Outlaws MC
Outlaws colors
Founded1935 (1935)[1]
Founding locationMcCook, Illinois, United States[1]
Years active1935–present
Territory416 chapters in 42 countries[2][3]
Membership (est.)Over 3,000[4][5]
ActivitiesDrug trafficking, arms trafficking, prostitution, money laundering, bombings, auto theft, intimidation, insurance fraud, kidnapping, robbery, theft, stolen property, counterfeiting, contraband smuggling, murder, extortion, arson, and assault[6]
Allies
Rivals
Notable members

The Outlaws Motorcycle Club, also known as the American Outlaws Association, or A.O.A., is classified as a motorcycle gang by various law enforcement agencies internationally.[24][25][26] The Outlaws have been implicated in various organized crime activities, including drug trafficking, extortion, money laundering, prostitution rings, weapons trafficking, and violent acts directed at rival motorcycle clubs.[24][27] Members of the Outlaws have continuously denied that the club is an organized crime syndicate, asserted that the organization is simply a group of motorcycle enthusiasts who live a nonconventional lifestyle, and described allegations by investigators and prosecutors as exaggerated.[28][29][30]

Belgium

The Outlaws are considered a criminal motorcycle gang by the Belgian Federal Police.[31] The club's first chapter in Belgium was formed in Mechelen on 5 March 1999.[13]

In April 2000, "full-patch" member Jan Wouters was killed by Outlaw André Renard in the presence of two other Outlaws on the club's domain in Mechelen. All three members were given life sentences for the murder of their fellow Outlaw. Among them was the brother-in-law of the victim. According to the three convicted Outlaws, the murder took place after an argument escalated. Upon escalation, Wouters supposedly aimed a gun at his brother-in-law after which he himself was killed. It was largely believed that the murder was not the result of an escalated discussion, but rather an execution approved by the club's hierarchy.[32]

On 4 October 2009, several Hells Angels and allied Red Devils performed a raid on an Outlaws clubhouse in Kortrijk. Shots were fired and three Outlaws were wounded before the Hells Angels and their Red Devils comrades fled the scene. The incident occurred after members of the Outlaws supposedly pushed over a motorcycle belonging to Red Devils president Johan F. in Moeskroen. The raid is also thought to be a part of a territorial dispute between the Hells Angels and the Red Devils on one side and the Outlaws on the other. Several months before the raid, on the 24 July 2009, members of the Red Devils and Hells Angels already retaliated by setting fire to motorcycles outside an Outlaws clubhouse. Eventually, six Hells Angels and two Red Devils were convicted for attempted murder and given sentences from five to twenty years in prison.[33]

On 21 May 2011, one "full-patch" member, one prospect, and one supporter of the Belgium Outlaws were shot and killed by rival bikers of the Belgian Hells Angels. The killings took place in Eisden, not far from Maasmechelen where the Outlaws had opened a new clubhouse just several days earlier.[34] Two days after the murders, several Hells Angels were linked to the murder and arrested, including the president of the Zwartberg chapter.[35] The funeral of the "full-patch" member, Freddy Put, was joined by some 200 Outlaws from across Europe.[36] The investigation concerning the murders in Eisden is ongoing and is made difficult because within both the Hells Angels and the Outlaws there is a code of silence. In a response to these murders, the Belgian Army is investigating the possibility of removing members of criminal motorcycle clubs from their ranks since two of the primary suspects were paracommandos.[37]

On the night of 24 December 2012, during a rock concert in Dilsen-Stokkem, members of the Hells Angels were attacked by members of the Outlaws. Several Hells Angels were inside the Nieuwenborgh hall listening to the evening's last rock band finishing their final songs when, at about 1:30 a.m. by local time, several Outlaws armed with expandable batons (illegal in Belgium) arrived at the scene. The situation quickly escalated into a brawl with three wounded as a result. The police quickly arrived at the scene in large numbers. One of the wounded was a 41-year-old man who suffered an open fracture to the leg.[38]

Canada

The Outlaws entered Canada on 1 July 1977 when a number of Satan's Choice chapters under the leadership of Garnet "Mother" McEwen "patched over" to join the Outlaws.[39] In Canada, the Outlaws claim seven chapters and a membership of approximately 60.[40]

Newfoundland and Labrador

The Outlaws' two chapters in Newfoundland and Labrador are based in Grand Falls-Windsor and Gander.[40]

