Ortho-Carborane

Contaminated orthocarborane
Names
Other names
1,2-Dicarbadodecaborane(12), ortho-dicarbadodecaborane
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChEBI
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard 100.037.164
EC Number
  • 240-897-8
  • InChI=1S/C2B10/c3-1-2-7(1,3)5-9(2,7)10(2)6-8(1,2,10)4(1,3)11(3,5,6)12(5,6,9)10
    Key: DOPDSZSTXZNQMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N
  • [B@@]123B456B178[B@@]49B714B822B337C211B492C131B75=B621
  • [BH]1234[BH]5%12%13[BH]1%10%11[BH]289[BH]367[BH]145[BH]6%14%15[BH]78%16[BH]9%10%17[CH]%11%12%18[CH]1%13%14[BH]%15%16%17%18
Properties
C2H12B10
Molar mass 144.22 g·mol−1
Appearance colorless solid
Melting point 320 °C (608 °F; 593 K)
Hazards
GHS labelling:
GHS02: FlammableGHS07: Exclamation mark
Warning
H228, H302, H312, H332
P210, P240, P241, P261, P264, P270, P271, P280, P301+P312, P302+P352, P304+P312, P304+P340, P312, P322, P330, P363, P370+P378, P501
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
Infobox references

ortho-Carborane is the organoboron compound with the formula C2B10H12. The prefix ortho is derived from ortho. It is the most prominent carborane. This derivative has been considered for a wide range of applications from heat-resistant polymers to medical applications. It is a colorless solid that melts, without decomposition, at 320 °C.

Structure

The cluster has C2v symmetry.[1]

Preparation

Ortho-carborane is prepared by the addition of acetylenes to decaborane(14). Modern syntheses involve two stages, the first involving generation of an adduct of decaborane:[2][3]

B10H14 + 2 SEt2 → B10H12(SEt2)2 + H2

In the second stage, the alkyne is installed as the source of two carbon vertices:[3]

B10H12(SEt2)2 + C2H2 → C2B10H12 + 2 SEt2 + H2

Substituted acetylenes can be employed more conveniently than acetylene gas. For example bis(acetoxymethyl)acetylene adds to the decarborane readily.

B10H12(SEt2)2 + C2(CH2O2CCH3)2 → C2B10H10(CH2O2CCH3)2 + 2 SEt2 + H2

The organic substituents are removed by ester hydrolysis followed by oxidation:[2]

3 C2B10H10(CH2O2CH3)2 + 10 KOH + + 8 KMnO4 → 3 C2B10H12 + 6 CH3CO2K + 8 MnO2 + 6 K2CO3 + 8 H2O

Reactions

Thermal rearrangement

Upon heating to 420 °C, it rearranges to form the meta isomer. The para isomer is produced by heating to temperatures above 600 °C.

o-dicarborane and its meta- and para-isomers (CH vertex indicated with black spheres).

Reduction and "reverse isomerization"

ortho-Carborane undergoes 2e- reduction when treated with a solution of lithium in ammonia. The result is the nido cluster 7,9-[C2B10H12]2-. In the dianion, the carbon vertices are not adjacent. The same cluster is produced by reduction of meta-carborane. Oxidation of the resulting 7,9-[C2B10H12]2- gives ortho-carborane.[4]

Deprotonation

Treatment with organolithium reagents gives the dilithio derivative.[5]

C2B10H12 + 2 BuLi → Li2C2B10H10 + 2 BuH

This dilithiated compound reacts with a variety of electrophiles, e.g. chlorophosphines, chlorosilanes, and sulfur.[6]

Base-degradation to dicarbollide

Base degradation of ortho carborane gives the anionic 11-vertex derivative, precursor to dicarbollide complexes:[7]

C2B10H12 + NaOEt + 2 EtOH → Na+C2B9H12− + H2 + B(OEt)3
Na+C2B9H12− + NaH → Na2C2B8H11 + H2

Dicarbollides (C2B8H112-) function as ligands for transition metals and f-elements.[8] The dianion forms sandwich compounds, bis(dicarbollides). Dicarbollides, being strong electron donors, stabilize higher oxidation states, e.g. Ni(IV).

Deprotonation of carborane

The CH vertices of closo-dicarbadodecaboranes undergo deprotonation upon treatment with organolithium reagents:[9]

C2B10H12 + 2 BuLi → Li2C2B10H10 + 2 BuH

These dilithiated compounds react with a variety of electrophiles, e.g. chlorophosphines, chlorosilanes, and sulfur.[10] Many of the same compounds can be produced by hydroboration of alkynes:

Li2C2B10H10 + 2 RX → R2C2B10H10 + 2 LiX
L2B10H10 + RC2R → R2C2B10H10 + 2 L (L = MeCN, etc.)

ortho-Carborane can be converted to highly reactive carborynes with the formula B10C2H10.

Carboryne synthesis, main chemical bonds involving carbon in red

Dimerization of carborane

Copper-mediated coupling of two ortho-carborane cages.

