत्ति) — the sixfold qualities,
    • Mumukṣutva (मुमुक्षुत्वम्) — The firm conviction that the nature of the world is misery and the intense longing for moksha (release from the cycle of births and deaths).
  • Sravana, listening to the teachings of the sages on the Upanishads and Advaita Vedanta, and studying the Vedantic texts, such as the Brahma Sutras. In this stage the student learns about the reality of Brahman and the identity of atman;
  • Manana (reflection), the stage of reflection on the teachings;
  • Nididhyāsana, the stage of meditation on the truth "that art Thou".[web 1][web 3]

Nididhyasana is a rational and cognitive process, which differs from dhyana (meditation). It is necessary for gaining Brahmajnana:[4]

आत्मा ब्रह्मेति वाक्यार्थे निःशेषेण विचारिते
By a thorough analysis of "Atman is Brahman" the direct knowledge "I am Brahman" is achieved (Panchadasi VII.58).[5]

Nididhyasana done independently of sravana does not lead to the realization of the Atman.[6]

Explanation

Advaita Vedanta

Brihadaranyaka Upanishad (II.iv.5) defines Nididhyasana as the meditation for the sake of direct vision.[7] Yajnavalkya tells his wife –

आत्मा वा अरे द्रष्टव्यः श्रोतव्यो मन्तव्यो निदिध्यासितव्यो मैत्रेयि,
आत्मनो व अरे दर्शनेन श्रवणेन मत्या विज्ञानेनेदं सर्वं विदितम् ||
"The Self, my dear Maitreyi, should be realized – should be heard of, reflected on and meditated upon;
by the realization of the Self, my dear, through hearing, reflection and meditation, all this is known." - (Brihadaranyaka Upanishad St.II.iv.5)

Sankara explains Nididhyasana as meditation with determination. Sankara states:-

श्रुतेः शतगुणं विद्यान्मननं मननादपि |
निदिध्यासं लक्षगुणम् अनन्तं निर्विकल्पकम् ||
"Reflection (manana) is hundred times superior to listening (sravana);
meditation (nididhyasana) is hundred times superior to reflection; nirvikalpaka samadhi is infinitely superior."[8]

According to Suresvara, Nididhyasana is the culmination of the practice of sravana and manana, which is an indirect intuition of Brahman and does not mean meditation but knowledge (vijnana) i.e. understanding the meaning of the Sruti on the basis of vacya-vacaka relation underlying the mahavakya. Suresvara states:-

शास्त्रचार्यानुभवनैर्हेतुभिश्च समर्थितः|
ईदृगैकात्म्यसंबोधो निदिध्यासनमुच्यते ||
"Nididhyasana is so called when, instruction about the uniqueness of the Atman is justified
by (proper) reasons viz. the Sruti, (the instructions of) teachers and (one’s own) experience (of the same)."

Nididhyasana consists in acquisition of vakyarthajnana and this verse explains the purport of sunisnata.[9]

According to Vacaspati, sravana, manana and nidihyasana are a chain of causes contributory to the knowledge of the oneness of Brahman. The Vivarna school considers sravana as the principal cause but Suresvara treats sravana and manana to be co-existent, these two culminate into nididhyasana.[10]

Dvaita Vedanta

According to Madhva the knowledge acquired by study ('śravaṇa') and stabilized by reflection ('manana') is made the basis of steady contemplation ('nididhyasana'); these are the three stages of inquiry that take the form of Dhyana.[11] Radhakrishnan has defined Nididhyasana as "the process by which intellectual conscience is transformed into a vital one there is stillness, a calm in which the soul lays itself open to the Divine".[12]

Neo-Vedanta

According to Michael James, who gives an Advaita Vedanta interpretation of Ramana Maharshi, Ramana's self-enquiry is the same as Nididhyasana and atma-vichara.[web 4]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ nivartitānāmeteṣāṁ tadvyatiriktaviṣayebhya uparamaṇamuparatirathavā vihitānāṁ karmaṇāṁ vidhinā parityāgaḥ[Vedāntasāra, 21]

References

  1. ↑ "Spokensanskrit Dictionary". Spokensanskrit.de.
  2. 1 2 Puligandla 1997, p. 251-254.
  3. ↑ Adi Shankara, Tattva bodha (1.2)
  4. ↑ Rambachan 1991, p. 108.
  5. ↑ Swami Swahananda. Pancadasi of Sri Vidyaranya Swami. Sri Ramakrishna Math. p. 256. ASIN 8171205070.
  6. ↑ Swami Parmeshwaranand (2000). Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Upanisads, Vol.3. Sarup&Sons. pp. 314–317. ISBN 9788176251488.
  7. ↑ Swami Satchidanandendra (1997). The Method of the Vedanta: A Critical account of the Advaita Tradition. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 372. ISBN 9788120813588.
  8. ↑ Sri Candrasekhara Bharati of Sringeri. Sri Samkara's Vivekacudamani. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. p. 365. ASIN 8172764200. Verse 365
  9. ↑ Suresvaracarya (1988). Suresvara's vartika on Madhu Brahmana (Brhadaranyaka-Upanishad). Motilal Banarsi Dass. p. 8. ISBN 9788120804388.
  10. ↑ Shoun Hino (1991). Suresvara's Vartika on Yajnavalkya's Maitreyi Dialogue. Motilal Banarsi Dass. p. 24. ISBN 9788120807297.
  11. ↑ B.N.Krishnamurti Sharma (1986). Philosophy of Sri Madhvacarya. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 408. ISBN 9788120800687.
  12. ↑ Sohan Singh (October 2004). The Seeker's Path. Orient Blackswan. p. 18. ISBN 9788125027379.

Sources

Printed sources

  • Puligandla, Ramakrishna (1997), Fundamentals of Indian Philosophy, New Delhi: D.K. Printworld (P) Ltd.
  • Rambachan, Anantanand (1991), Accomplishing the Accomplished, University of Hawaii Press

Web-Sources

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