Ontario

The Outlaws remained the largest club in Ontario until 2000.[41] The club has four chapters in the province; in Toronto, Ottawa, South Simcoe and Sault Ste. Marie.[40]

In 1981, Satan's Choice made an alliance with the Lobos and the Chosen Few gangs against the Outlaws.[42] On 17 July 1983, a bus carrying two Hells Angels was shot up in Wawa by a group of Outlaws led by Mario "Mike the Wop" Parente.[43] On 17 September 1983, an Outlaw, David Eugene Séquin, went on a shooting rampage when he stormed into the clubhouse of the Chosen Few in Emeryville.[42] Séquin killed three people and wounded three more.[42] One of those he killed was the national president of the Chosen Few, Edward Bruce Morris.[42] In 1984, the Outlaws entered Toronto when their national president, Stanley "Beamer" McConnery, persuaded the Iron Hawgs gang to "patch over" to the Outlaws.[44] In July 1985, Séquin, who had fled to the United States, was killed in a shoot-out with the police in Steger, Illinois, when he chose to resist arrest.[42]

Kingston Outlaws chapter president William "Wild Bill" Hulko died of natural causes at Quinte Detention Centre in Napanee on 12 August 2002 while awaiting trial on charges of sexually assaulted a girl under the age of 14 in 1992, and with using a weapon during the assault.[45][46] Hulko's funeral was held in Sault Ste. Marie on 18 August 2002 and conducted entirely by members of the Outlaws and their support club, the Black Pistons.[47]

On 25 September 2002, the Outlaws were the subject of Project Retire by the Ontario Provincial Police (OPP) that saw 56 Outlaws arrested.[48] On 15 April 2007, Marcus Cornelisse was questioned by the police about whatever he violated his bail conditions, leading him to attack and beat two police officers.[49] Corelisse was arrested the next day.[50] Cornelisse made a plea bargain with the Crown that he would serve a year in prison for assaulting the two police officers in exchange for which he was forbidden to associate with other Outlaws.[50] William Mellow, the Outlaw national secretary, was found to have on his farm a loaded 10-mm handgun, 50 rounds of ammunition, a 12-gauge shotgun and $11,065 in cash hidden in his Cadillac.[50] In exchange for a plea bargain, Mellow pleaded guilty to having a handgun without a license in exchange for which he accepted he was not to associate with other Outlaws.[51] With the exceptions of the Outlaw national president, Mario Parente, and Luis Fereiria, all of the Outlaws arrested in Project Retire made plea bargains, which crippled the Outlaws.[51]

Recently, the Outlaws have clashed with the Loners in at least one incident in Cornwall. The Loners relocated their chapter from Cornwall to Brockville around 2020 following an aggressive investigation into its alleged drug trafficking.[52] On 8 July 2023, members of the Loners and Outlaws were involved in an altercation in Cornwall which police believe was targeted. One person was shot and two people stabbed, but their injuries were not considered life-threatening. Five people were arrested and charged, with details yet to be released.[53] Less than 36 hours later, the Outlaw clubhouse in Brockville was destroyed by a large fire. The fire was deemed suspicious because of the building's ownership and the presence of accelerants in the building. Police are not yet linking the two events.[54] A series of raids in Southwestern Ontario earlier in the month saw police seize a large quantity of drugs as well as weapons, including two sniper rifles. Police stated the results of the raid showed that the Outlaws and other MCs were expanding into smaller communities and that they are able and willing to use deadly force.[55]

Quebec

On 15 February 1978, two Outlaws were shot outside of a Montreal bar, sparking a biker war with the Hells Angels that lasted until 1984.[56]

United Kingdom

The Outlaws expanded into the United Kingdom in February 2000 after amalgamating the Midland Outlaws, an independent club which had been in existence since 1992.[57] The club has approximately 150 members and fourteen chapters in the England and Wales, and is primarily based around the Warwickshire, Staffordshire, South Wales, Derbyshire, Birmingham and London areas.[58][59][60] The British faction of the Outlaws took over the club's European presidency in early 2007.[61]

England

On 20 October 1996, Outlaws member Anthony Stephens and a group of friends were damaging cars parked outside The Plough pub in Coventry when they were asked to leave the premises by the pub DJ. Stephens shot the man in the face and subsequently fled to Ireland but was arrested when he arrived at Birmingham Airport in November 2013. In April 2016, he was sentenced to three years in prison after being convicted of causing of grievous bodily harm at Warwick Crown Court.[62]

