Okjeo
Hangul
옥저
Hanja
沃沮
Revised RomanizationOkjeo
McCune–ReischauerOkchŏ

Okjeo (Korean pronunciation: [ok̚.t͈ɕʌ]) was an ancient Korean tribal state which arose in the northern Korean peninsula from perhaps the 2nd century BCE to the 5th century CE.

Dong-okjeo (Eastern Okjeo) occupied roughly the area of the Hamgyŏng provinces of North Korea, and Buk-okjeo (Northern Okjeo) occupied the Duman River region.

Dong-okjeo was often simply called Okjeo, while Buk-okjeo was also sometimes referred to as Chiguru (置溝婁, 치구루) or Guru (구루),[1] the latter name being also applied to Goguryeo. Okjeo bordered the other minor state of Dongye on the south, and shared a similar fate.

History

Proto–Three Kingdoms, c. 1 CE.

In its early history, Okjeo oscillated between domination by the Chinese commanderies and by Goguryeo.[2] From the 3rd century BCE to 108 BCE, it was controlled by Gojoseon. At 107 BCE, it became part of the Xuantu Commandery.[3] As the Xuantu Commandery retreated towards the liadong peninsula as a result of expansion of Goguryeo, East okjeo became part of the eastern part of the Lelang Commandery.[3] Due to the constant interference of its neighbours, Okjeo never grew into a fully centralised kingdom. In 28 BCE, King Dongmyeong sent Bu Wiyeom to attack the Northern Okjeo. In the 1st or 2nd century CE, King Taejo of Goguryeo reduced Okjeo to a tributary, which delivered local products to Goguryeo. During the 244 Wei Invasion of Goguryeo, Goguryeo's King Dongcheon briefly retreated to North Okjeo, and in 285, the Buyeo court also temporarily escaped to Okjeo under northern nomadic attacks.

In early 5th century, Okjeo was completely conquered by Gwanggaeto the Great of Goguryeo.

Culture

Eastern Okjeo is located to the east of the great mountains of Gaema in Goguryeo; its people make their settlements on the shore of the great sea. In shape their land is narrow in the northeast and long in the southwest, where it is perhaps a thousand li. It is contiguous on the north with Yilou and Buyeo, and on the south with Yemaek. Its households number five thousand. They have no supreme Ruler, each village having its own hereditary chief. Their language has broad similarity with that of Goguryeo, though at times there are small differences... Their land is fair and fertile, facing the sea with its back to the mountains. It is well suited to the cultivation of the five grains, and they are good at tilling and planting. The people are simple and direct, strong and brave. Having few oxen and horses, they are adept at fighting on foot, wielding spears.[4]

— Samguk Sagi

Knowledge of Okjeo culture is fragmentary. As with the Dongye and Okjeo's language, food, clothing, architecture, and customs were similar to that of Goguryeo. The Okjeo people practised arranged marriage by which the child-bride lived with the child-groom's family until adulthood, and they interred the dead of a family in a single coffin.

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ 임기환 (1998). 매구루 (買溝婁 [Maeguru]. 한국민족문화대백과사전 [Encyclopedia of Korean Culture] (in Korean). Academy of Korean Studies.
  2. ↑ Byeon 1999, p. 49.
  3. 1 2 김철준 (1995). 옥저(沃沮) [Okjeo]. 한국민족문화대백과사전 [Encyclopedia of Korean Culture] (in Korean). Academy of Korean Studies.
  4. ↑ Lee 1992, pp. 18–129.

References

  • Byeon, Tae-seop (변태섭) (1999). 韓國史通論 (Hanguksa tongnon) [Outline of Korean history] (4th ed.). Seoul: Samyeongsa. ISBN 978-89-445-9101-3.
  • Lee, Ki-baik (1984). A New History of Korea. Translated by E.W. Wagner & E.J. Schulz. Seoul: Iljogak. ISBN 89-337-0204-0.
  • Lee, Peter H. (1992). Sourcebook of Korean Civilization. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0231079129.
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