Nueva Germania
Nueva Germania is located in Paraguay
Nueva Germania
Nueva Germania
Coordinates: 23°54′0″S 56°42′12″W / 23.90000°S 56.70333°W / -23.90000; -56.70333
Country Paraguay
DepartmentSan Pedro
Founded23 August 1887 by Bernhard Förster
Government
 • Intendente MunicipalLeonardo Saiz Arce
Area
 • Total20.008 km2 (7.725 sq mi)
Elevation
132 m (433 ft)
Population
 (2008)
 • Total4,335
 • Density15.9/km2 (41/sq mi)
Time zone-4 GMT
Postal code
8470
Area code(595) (44)

Nueva Germania (New Germania, German: Neugermanien) is a district of San Pedro Department in Paraguay. It was founded as a German settlement on 23 August 1887 by Bernhard Förster, a German nationalist, who was married to Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche, sister of the German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche.[1] Förster's idea was to create a model community in the New World and to demonstrate the supremacy of German culture and society. Förster committed suicide after the settlement's initial failure.[2]

It is located about 297 kilometres from Asunción, capital of the Republic of Paraguay.

History

Nueva Germania was founded in 1886 on the banks of the Aguaray-Guazú River, about 250 kilometres from Asunción by five, later fourteen, largely impoverished families from Saxony.[3] Led by Bernhard Förster and his wife, Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche, the German colonists emigrated to the Paraguayan rainforest to put to practice utopian ideas about the superiority of the Aryan race. It was the declared dream of Förster to create an area of Germanic development, far from the influence of Jews, whom he reviled.[4] It was one of several closed German communities in Paraguay.[5][6][7]

The colony's development was hampered by the harshness of the environment, a lack of proper supplies and an overconfidence of the colonist's own supposed Aryan supremacy.[8] Most settlers soon died of starvation and disease. Those who survived malaria and the sand-flea infections rushed to flee Nueva Germania. Those who stayed, convinced of their founder's teachings, married among themselves so as to preserve the racial stock.

Förster, who had negotiated the town's titles of property with General Bernardino Caballero, committed suicide in 1889 in the city of San Bernardino after abandoning the settlers.[9] Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche returned to Germany in 1893.

According to Gerard L. Posner, writing in Mengele: The Complete Story, Josef Mengele, a major German war criminal, spent some time in Nueva Germania while he was a fugitive after World War II.[10] However, the evidence that Mengele ever passed through is shaky at best.[11] Nueva Germania became a quiet community in San Pedro, dedicated to agriculture and specializing in the cultivation of yerba mate. Beginning in 2004 the American writer David Woodard embarked on a series of expeditions to the erstwhile colony.[12][13] As of 2013 pockets of German culture remained. Most of the population in the area still speak a mixture of German and Guaraní.[14]

Economy

Cassava plant

One of the most important products of the district is yerba mate, along with sugarcane, cotton, manioc (cassava), tobacco, sunflower, soy, wheat, banana, sweet and sour orange, Paraguayan lemon verbena and sesame.

Transportation

A branch of Route No. 3 General Elizardo Aquino, a paved road, is the main access to the town, which connects it with Asunción and other localities of the department. Also, Route No. 11 Juana Maria de Lara, an unpaved road, connects the town with the Amambay Department.

Other unimproved roads (of sand or pebbles) connect with different districts and the capital of the department.

Climate

The climate is tropical, with abundant rains, a maximum temperature of about 35 °C, a minimum of 10 °C and an average of 23 °C, with a humidity of 80%. Precipitation exceeds 1300 millimeters, especially in summer.

Language

About 80% of the population speak the Guaraní language. The rest speak a combination of German and Spanish.[15]

Population

Nueva Germania town (1891)

The General Directorate of Statistics, Polls and Census has reported the following:

  • In 1992 the district had 17,148 inhabitants, the majority of whom lived in the town of Santa Rosa del Aguaray. In 2002 Santa Rosa del Aguaray became a municipality in its own right. Consequently, the District of Nueva Germania lost most of its population and territory, though it retained the Mennonite colony Rio Verde to the north of Santa Rosa del Aguaray.
  • The population is mostly rural and occupied in agricultural activities.
  • The projected net population by gender for 2002 was 4,335 inhabitants (2,323 men and 2,012 women).

