Leningrad Nuclear Power Plant

Russia is one of the world's largest producers of nuclear energy. In 2020 total electricity generated in nuclear power plants in Russia was 215.746 TWh, 20.28% of all power generation.[1] The installed gross capacity of Russian nuclear reactors is 29.4 GW in December 2020.

Recent history

In accord with legislation passed in 2001, all Russian civil reactors are operated by Energoatom. More recently in 2007 Russian Parliament adopted the law "On the peculiarities of the management and disposition of the property and shares of organizations using nuclear energy and on relevant changes to some legislative acts of the Russian Federation", which created Atomenergoprom - a holding company for all Russian civil nuclear industry, including Energoatom, nuclear fuel producer and supplier TVEL, uranium trader Tekhsnabexport (Tenex) and nuclear facilities constructor Atomstroyexport.

Global status of nuclear deployment as of 2017 (source: see file description)
  Operating reactors, building new reactors

The overnight cost of construction in the seventies was a low 800 $/kW in 2016 dollars.[2] In 2019 a S&P Global Ratings report stated Russia's nuclear construction costs were well below European levels because of vertical integration, good learning-curve effects from serial production, and the large currency devaluation of 2014.[3]

The Russian nuclear industry employs around 200,000 people.[4] Russia is recognized for its nuclear disaster expertise and for the safety of its technology. Statements made in review of Russian reactor safety [8] that "Requirements on placing the nuclear installation should not contain additional restrictions in comparison with other industrial facilities," suggest that nuclear plants could be placed within cities and are not considered to pose exceptional dangers. Shattering the Shackles of Powerlessness: The Debate Surrounding the Anti-Nazi Boycott of 1933-41[5][6][7][8] Russia is also pursuing an ambitious plan to increase sales of Russian-built reactors overseas,[9] and had 39 reactors under construction or planned overseas as of 2018.[10]

The VVER-1200 pressurised water reactor is the system currently offered for construction, being an evolution of the VVER-1000 with increased power output to about 1200 MWe (gross) and providing additional passive safety features.[11] In August 2016 the first VVER-1200, Novovoronezh II-1, was connected to the grid.[12]

Through its membership in the multi-nation ITER project, Russia participates in the design of nuclear fusion reactors.

In 2013 the Russian state allocated 80.6 billion rubles ($2.4 billion) toward the growth of its nuclear industry, especially export projects where Russian companies build, own and operate the power station, such as the Akkuyu Nuclear Power Plant.[13]

In 2016 initial plans were announced to build 11 new nuclear power reactors by 2030, including the first VVER-600, a smaller two cooling circuit version of the VVER-1200, designed for smaller regions and markets.[14] Outline plans for near-surface disposal facilities for low and intermediate-level waste, and deep burial disposal facilities for high-level waste were also approved in the Krasnoyarsk Krai region.[14]

In October 2017 Rosatom was reported to be considering postponing commissioning new nuclear plants in Russia due to excess generation capacity and that new nuclear electricity prices are higher than for existing plant. The Russian government is considering reducing support for new nuclear under its support contracts, called Dogovor Postavki Moshnosti (DPM), which guarantee developers a return on investment through increased payments from consumers for 20 years.[15] In 2019 a S&P Global Ratings report stated that "We expect domestic nuclear capacity to increase only moderately because electricity demand in Russia is stagnating, given only modest GDP growth, a significant potential for energy savings, and the government's intention to avoid raising electricity prices through additional increases in capacity payments".[3]

Russia's first-floating nuclear power plant, Akademik Lomonosov, is equipped to provide power to a remote Russian town on the Bering Strait. The nuclear unit features small modular reactors (SMRs) technology.[16]

Nuclear power reactors

Reactors in operation

Nuclear power plants in Russia (view)
 Active plants
 Closed plants
 Unfinished plants
 Plants under construction

Eleven of Russia's reactors are of the RBMK 1000 type, similar to the one at Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant. Some of these RBMK reactors were originally to be shut down but have instead been given life extensions and uprated in output by about 5%. Critics say that these reactors are of an "inherently unsafe design", which cannot be improved through upgrades and modernization, and some reactor parts are impossible to replace. Russian environmental groups say that the lifetime extensions "violate Russian law, because the projects have not undergone environmental assessments".[17]