Wales

The first Welsh Outlaws chapter was formed in 1993 following a "patch over" of the Henchmen MC, which was founded in North Wales in 1969.[63] The West Wales chapter originated in as the Strays MC in 1979. The South Wales chapter is the most recent.[64]

The Outlaws came under investigation after Dyfed–Powys Police informed North Wales Police of drugs exchanges between members of the club's North Wales chapter and representatives of the West Wales chapter. Two Outlaws were found in possession of two kilograms of amphetamine when police searched their vehicle in Betws-y-Coed on 14 August 2008. Mobile phones seized from the two were examined and a pattern emerged of regular calls between Outlaws European president Stuart Ian "Dink" Dawson, West Wales chapter president Michael Barnes and another club member, Michael Byrne. In September 2009, police discovered cocaine after raiding the Outlaws' clubhouse in Colwyn Bay. Another two kilograms of amphetamine were recovered from the roof lining of a van stopped by police on the A55 road on 11 November 2009.[65]

On 21 May 2010, three Outlaws members – Dawson, Byrne, and Adrian John Sherriff – were convicted at Caernarfon Crown Court of conspiring to supply more than £40,000 worth of drugs. Dawson and Byrne were sentenced to five years' imprisonment while Sherriff was sentenced to four years'. Barnes was cleared of conspiracy. Four other men involved in the drug ring received prison terms varying between eighteen months and two-and-a-half years for their roles.[66] Furthermore, on 25 June 2012, Mold Crown Court banned Dawson and Sherriff from holding office in the club.[67]

United States

A map showing locations of Outlaws chapters in the United States circa 1991.

The Outlaws are designated an outlaw motorcycle gang by the United States Department of Justice.[10] The dominant biker gang in the Great Lakes region, the Outlaws have more than 700 members and 86 chapters in twenty U.S. states.[24] The club is involved in murder, bombings, assault, kidnapping, prostitution, money laundering, weapons trafficking, motorcycle and motorcycle parts theft, intimidation, insurance fraud, extortion, arson, robbery, stolen property, counterfeiting, contraband smuggling, and the production, smuggling, transportation, and distribution of narcotics.[6] The Outlaws are major producers and distributors of methamphetamine, although they are also involved in the transportation and distribution of marijuana, cocaine, MDMA, and prescription drugs.[24] Additionally, the Outlaws are more heavily involved in prostitution than other motorcycle gangs, and the sex trade is the club's second-most lucrative racket after drug distribution.[10]

The Outlaws are allied with the Bandidos,[6] the Black Pistons,[6] the Breed,[8] the Grim Reapers,[8] and the Gypsy Jokers[8] motorcycle gangs, as well as the Aryan Nations[7] and the Hammerskins.[12] The club has also been criminally associated with the Buffalo,[9] Chicago,[10] Detroit,[11] New Orleans[13] and Pittsburgh[14] crime families. They also maintain an alliance with fellow Hells Angels rivals, the Rock Machine.[68][69][70] Rival biker gangs of the Outlaws include the Devils Diciples,[17] the Diablos,[18] El Forastero,[8] the Galloping Goose,[8] the Hells Angels,[6] the Highwaymen,[19] the Iron Horsemen,[10] the Mongols,[21] the Pagans,[22] the Sons of Silence,[10] and the Warlocks.[8]

Connecticut

The Connecticut State Police raided a property belonging to the Outlaws in Enfield on November 9, 2021.[71] This raid was in relation to the homicide of 38 year old Jason Comes, who was found shot to death in a car in the neighboring town of Somers on August 5, 2021.[72]

Florida

The influence of the once powerful South Florida chapter of the Outlaws waned severely following the RICO case against the club, which lasted from 1987 until 1989. By the end of the case, the chapter's membership had diminished to less than a dozen.[73][74] According to Assistant U.S. Attorney Gregory Kehoe and Sergeant Bob Faulkner of the Broward County Sheriff's Office, the chapter suffered severely from the absence of its charismatic leader, James "Big Jim" Nolan.[73] Outlaws international president Harry "Taco" Bowman transferred Wayne "Joe Black" Hicks to the Fort Lauderdale chapter in order to revive the faltering South Florida faction.[75][76] The Fort Lauderdale Outlaws had gone rogue, refusing to follow orders from national leadership in Detroit, skimming profits, and partaking in ever-increasing drug use. Under Hicks' management, Fort Lauderdale was revived and reclaimed its status as the Outlaws' strongest chapter after Detroit and Chicago.[77] Hicks rose from chapter president to Florida regional president in 1990.[76] Following a prolonged period of near inactivity, the Outlaws emerged again as a major force following the establishment of two additional chapters in Daytona Beach and Walton Beach, in February 1991.[78]