As of 2002, about 10% of Nueva Germania's inhabitants were of mainly German origin.[3]

Borders

Nueva Germania borders on

Hydrography

Nueva Germania district is watered by the rivers Aguaray Guazú and Aguaray mí, and the streams Tutytí and Empalado.

Demographics

Main social and demographic indicators:

  • Total fertility rate: 3.4
  • Percentage of illiteracy in the district: 15.4%
  • Percentage of housings that have power: 82.0%
  • Percentage of housings that have running water: 39.6%
  • Percentage of population that are under the age of 15: 39%
  • Percentage of population that have access to modern housing: 41.2%
  • Percentage of population that have access to modern sanitation: 20.9%
  • Percentage of population that have access to modern educational programs: 13.5%
  • Percentage of population that are employed in the primary sector of the economy: 60.1%
  • Percentage of population that are employed in the secondary sector of the economy: 14.3%
  • Percentage of population that are employed in the tertiary sector of the economy: 25.0%

See also

References

  1. ↑ MacIntyre, Ben (1 January 1992). Forgotten Fatherland: The Search for Elisabeth Nietzsche. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN 978-0-374-15759-3.
  2. ↑ Felicori, Bianca (2019-10-07). "Nueva Germania Community". Elle Décor. Archived from the original on 2020-04-26. Retrieved 2020-11-22.
  3. 1 2 Evangelische Gemeinde Düren ; Brochure by the Protestant Parish of Düren (in German), contains pictures.
  4. ↑ Wood, Graeme (2008-04-01). "The Deleted Walrus Article is reproduced". Wordpress. Archived from the original on 2019-08-18. Retrieved 2020-03-29.
  5. ↑ "ROBERT EBERHARD VON FISCHER-TREUENFELD". Asociación Cultural Mandu’arã (in Spanish). 7 July 2021. Retrieved 14 November 2023. https://sw-ke.tacebook.com/asociacion.manduara/posts/10159705432931458
  6. ↑ Fischer-Treuenfeld, Richard Friedrich Eberhard von [in German] (1904). El Chaco y el litigio de límites entre el Paraguay y Bolivia (The Chaco and the boundary dispute between Paraguay and Bolivia) (in Spanish). Tip. la Tarde. Richard Friedrich Eberhard von Fischer-Treuenfeld (7 February 1835, Thorn, East Prussia - 29 December 1907, Dresden)
  7. ↑ "Wie ein Deutscher Paraguay vernetzte" [How a German connected Paraguay] (in German). 16 October 2016. Archived from the original on 15 November 2023. Retrieved 14 November 2023.
  8. ↑ "Nueva Germania: the failed attempt to create a German Aryan race in Paraguay". www.ip.gov.py. 2018-07-13. Archived from the original on 2020-04-09. Retrieved 2020-04-09.
  9. ↑ Van Eerten, Jurriaan (2016-02-27). "The lost 'Aryan utopia' of Nueva Germania". Tico Times Net. Archived from the original on 2020-03-29. Retrieved 2020-03-29.
  10. ↑ Posner, Gerard L. (1986). Mengele: The Complete Story. Cooper Square Press. pp. 123–124.
  11. ↑ Romero, Simon (2013-05-05). "German Outpost Born of Racism in 1887 Blends Into Paraguay". New York Times. Archived from the original on 2019-04-16. Retrieved 2020-03-29.
  12. ↑ Epstein, J., "Rebuilding a Home in the Jungle", San Francisco Chronicle, Mar 13, 2005.
  13. ↑ Kracht, C., & Woodard, D., Five Years (Hanover: Wehrhahn Verlag, 2011).
  14. ↑ Simon Romero (May 5, 2013). "German Outpost Born of Racism in 1887 Blends Into Paraguay". The New York Times. Retrieved May 6, 2013.
  15. ↑ Budds, Diana (2019-06-28). "Nueva Germania Failed Utopia". Curbed Dot Com. Archived from the original on 2020-03-30. Retrieved 2020-03-30.

23°54′S 56°42′W / 23.900°S 56.700°W / -23.900; -56.700

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