Control room of a VVER-1000 in 2009, Kozloduy Unit 5
Main article: Nuclear power in Russia
See also: List of cancelled nuclear reactors in Russia
Plant
name		 Unit
No.		 Type Model Status Capacity
(MW)		 Begin
building		 Commercial
operation		 Closed
Akademik Lomonosov1PWRKLT-40SOperational3215 Apr 200719 Dec 2019[18]
2PWRKLT-40SOperational3215 Apr 200719 Dec 2019
Balakovo1PWRVVER-1000/V-320Operational9501 Dec 198023 May 1986
2PWRVVER-1000/V-320Operational9501 Aug 198118 Jan 1988
3PWRVVER-1000/V-320Operational9501 Nov 19828 Apr 1989
4PWRVVER-1000/V-320Operational9501 Apr 198422 Dec 1993
Beloyarsk1LWGRAMB-100Shut down1021 Jun 195826 Apr 19641 Jan 1983
2LWGRAMB-200Shut down1461 Jan 19621 Dec 19691 Jan 1990
3SFRBN-600Operational5601 Jan 19691 Nov 1981
4SFRBN-800Operational78918 Jul 200610 Dec 2015
5SFRBN-1200Planned1100
Bilibino1LWGREGP-6Shut down111 Jan 19701 Apr 197414 Jan 2019
2LWGREGP-6Operational111 Jan 19701 Feb 1975
3LWGREGP-6Operational111 Jan 19701 Feb 1976
4LWGREGP-6Operational111 Jan 19701 Jan 1977
Kalinin1PWRVVER-1000/V-338Operational9501 Feb 197712 Jun 1985
2PWRVVER-1000/V-338Operational9501 Feb 19823 Mar 1987
3PWRVVER-1000/V-320Operational9501 Oct 19858 Nov 2005
4PWRVVER-1000/V-320Operational9501 Aug 198625 Dec 2012
Kaliningrad1PWRVVER-1200/V-491Under construction
(suspended)[19]		110922 Feb 2012
2PWRVVER-1200/V-491Planned1109
Kola1PWRVVER-440/V-230Operational4411 May 197028 Dec 1973
2PWRVVER-440/V-230Operational4411 May 197021 Feb 1975
3PWRVVER-440/V-213Operational4411 Apr 19773 Dec 1982
4PWRVVER-440/V-213Operational4411 Aug 19766 Dec 1984
Kola II[19][20]1PWRVVER-S-600Planned600(2028)(2034)
2PWRVVER-S-600Planned600(2028)(2034)
Kostroma1PWRVVER-1200Unfinished; restart planned13001979
2PWRVVER-1200Unfinished; restart planned13001979
3PWRVVER-1200Unfinished; restart planned13001979
4PWRVVER-1200Unfinished; restart planned13001979
Kursk1LWGRRBMK-1000Shut down9251 Jun 197212 Oct 197719 Dec 2021
2LWGRRBMK-1000Operational9251 Jan 197317 Aug 1979
3LWGRRBMK-1000Operational9251 Apr 197830 Mar 1984
4LWGRRBMK-1000Operational9251 May 19815 Feb 1986
Kursk II1PWRVVER-TOI/V-510Under construction111529 Apr 2018
2PWRVVER-TOI/V-510Under construction111515 Apr 2019[21]
3PWRVVER-TOIPlanned1115
4PWRVVER-TOIPlanned1115