Georgia

The Outlaws entered Georgia when the Iron Cross gang of Atlanta "patched over" on October 31, 1970.[79] The Outlaws in Georgia obtain methamphetamine from Mexican cartels and also transport the drug into the state from Mexico, California and Southwestern states, which the club then distributes at midlevel and retail level quantities, primarily in the Atlanta metropolitan area.[80]

Frank Rego Vital of Roberta, an Outlaws member, was shot and killed in an early morning gunfight on June 24, 2007, in the parking lot of The Crazy Horse Saloon strip club in Forest Park by two members of the Renegades MC in what has been described as a self-defense shooting after Vital and other Outlaws members followed the men from the club. Both Renegade members were shot several times but survived.[81]

Illinois

The Outlaws have 14 chapters and over 150 members in Illinois.[82] The chapters are based in Chicago, Joliet, Pontiac, Kankakee, Peoria, Rockford, and in numerous counties in Downstate Illinois.[30] The club has three chapters in Chicago; "South Side", "West Side", and "North Side".[83] The South Side chapter, located at a clubhouse on 25th Street and Rockwell Street, was designated the Outlaws' "mother chapter" in 1964.[30][84] The North Side chapter was initiated via the absorption of the Wheelmen MC in 1993 and was based on Division Street before relocating to a West Side industrial park in 2017.[30][85] The West Side chapter was formed in 1994 when the Outlaws amalgamated the High Spirits MC in Bensenville; the chapter later moved to Elgin.[85] In 1993, the club also initiated its "Stateline" chapter in Antioch by absorbing the Booze Runners MC led by Kevin "Spike" O'Neill.[85][86][78] The Stateline chapter subsequently relocated to Janesville, Wisconsin.[85]

The Outlaws are involved in the distribution of marijuana, methamphetamine and powdered cocaine in the Chicago metropolitan area.[87] The club has been criminally associated with the Chicago Outfit.[88] The Outlaws are also affiliated with the Menard Brotherhood, a "prison biker gang" operating in the Illinois state prison system.[89][90]

Double O Alliance

The coalition between the Outlaws and the Outfit, known as the "Double O Alliance", began as far back as early 1975, when Peter "Greased Lightning" Rogers, the club's security chief, bodyguarded by two Outlaws enforcers, Joseph "Crazy Joe" Spaziano and William "Gatemouth Willie" Edson, held a meeting with senior Mafia members at a Chicago pizzeria.[91] Links between the Outlaws and representatives of mob boss Tony "Joe Batters" Accardo pertaining to vice rackets were established in 1977 by Thomas R. "Westside Tommy" Stimac, a Chicago Outlaws chapter president who later became a member of the club's national ruling board.[92][93][94] Stimac served as the contact between various Outlaws chapters and the Mafia.[95] Beginning in 1977, the bikers and mobsters controlled and shared the profits of organized prostitution in Chicago.[93]

From 2001 or earlier, members and associates of the Outlaws and the Outfit colluded to oversee a gambling and burglary ring which was active primarily in and around Cicero but also operated throughout Illinois and in the neighboring states of Wisconsin, Michigan, and Indiana.[96][97] The enterprise was headed by Michael "The Large Guy" Sarno, a "made man" in the Outfit, and his second-in-command, Mark "Pork Chop" Polchan, a "patched" member of the Outlaws. Another prominent member of the group was Anthony Volpendesto, an Outfit associate, who was the main perpetration in numerous robberies carried out by the gang.[97] Through a business called Amusements Inc., the gang distributed electronic gambling devices to local bars and restaurants, with the enterprise and establishment owners each taking a share of the profits from the machines. Video gambling devices were also placed in Outlaws clubhouses in Chicago's south and west suburbs. In addition to gambling, the enterprise committed over a dozen robberies on homes and jewelry stores in several states. Many of the stolen items were fenced through Goldberg Jewelers, a store owned by Polchan. Members of the enterprise also dealt in other stolen goods, such as cigarettes and electronics.[97]