Upon treatment of ortho-carboranes with organolithium reagents such as n-Butyllithium, the CH vertices of the carborane cage can be deprotonated, affording the dilithiated ortho-carborane cage. Taking advantage of this more active carbon-lithium bond, the metalated carborane cages can then be treated with copper(I) chloride while in organic solvents, resulting in a copper-mediated carbon-carbon coupling reaction of the carborane cages. The copper salt is needed to avoid unwanted carbon-boron and boron-boron coupling reactions. The reaction mixture is allowed to stir at room temperature for two days, forming a copper-metalated carborane cage. Finally, the mixture is treated with 3M hydrochloric acid to quench the reaction process. The crude product is then purified via column chromatography and affords one half-equivalent of the carbon-carbon linked dimer of the original ortho-carborane in high yields. Worth noting is the effect of donating solvents on the yields of the reactions, as yields in solvents such as tetrahydrofuran and diethyl ether afford product in greatly decreased yields.[11]

History

The preparation of closo-dicarbadodecaboranes was reported independently by groups at Olin Corporation and the Reaction Motors Division of Thiokol Chemical Corporation working under the U.S. Air Force and published in 1963. These groups demonstrated the high stability in air of 1,2-closo-dodecaborane and related compounds, presented a general synthesis, described the transformation of substituents without destroying the carborane cluster, and demonstrated the ortho to meta isomerization.[12]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Davidson, M. G.; Hibbert, T. G.; Howard, J. A. K.; Mackinnon, A.; Wade, K. (1996). "Definitive crystal structures of ortho-, meta- and para-carboranes: supramolecular structures directed solely by C–H⋯O hydrogen bonding to hmpa (hmpa = hexamethylphosphoramide)". Chem. Commun. (19): 2285–2286. doi:10.1039/CC9960002285.
  2. 1 2 Charles R. Kutal David A. Owen Lee J. Todd (1968). closo‐1,2‐Dicarbadodecaborane(12). Inorganic Syntheses. Vol. 11. pp. 19–24. doi:10.1002/9780470132425.ch5.
  3. 1 2 M. Frederick Hawthorne; Timothy D. Andrews; Philip M. Garrett; Fred P. Olsen; Marten Reintjes; Fred N. Tebbe; Les F. Warren; Patrick A. Wegner; Donald C. Young (1967). "Icosahedral Carboranes and Intermediates Leading to the Preparation of Carbametallic Boron Hydride Derivatives". Inorganic Syntheses. Inorganic Syntheses. Vol. 10. pp. 91–118. doi:10.1002/9780470132418.ch17. ISBN 978-0-470-13241-8.
  4. ↑ Russell N. Grimes (2016). "10. Icosahedral Carboranes: 1,7-C2B10H12 and 1,12-C2B10H12". Carboranes, 3rd Edition. Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-12-801905-4.
  5. ↑ Popescu, A.-R.; Musteti, A. D.; Ferrer-Ugalde, A.; Viñas, C.; Núñez, R.; Teixidor, F. (2012). "Influential Role of Ethereal Solvent on Organolithium Compounds: The Case of Carboranyllithium". Chemistry – A European Journal. 18 (11): 3174–3184. doi:10.1002/chem.201102626. PMID 22334417.
  6. ↑ Jin, G.-X. (2004). "Advances in the Chemistry of Organometallic Complexes with 1,2-Dichalcogenolato-o-Carborane Ligands". Coord. Chem. Rev. 248 (7–8): 587–602. doi:10.1016/j.ccr.2004.01.002.
  7. ↑ Plešek, J.; Heřmánek, S.; Štíbr, B. (1983). "Potassium dodecahydro-7, 8-dicarba-nido -undecaborate(1-), k[7, 8-c2 b9 h12 ], intermediates, stock solution, and anhydrous salt". Potassium dodecahydro-7,8-dicarba-nido-undecaborate(1-), k[7,8-C2B9H12], intermediates, stock solution, and anhydrous salt. Inorganic Syntheses. Vol. 22. pp. 231–234. doi:10.1002/9780470132531.ch53. ISBN 978-0-470-13253-1.
  8. ↑ Hawthorne, M. F.; Young, D. C.; Wegner, P. A. (1965). "Carbametallic Boron Hydride Derivatives. I. Apparent Analogs of Ferrocene and Ferricinium Ion". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 87 (8): 1818–1819. doi:10.1021/ja01086a053.
  9. ↑ Popescu, A.-R.; Musteti, A. D.; Ferrer-Ugalde, A.; Viñas, C.; Núñez, R.; Teixidor, F. (2012). "Influential Role of Ethereal Solvent on Organolithium Compounds: The Case of Carboranyllithium". Chemistry – A European Journal. 18 (11): 3174–3184. doi:10.1002/chem.201102626. PMID 22334417.
  10. ↑ Jin, G.-X. (2004). "Advances in the Chemistry of Organometallic Complexes with 1,2-Dichalcogenolato-o-Carborane Ligands". Coord. Chem. Rev. 248 (7–8): 587–602. doi:10.1016/j.ccr.2004.01.002.
  11. ↑ Ren, Shikuo; Xie, Zuowei (2008-10-13). "A Facile and Practical Synthetic Route to 1,1′-Bis( o -carborane)". Organometallics. 27 (19): 5167–5168. doi:10.1021/om8005323. ISSN 0276-7333.
  12. ↑ Heying, T. L.; Ager, J. W.; Clark, S. L.; Mangold, D. J.; Goldstein, H. L.; Hillman, M.; Polak, R. J.; Szymanski, J. W. (1963). "A New Series of Organoboranes. I. Carboranes from the Reaction of Decaborane with Acetylenic Compounds". Inorganic Chemistry. 2 (6): 1089–1092. doi:10.1021/ic50010a002.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.