Leningrad1LWGRRBMK-1000Shut down9251 Mar 19701 Nov 197421 Dec 2018[22]
2LWGRRBMK-1000Shut down9251 Jun 197011 Feb 197610 Nov 2020
3LWGRRBMK-1000Operational9251 Dec 197329 Jun 1980
4LWGRRBMK-1000Operational9251 Feb 197529 Aug 1981
Leningrad II[23]1PWRVVER-1200/V-491Operational108525 Oct 200829 Oct 2018
2PWRVVER-1200/V-491Operational108515 Apr 201022 Mar 2021
3PWRVVER-1200Planned1085(2024)[24](2030)
4PWRVVER-1200Planned1085(2025)(2032)
MPEB No. 1[25][26][27] 1PWRRITM-200SUnder construction5330 Aug 2022[28](2027)
2PWRRITM-200SUnder construction5330 Aug 2022[28](2027)
MPEB No. 2 1PWRRITM-200SPlanned53(2022)(2027)
2PWRRITM-200SPlanned53(2022)(2027)
MPEB No. 31PWRRITM-200SPlanned53(2022)(2028)
2PWRRITM-200SPlanned53(2022)(2028)
MPEB No. 4 1PWRRITM-200SPlanned53(2022)(2031)
2PWRRITM-200SPlanned53(2022)(2031)
Nizhny Novgorod1PWRVVER-1200Planned1300
2PWRVVER-1200Planned1300
3PWRVVER-1200Planned1300
4PWRVVER-1200Planned1300
Novovoronezh1PWRVVER/V-210Shut down1971 Jul 195731 Dec 196416 Feb 1988
2PWRVVER/V-365Shut down3361 Jun 196414 Apr 197029 Aug 1990
3PWRVVER-440/V-179Shut down3851 Jul 196729 Jun 197225 Dec 2016
4PWRVVER 440/V-179Operational3851 Jul 196724 Mar 1973
5PWRVVER-1000/V-187Operational9501 Mar 197420 Feb 1981
Novovoronezh II1PWRVVER-1200/V-392MOperational111424 Jun 200827 Feb 2017
2PWRVVER-1200/V-392MOperational111412 Jul 20096 Nov 2019
3PWRVVER-1200Planned1175
4PWRVVER-1200Planned1175
Obninsk1LWGRAM-1Shut down51 Jan 19511 Dec 195429 Apr 2002
Rostov1PWRVVER-1000/V-320Operational9501 Sep 198125 Dec 2001
2PWRVVER-1000/V-320Operational9501 May 198310 Dec 2010
3PWRVVER-1000/V-320Operational95015 Sep 200927 Dec 2014
4PWRVVER-1000/V-320Operational101116 Jun 201028 Sep 2018
Sakha1PWRRITM-200NPlanned55(2024)[29](2028)
Seversk1FBRBREST-300Under construction2808 Jun 2021[30](2026)
South Urals1FBRBN-1200Unfinished; restart planned11001982
2FBRBN-1200Unfinished; restart planned11001982
3FBRBN-1200Unfinished; restart planned11001982
Smolensk1LWGRRBMK-1000Operational9251 Oct 197530 Sep 1983
2LWGRRBMK-1000Operational9251 Jun 19762 Jul 1985
3LWGRRBMK-1000Operational9251 May 198412 Oct 1990
Smolensk II[31][32]1PWRVVER-TOIPlanned1300
2PWRVVER-TOIPlanned1300
Tatar1PWRVVER-1200Unfinished; restart planned13001980
2PWRVVER-1200Unfinished; restart planned13001980