In the summer of 2002, Vincent Dublino, the owner of a rival video gambling business, C & S Amusements, began supplying video devices to the 47th Street Grill in Lyons, a business previously serviced by Amusements Inc. Dublino was warned by Sarno to "stay the fuck away from the 47th Street Grill" and began to receive threatening phone calls.[97] On February 25, 2003, Polchan, along with Samuel "Sam" Volpendesto, the father of Anthony Volpendesto, detonated a pipe bomb outside the premises of C & S Amusements in Berwyn.[98] The ring was also responsible for numerous heists, including the April 26, 2001 robbery of The Gold Mine Jewelry Store in St. Charles; the May 1, 2002 robbery of Lenna Jewelers in Hinsdale; the May 23, 2002 robbery of Jacqueline's Jewelry in Valparaiso, Indiana; the June 6, 2002 robbery of Husar's House of Fine Diamonds in West Bend, Wisconsin; the March 2003 attempted armed robbery of a residence in Berwyn; the July 9, 2003 armed robbery of Uffenbeck Jewelers in Fond du Lac, Wisconsin; the July 24, 2003 armed robbery of LD Jewelers in Hickory Hills; and the August 25, 2003 armed robbery of Marry Me Jewelry Store in LaGrange Park.[98] The robberies began to taper off following the botched robbery of Marry Me jewelers, during which a salesman was shot in the chest when he resisted.[97]

The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) launched an investigation, known as Operation Double O, into the enterprise.[96] In 2007, one member of the ring, Kyle Knight, was arrested by the government and charged with participating in the Berwyn bombing. Knight pled guilty to a federal charge and agreed to turn state's evidence.[97] On July 30, 2008, several facilities associated with the Outlaws in the Chicago area were raided by agents from the FBI and the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF).[99] The FBI brought in a SWAT team and an urban assault vehicle to the clubhouse in the west side of the city in case violence were to break out.[100] Polchan and Samuel Volpendesto were arrested in the raids, and numerous weapons, including a live grenade, as well as police badges, a bulletproof vest and a stun gun were seized.[101] On May 27, 2009, federal agents executed search warrants at over two dozen locations in suburban Chicago, and five additional suspects in the Double O Alliance — Sarno, Anthony Volpendesto, Mark Hay, Cicero police officer Dino Vitalo, and Berwyn police officer James Formato — were indicted on racketeering conspiracy charges related to armed robberies, thefts, arson, illegal gambling, and obstruction of justice.[98]

Three defendants in the case, Formato, Hay and Vitalo, pleaded guilty before trial. Hay and Formato agreed to cooperate with the government. Five other members of the enterprise went to trial and were convicted of numerous offenses, including racketeering conspiracy, illegal gambling, conspiracy to damage property by means of an explosive device, and conspiracy to obstruct justice.[97] Anthony Volpendesto was sentenced on August 4, 2011 to 15 years' imprisonment.[102][103] Samuel Volpendesto was sentenced to 35 years', on August 17, 2011.[104][105] Polchan was sentenced on October 28, 2011 to 60 years'.[106][107] On February 8, 2012, Casey Szaflarski, the owner of Amusements Inc., was sentenced to three years' imprisonment, and on February 9, 2012, Sarno was sentenced to 25 years' and ordered to pay $1.8 million in restitution.[108][109][110][111][112]

Samuel Volpendesto died in prison at the age of 89 on May 17, 2013.[113][114]

War against the Hells Angels

On September 18, 1987, Outlaws were involved in a brawl with two Hells Angels members in a bar outside Joliet which left Cleveland Hells Angels chapter president Kenneth "Kenny" Yates shot in the foot and robbed of his club "colors".[115][116] The shooting reportedly thwarted an attack on an Outlaws clubhouse by Yates and another Hells Angel using automatic firearms and other weaponry.[117]

The Outlaws attempted to coerce the Hell's Henchmen – a motorcycle gang of around 20 members with chapters in Calument City, Rockford and South Bend, Indiana – into "patching over" to join the Outlaws after the Henchmen had forcefully amalgamated the Devil's Ushers gang on the West Side of Chicago, bringing them into the Outlaws' Chicago turf.[118][119] The Outlaws had previously coexisted with the Hell's Henchmen as the Henchmen had showed no ambition to expand their territory.[118][120] The Hell's Henchmen resisted the Outlaws' attempts to merge, however, and instead agreed to "prospect" for the Hells Angels after holding a meeting with the Angels in Indiana.[121] In late 1993 or early 1994, Outlaws leaders came to suspect that the Hells Angels were attempting to gain a presence in the Chicago area by "patching over" the Hell's Henchmen.[122]

