Niebla homaleoides
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Lecanoromycetes
Order: Lecanorales
Family: Ramalinaceae
Genus: Niebla
Species:
N. homaleoides
Binomial name
Niebla homaleoides
Spjut (1996)

Niebla homaleoides is a fruticose lichen that grows on rocks within a narrow region of the foggy Pacific Coast of Baja California in the Northern Vizcaíno Desert, Arroyo Sauces, Punta Cono and ridges south of Punta Negra.[1] The epithet, homaleoides is in reference to the similarity to Niebla homalea.

Distinguishing features

Niebla homaleoides is characterized by a rigid thallus divided into sub[terete] mostly strap-shaped branches spreading from a holdfast, to 8 cm high, and by the absence of lichen substances except usnic acid and an unknown suspected to be a scabrosin derivative. The species is best identified by chromatography such as high-performance liquid chromatography or thin-layer chromatography.[1] The cortex generally resembles that of Niebla cornea, whereas comb-like branchlets on some thalli are similar to those of Niebla josecuervoi.[1] Other thalli that have flattened branches are similar to Niebla flabellata.[1] Pycnidia[2][3] are prominent on the upper parts of branches, and appear to be among the largest in the genus, but comparative measurements are not available for all species of Niebla.[1]

Niebla homaleoides is related to the depsidone species within the genus by the absence of triterpenes, most closely to salazinic acid-containing species by the presence of an unknown, possibly scabrosin derivative.[1] This lichen chemotype is found in the related Niebla flabellata, Niebla josecuervoi, and Niebla marinii.[1] Scabrosin esters isolated from the lichen Xanthoparmelia scabrosa have shown activity against human tumor cell lines at nanomolar concentrations.[4]

Taxonomic history

Niebla homaleoides was discovered by Richard Spjut, accompanied by Richard Marin and Thomas McCloud, on 19 May 1986 just south of Punta Negra on rock outcrops on a ridge that appeared to receive more precipitation from ocean fog than other nearby areas (Plate 1D in Spjut’s 1996 revision of Niebla and Vermilacinia).[1] This particular ridge was observed during May 1985 by Spjut—while he and Marin were collecting samples of lichens in search of new drugs to treat HIV—to have fog lingering around the peaks most of the day. The following year, in May 1986, a special effort was made to find a path to the ridges and peaks.[1] In addition to Niebla homaleoides, other rare new species of lichens were discovered, Niebla infundibula (divaricatic acid) and Vermilacinia rigida. Except for N. infundibula, the species were also found on Punta Cono, 15 April 1990.[1] A strong similarity of the Nieblas—and one other species on the same rock outcrop, Niebla josecuervoi (salazinic acid)—is suggested to be the result of hybridization, and also at another location, Arroyo Sauces, with Niebla flabellata, a species that is characterized by a flattened branch morphology.[5] The prominence of the pycnidia and their potential role in sexual reproduction has to be considered.[6][7]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Spjut, R. W. 1996. Niebla and Vermilacinia (Ramalinaceae) from California and Baja California. Sida Bot. Misc. 14
  2. ↑ Pycnidium (pycnidia plural) is a small flash-shaped structure (300–450 µm wide near the base in N. homaleoides) that produces conidia, which escape through an opening (ostiole) at the top and function in reproduction, asexually or sexually
  3. ↑ Bungartz, F. 2002. Morphology and anatomy of conidia-producing structures, Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert 1: 35–40
  4. ↑ Moerman K. L., C. L. Chai and P. Waring. 2003. Evidence that the lichen-derived scabrosin esters target mitochondrial ATP synthase in P388D1 cells. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 190(3): 232–240.
  5. ↑ Niebla homaleoides, World Botanical Associates, retrieved 26 Dec 2014
  6. ↑ Robinson, H.1975. Considerations of the evolution of lichens. Phytologia 52: 407–413
  7. ↑ Sanders, W. B. 2014. Complete life cycle of the lichen fungus Calopadia puiggarii (Pilocarpaceae, Ascomycetes) documented in situ: Propagule dispersal, establishment of symbiosis, thallus development, and formation of sexual and asexual reproductive structures. Am. J. Bot. , online ahead of print, 30 Oct 2014
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