International projects

Country NPP Reactor Type MWe net MWe gross Construction start Commercially operational
Bangladesh Ruppur-1 VVER-1200/523 1080 1200 2017-11-30 2024
Ruppur-2 VVER-1200/523 1080 1200 2018-07-14 2025
Belarus Belarusian-1 VVER-1200/491 1110 1194 2013-11-08 2021-06-10
Belarusian-2 VVER-1200/491 1110 1194 2014-06-03 2023
China Tianwan-1 VVER-1000/428 990 1060 1999-10-20 2007-05-17
Tianwan-2 VVER-1000/428 990 1060 2000-10-20 2007-08-16
Tianwan-3 VVER-1000/428М 1060 1126 2012-12-27 2018-02-14
Tianwan-4 VVER-1000/428М 1060 1126 2013-09-27 2018-12-22
Tianwan-7 VVER-1200/491 1100 1200 2021-05-19 2026
Tianwan-8 VVER-1200/491 1100 1200 2022-02-25 2027
Xudabao-3 VVER-1200/491 1100 1200 2021-07-28 2026
Xudabao-4 VVER-1200/491 1100 1200 2022-05-19 2027
Egypt El Dabaa-1 VVER-1200/529 1100 1200 2022-07-20
El Dabaa-2 VVER-1200/529 1100 1200 2022-11-19
El Dabaa-3/4 VVER-1200/529 1100 1200 Construction permit application submitted
Finland Hanhikivi-1 VVER-1200/AES-2006 1200 cancelled cancelled
India Kudankulam-1 VVER-1000/412 932 1000 2002-03-31 2014-12-31
Kudankulam-2 VVER-1000/412 932 1000 2002-07-04 2017-03-31
Kudankulam-3 VVER-1000/412 917 1000 2017-06-29 2025
Kudankulam-4 VVER-1000/412 917 1000 2017-10-23 2025
Kudankulam-5 VVER-1000/412 917 1000 2021-06-29 2027
Kudankulam-6 VVER-1000/412 917 1000 2021-12-20 2027
Iran Bushehr-1 VVER-1000/446 915 1000 1975-05-01 (1995) 2013-09-23
Bushehr-2 VVER-1000/446 915 1000 2016-09-10 2025
Bushehr-3 VVER-1000/446 915 1000 2016-09-10 2027
Turkey Akkuyu-1 VVER-1200/509 1114 1200 2018-04-03 2023
Akkuyu-2 VVER-1200/509 1114 1200 2020-04-08 2024
Akkuyu-3 VVER-1200/509 1114 1200 2021-03-10 2025
Akkuyu-4 VVER-1200/509 1114 1200 2022-07-21 2026
Ukraine Khmelnytskyi-3/4 VVER-1000/392B 950 1000 cancelled cancelled
Vietnam Ninh Thuan 1-1/2 VVER-1000/428 950 1000 cancelled cancelled
Ninh Thuan 1-3/4 VVER-1000/428 950 1000 cancelled cancelled

In addition Atomstroyexport challenging NPP projects list contains:[33]

In March 2022, Russian captured the Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant, now operated by Rosatom.

In August 2022, the Hungarian Nuclear Energy Authority authorized Rosatom to expand the nuclear power plant at Paks with two new VVER reactors with capacity of 1.2 gigawatts each.[35]

Nuclear engineering companies

  • Atomenergomash: power engineering company; produces steam generators for NPPs
  • Atommash: by far Russia's largest nuclear engineering company designed to build up to 8 reactors per year.
  • Atomstroyexport: nuclear power equipment and service export monopoly
  • OKBM Afrikantov: nuclear reactor design and engineering company. The world's leading company in production of fast breeder reactors.
  • OKB Gidropress: nuclear reactor design and engineering company

