Operation Alba ("Sunrise" or "Dawn" in Italian) was a multinational peacekeeping force sent to Albania in 1997. Led by Italy, it was intended to help the Albanian government restore law and order during the Albanian Civil War.[1]

Beginning in early 1997, the Albanian government lost control of much of their country, culminating in the desertion of many police and military units and the looting of their armories. The resulting chaos caused several countries to autonomously evacuate their nationals from Albania, which prompted concerns about the fate of others. The United Nations Security Council consequently adopted Resolution 1101 to establish an operation that would stabilize the situation. The Italian 3rd Army Corps assumed responsibility for the stop-gap mission as Operation Alba, the first multinational Italian-led mission since World War II. The eleven nations that participated in this operation were Austria (60 troops), Belgium (15), Denmark (110), France (950), Greece (800 or 803[2]), Italy (3800), Portugal, Romania (400), Slovenia (20), Spain (350) and Turkey (760).[2][3]

Beginning on April 15, 7,265 troops were deployed under the command of the operation[4] - of which more than half were Italian nationals - and quickly restored order in Tirana. The primary objectives of the mission included apprehending criminals and collecting looted weapons, but in later months operation troops also helped retrain Albanian forces to modern standards. Operation Alba finally concluded in August, as the last troops were withdrawn from the country.[1]

Causes of the intervention

Operation Alba was launched in response to the serious social crisis that had followed the collapse of major pyramid schemes in Albania in early 1997. The loss of many Albanians' life savings invested in these schemes, in addition to dissatisfaction with political corruption and recent electoral irregularities, caused large parts of the country to rise in rebellion against the Albanian government. As governmental control and rule of law collapsed, widespread looting and violence broke out.[5] Early operations were carried out by individual countries to evacuate their citizens, but Alba was launched in an effort to resolve more extensive issues. Italy in particular was determined to curb the migratory flow of Albanian refugees that threatened to reach alarming dimensions.[6] Disaster struck on 28 March, when the Italian patrol vessel Sybilla collided with the refugee boat Kateri i Radës. Dozens of Albanian migrants perished, in what became known as the Tragedy of Otranto.[7] Expecting the possibility of having to resort to force to restore order in Albania, Italy took care to acquire a mandate of the United Nations, the support of the OSCE, and the participation of a number of allies; when this was accomplished, Operation Alba was launched.[8]

Timeline of operation

The operation was approved under United Nations Security Council Resolution 1101 for an initial deployment mandate of three months. The force would be led by Italy with the consent of Albania and every involved nation. Only China abstained from voting on the resolution, and there were no votes against it.[9]

Operational command (Comando Operativo Forze Intervento in Albania or COFIA) was centered in Rome under Italian Chief of Defence Staff Admiral Guido Venturoni with the assistance of officers from every member nation of the operation. Venturoni had three Deputy Commanders - a French, a Turkish, and a Greek officer.[10] Additionally, there were three Deputy Chiefs of Staff - a French operations chief, a Turkish logistics chief, and a Greek communications chief.[2] In the theatre, command began under the Navy Commander until April 22nd, at which time it was transferred to COMFOR General Luciano Forlani.[2][11][12][13]

The operation began on April 15, 1997 with a deployment of 450 French to Durazzo aboard the FS Orage and 200 Italian paratroopers to an airport near Tirana. 350 Spanish troops deployed later that same day, while another 270 troops of unspecified nationality deployed from an Italian transport.[4] Phase one of the operation lasted for 7 days, and was primarily concerned with securing a route between the two landing zones and a beachhead for further deployment. At the conclusion of phase one, command was transferred from the Navy to the Army.[2][4]

Phase two of the operation began on April 23rd. In this period, the peacekeeping force secured several prominent towns and a staging area for humanitarian efforts.[2] Towns of note included Lezhë, Fier, Elbasan, Argirocastro, and Sarandë. By late May, the number of troops deployed expanded to 6,556, including several thousand infantry, medical units, and a Portuguese C-130.[11] On June 19th, as the end of the mandate approached, the UNSC passed resolution 1114 to extend the mandate another 45 days. This was largely due to concern over the electoral process of Albania.[14]

Elections were held on June 29th, with a second round being held on July 6th. Under heavy police and observer presence, the socialist party secured a sweeping majority with 72.6% turnout.[9][15]

With some sense of democratic stability restored, the peacekeeping force began its withdrawal. Over the course of phase three, all member nations began redeploying forces away from Albania.[2] The operation officially ended on August 8, 1997, though some forces did not withdraw until August 10.[10]

Composition of the peacekeeping force

The peacekeeping force, primarily made of Italian troops, had the following composition:[2][10][16]

References

  1. 1 2 Operation Alba Archived 2008-10-21 at the Wayback Machine on the UN website, accessed 2012 November
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Colonel Marchio, Riccardo (2000). "OPERATION ALBA": A EUROPEAN APPROACH TO PEACE SUPPORT OPERATIONS IN THE BALKANS (PDF). p. iii. Archived from the original on July 23, 2013. "This operation,in which 11 European countries took part"
  3. ↑ NATO, NRDC-IT Emblem, accessed November 2011
  4. 1 2 3 "CNN - French, Italian troops lead mission to Albania - Apr. 15, 1997". www.cnn.com. Retrieved 2017-12-30.
  5. ↑ "Albanian Rebellion of 1997". www.onwar.com. Archived from the original on 2017-12-30. Retrieved 2017-12-30.
  6. ↑ "CNN - Italy declares state of emergency over Albanian refugees - Mar. 19, 1997". www.cnn.com. Retrieved 2017-12-30.
  7. ↑ Tagliabue, John (1997-04-01). "Italy Seeking Refugee Boat From Albania That Sank". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2017-12-30.
  8. ↑ Alì, Maurizio. L’attività di peacekeeping della Forza Multinazionale di Protezione in Albania. (Rome, Italy, Facoltà di Scienze Politiche - Università Roma Tre). 2003.
  9. 1 2 "Resolution 1101". unscr.com. Retrieved 2023-10-21.
  10. 1 2 3 "1997. THE ALBA MISSION IN THE FRAMEWORK OF THE FMP". Carabinieri. Archived from the original on 2021-04-18.
  11. 1 2 Tripodi, P. (2010-09-08). "Operation Alba: A Necessary and Successful Preventive Deployment". International Peacekeeping. 9 (4): 89–104. doi:10.1080/714002777. ISSN 1353-3312.
  12. ↑ "Albania: Italy's Prime Minister Faces Uncertain Future Over Security Force". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 2008-04-09. Retrieved 2023-10-19.
  13. ↑ "Forlani Lt. Gen. Aus. Luciano". Retrieved 2023-10-19.
  14. ↑ "Resolution 1114". unscr.com. Retrieved 2023-10-21.
  15. ↑ "ALBANIA: parliamentary elections Kuvendi Popullor, 1997". archive.ipu.org. Retrieved 2023-10-21.
  16. ↑ "Albania - "Alba" - Esercito Italiano". www.esercito.difesa.it. Retrieved 2023-10-20.
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