| Linguistic typology |
|---|
| Morphological |
| Morphosyntactic |
| Word order |
| Lexicon |
| Word order | English equivalent | Proportion of languages | Example languages | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| SOV | "Cows grass eat." | 45% | Ancient Greek, Bengali, Burmese, Hindi/Urdu, Japanese, Korean, Latin, Oromo, Persian, Sanskrit, Tamil, Telugu, Turkish, etc | |
| SVO | "Cows eat grass." | 42% | Chinese, English, French, Hausa, Hebrew, Arabic, Italian, Malay, Portuguese, Spanish, Swahili, Thai, Vietnamese, etc | |
| VSO | "Eat cows grass." | 9% | Biblical Hebrew, Classical Arabic, Filipino, Geʽez, Irish, Māori, Tuareg-Berber, Welsh | |
| VOS | "Eat grass cows." | 3% | Car, Fijian, Malagasy, Qʼeqchiʼ, Terêna | |
| OVS | "Grass eat cows." | 1% | Hixkaryana, Urarina | |
| OSV | "Grass cows eat." | 0% | Tobati, Warao | |
| Frequency distribution of word order in languages surveyed by Russell S. Tomlin in the 1980s[1][2] () | ||||
In linguistic typology, object–subject–verb (OSV) or object–agent–verb (OAV) is a classification of languages, based on whether the structure predominates in pragmatically neutral expressions. An example of this would be "Oranges Sam ate."
Unmarked word order
Natural languages
OSV is rarely used in unmarked sentences, which use a normal word order without emphasis. Most languages that use OSV as their default word order come from the Amazon basin, such as Xavante, Jamamadi, Apurinã, Warao, Kayabí and Nadëb.[3] Here is an example from Apurinã:[3]
anana
pineapple
nota
I
apa
fetch
I fetch a pineapple
British Sign Language (BSL) normally uses topic–comment structure, but its default word order when topic–comment structure is not used is OSV.
Marked word order
Various languages allow OSV word order but only in marked sentences, which emphasise part or all of the sentence.
Arabic
Classical Arabic is generally VSO but allows OSV in marked sentences (ones using traditional Arabic declension). For example, Verse 5 of Al-Fatiha reads:
إياك
Iyyāka
نعبد
naʿbudu
وإياك
wa-iyyāka
نستعين
nastaʿīn
You alone we worship, and You alone we ask for help.
The construction is less used in Modern Standard Arabic, which tends not to use marked sentences, and is generally absent in the colloquial varieties of Arabic, which are generally not declined and tend to observe strict SVO order.
Chinese
Passive constructions in Chinese follow an OSV (OAV) pattern through the use of the particle 被:
这个
Zhège
this
橘子
júzi
orange
被
bèi
by
我
wǒ
me
吃
chī
eat
掉
diào
了
le
PFV
This orange was eaten by me.
English
In English, object-subject-verb order is atypical but can be used for contrastive focus, as in: That car we bought at least five years ago. The other one we only bought last year.[4]
Finnish
Finnish has a remarkably lax word order[5] and so emphasis on the object is often marked simply by putting it first in the sentence.[6] An example would be "Sinua minä rakastan!", which word by word would be in English "you I love!" and which expresses a contrast to maybe loving someone else. This word order is totally natural and quite often used for emphasis. Another example would be "Suklaata se kyllä suostuu syömään", or word by word "Chocolate he/she/they(sg.) instead consents to-eat", which expresses the contrast of refusing to eat something else (like something more healthy).
Hebrew
In Modern Hebrew, OSV is often used instead of the normal SVO to emphasise the object. אני אוהב אותה would mean "I love her", but "אותה אני אוהב" would mean "It is she whom I love".[7] Possibly an influence of Germanic (via Yiddish), as Jewish English uses a similar construction ("You, I like, kid") much more than many other varieties of English and often with the "it is" left implicit.
Hungarian
In Hungarian, OSV emphasises the subject:
A szócikket én szerkesztettem = The article/I/edited (It was I, not somebody else, who edited the article).
Korean and Japanese
Korean and Japanese have SOV by default, but since they are topic-prominent languages, they often seem to be OSV when the object is topicalized. Here is an example in Korean:
그
geu
that
사과–는
sagwa-neun
apple-TOP
Object
제–가
je-ga
I.POL-NOM
Subject
먹–었–어–요
meog-eoss-eo-yo
eat-PST-DEC-POL
Verb
As for the apple, I ate it. (or) The apple, I ate.
An almost identical syntax is possible in Japanese:
その
sono
that
りんご゠は
ringo-wa
apple-TOP
Object
私゠が
watashi-ga
I.POL-NOM
Subject
As for the apple, I ate it. (or) The apple, I ate.
Malayalam
OSV is one of the permissible word orders in Malayalam, the other being SOV.
Portuguese
OSV is possible in Portuguese to emphasize the object.
De
of
maçã
apple
Object
eu
I
Subject
não
NEG
gosto
like-1SG
Verb
I do not like apple
Turkish
OSV is used in Turkish to emphasize the subject:
yemeğ-i
meal-ACC
Object
ben
I
Subject
pişir-di-m
cook-PST-1SG
Verb
It was I, not somebody else, who cooked the meal.
See also
- Subject–object–verb
- Subject–verb–object
- Object–verb–subject
- Verb–object–subject
- Verb–subject–object
- Yoda, a popular Star Wars character who speaks in a rare object–subject–verb order
- Yoda conditions - a style of writing conditionals in computer programming languages
References
- ↑ Meyer, Charles F. (2010). Introducing English Linguistics (Student ed.). Cambridge University Press.
- ↑ Tomlin, Russell S. (1986). Basic Word Order: Functional Principles. London: Croom Helm. p. 22. ISBN 9780709924999. OCLC 13423631.
- 1 2 O'Grady, W. et al. Contemporary Linguistics (3rd edition, 1996) ISBN 0-582-24691-1
- ↑ "Word order and focus". Retrieved 11 May 2023.
- ↑ "Sanajärjestys jäsentää tekstiä - Kielikello".
- ↑ "Word order and basic noun cases — Hyvää Päivää Suomi documentation".
- ↑ Friedmann, Naama; Shapiro, Lewis (April 2003). "Agrammatic comprehension of simple active sentence with moved constituents: Hebrew OSV and OVS structures". Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research. 46 (2): 288–97. doi:10.1044/1092-4388(2003/023). PMC 3392331. PMID 14700372.