Safety

Russia, responding to the 2011 Japanese nuclear accidents, will perform a 'stress test' on all its reactors "to judge their ability to withstand earthquakes more powerful than the original design anticipated".[36]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Rosatom State Atomiс Energy Corporation ROSATOM global leader in nuclear technologies nuclear energy". Archived from the original on 31 January 2021.
  2. ↑ USA. (1982). Technology and Soviet energy availability. Boulder (Colo.: Westview press. p. 126.
  3. 1 2 "State support pivotal to Russia's nuclear sector, says report". World Nuclear News. 12 July 2019. Retrieved 12 July 2019.
  4. ↑ "Nuclear rethink urged". The Moscow News. 21 March 2011. Archived from the original on 19 November 2011.
  5. ↑ "Benchmarking the global nuclear industry 2012 Heading for a fast recovery" (PDF). Ernst & Young. 11 October 2012. Retrieved 13 October 2014.
  6. ↑ "Rosatom today and overview of its current and prospective Nuclear Power Plant projects" (PDF). Rosatom. 21 August 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 October 2014. Retrieved 13 October 2014.
  7. ↑ "International Standards of Safety and the Modern Projects of Nuclear Power Stations" (PDF). Rosatom. 4 November 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 October 2014. Retrieved 14 October 2014.
  8. ↑ "Russia's efforts to improve safety following the Chernobyl and the Fukushima accidents" (PDF). IBRAE. 6 November 2013. Retrieved 14 October 2014.
  9. ↑ Pulitzer Center On Crisis Reporting
  10. ↑ "Russia leads the world at nuclear-reactor exports". The Economist. 7 August 2018. Retrieved 10 August 2018.
  11. ↑ Nikolay Fil (26–28 July 2011). "Status and perspectives of VVER Status and perspectives of VVER nuclear power plants nuclear power plants" (PDF). OKB Gidropress. IAEA. Retrieved 28 September 2011.
  12. ↑ "Russia connects Novovoronezh 6 reactor to grid". World Nuclear News. 5 August 2016. Retrieved 17 September 2016.
  13. ↑ "Russia invests in nuclear". World Nuclear News. 20 December 2013. Retrieved 21 December 2013.
  14. 1 2 "Russia to build 11 new nuclear reactors by 2030". World Nuclear News. 10 August 2016. Retrieved 17 September 2016.
  15. ↑ "Rosatom considers delaying reactor commissioning". Nuclear Engineering International. 30 October 2017. Retrieved 6 November 2017.
  16. ↑ "Rosatom's floating nuclear power unit arrives in Chukotka, Russia". Power Technology | Energy News and Market Analysis. 15 September 2019. Retrieved 17 September 2019.
  17. ↑ Igor Koudrik and Alexander Nikitin (13 December 2011). "Second life: The questionable safety of life extensions for Russian nuclear power plants". Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. Archived from the original on 25 March 2013. Retrieved 16 December 2011.
  18. ↑ "Rosatom State Atomic Energy Cooperation | ROSATOM's first of a kind floating power unit connects to isolated electricity grid in Pevek, Russia's Far East". rosatom.ru. Retrieved 1 January 2020.
  19. 1 2 "Nuclear Power in Russia | Russian Nuclear Energy – World Nuclear Association". world-nuclear.org. Retrieved 14 May 2018.
  20. ↑ "Кольскую АЭС-2 начнут строить в 2028 году". Retrieved 9 December 2023.
  21. ↑ "The construction of the 2nd innovative VVER-TOI power block at the Kursk NPP-2 site has started ahead of schedule". rosenergoatom.ru. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  22. ↑ "Russia retires Leningrad unit 1". World Nuclear News. World Nuclear Association. Retrieved 27 December 2018.
  23. ↑ "Four New NPP Units Will be Built in Russia".
  24. ↑ "Росатом планирует начать строительство второй очереди ЛАЭС-2 в 2024 году". tass.ru. Retrieved 11 July 2022.
  25. ↑ "Russia commits to further floating NPPs : New Nuclear – World Nuclear News". world-nuclear-news.org. Retrieved 28 July 2021.
  26. ↑ ""Росатом" и Kaz Minerals предварительно договорились о поставках электроэнергии для Баимского ГОКа". Interfax.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 3 September 2021.
  27. ↑ "Russia plans new generation of FNPPS – Nuclear Engineering International".
  28. 1 2 "Заложен корпус первого плавучего энергоблока в арктическом исполнении на базе реакторов РИТМ-200 – Атомэнергомаш". aem-group.ru. Archived from the original on 30 August 2022. Retrieved 30 August 2022.
  29. ↑ "В Якутии собираются строить АЭС мощностью не менее 55 МВт".
  30. ↑ ""Росатом" начал строительство реактора Брест-300 в Северске". 8 June 2021.
  31. ↑ "Russia prepares to build new nuclear reactors at Leningrad and Smolensk – Nuclear Engineering International".
  32. ↑ "VVER units planned for Leningrad and Smolensk".
  33. ↑ Challenging NPP Projects JSC ASE
  34. ↑ NPP JSC ASE (Jordan)
  35. ↑ "Hungary licenses two new reactors at Paks nuclear plant". Reuters. 27 August 2022.
  36. ↑ Matthew L. Wald (24 March 2011). "Russia Plans to Test Reactors For Ability to Survive Quakes". The New York Times.
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