Indiana

The Outlaws chapters in Indiana are involved in the wholesale distribution of methamphetamine and maintain a sophisticated methamphetamine distribution network by utilizing associates and puppet clubs to conduct retail operations in the Evansville, Terre Haute, Fort Wayne, Lake County and Vigo County areas.[123]

On July 11, 2012, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) raided Outlaws clubhouses in Indianapolis and Fort Wayne and arrested 42 members for crimes ranging from mail fraud to money laundering.[124] Law enforcement agencies conducted the raids at dawn in an attempt to catch members off guard. U.S. Attorney Joe Hogsett said their offenses included using violence to collect debts and illegal gambling operations.[125]

Kentucky

The Outlaws merged with the Gypsy Raiders motorcycle gang of Louisville in August 1964.[126][127]

Two Outlaws members were shot and wounded while riding motorcycles on Interstate 275 in Campbell County on September 10, 1982.[128]

Ohio

The Outlaws have formed chapters in Dayton, Columbus, East Columbus, Warren, Middletown, Toledo, Sandusky, Canton and Athens.[129] The Outlaws in Ohio are involved principally in drug manufacturing and distribution, prostitution, and extortion.[130] The Youngstown Outlaws chapter has been associated with the Pittsburgh crime family in contract killing, witness intimidation, debt collection, drug dealing, arson and assaults.[14]

A gunfight between members of Outlaws, the Animals, and the Invaders resulted in an Invaders biker being shot in the hip in Batavia on March 2, 1969. The Outlaws allegedly initiated the conflict in an effort to prevent the rival clubs from gaining prominence.[128]

A violent rivalry between the Outlaws and the Iron Horsemen in Greater Cincinnati began in the late 1960s.[131][132] An Outlaws biker was shot in the back by a member of the Iron Horsemen on Montgomery Road in Cincinnati on December 2, 1972 following a fight between two women associated with the clubs.[128]

The Iron Horsemen's clubhouse in Norwood was bombed by the Outlaws on July 10, 1973. Two days later, on July 12, 1973, the home of an Iron Horsemen member in the Pleasant Ridge neighborhood of Cincinnati was also bombed.[128]

On May 18, 1975, Invaders member Billy J. Schmidt was killed and four others were wounded during a gun battle at the Fugueros clubhouse in Middletown that also involved members of the Outlaws, the Iron Horsemen and the Saints.[128]

A police officer was critically wounded in a shootout during a raid of the Outlaws' clubhouse in Miamisburg on January 8, 1980.[128]

In August 1984, two leaders of the Youngstown Outlaws chapter and three associates were arrested by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and charged with manufacturing and distributing drugs, including LSD, methadone and cocaine, distributing 2,000 Valium tablets, and possession with intent to distribute 16,000 more.[14]

The conflict between the Outlaws and the Hells Angels resulted in at least twelve homicides in Northern Ohio in the years leading up to 1986.[130]

The outlaw biker scene in Cincinnati has historically been dominated by the Iron Horsemen, and Outlaws members traditionally avoided the city.[128][133] In early January 1989, two Outlaws members were assaulted by members of the Iron Horsman in Cincinnati.[134] On January 14, 1989, two members of the Freeboarders, an AMA-sanctioned biker club affiliated with the Outlaws, were assaulted by Iron Horsemen during a bar brawl at Franz Brothers Cafe in the Camp Washington neighborhood of Cincinnati, after inviting Outlaws members to a party at the bar.[128] One of the victims was hit in the face with a baseball bat and the other was shot in the back.[133] According to law enforcement, the Outlaws were in the process of recruiting the Freeboarders in order to gain a foothold in Cincinnati, which provoked retaliation from the Iron Horsemen.[128][133][135]

On January 21, 1989, members of around ten motorcycle clubs, including the Freeboarders, the Aeolas, the Iron Horsemen and the Outlaws' Dayton chapter, were meeting at Vic's Brew and Cue, a tavern in Mount Carmel, to organize various motorcycle runs and charity events when a shootout erupted, killing two people – Kenneth "Hambone" Hammond, the president of the Dayton Outlaws and the club's international sergeant-at-arms, and Kenneth Cassella, an Iron Horsemen member from New York – and leaving another four Outlaws – Joseph Brown, William Bragg, Patrick Puttick, and James Russell – hospitalized in serious condition.[131][132][136] Three people were arrested and charged with carrying concealed weapons, and an assortment of guns, including a high-powered assault rifle, were confiscated by police.[136][137] Hammond was buried next to the graves of other Outlaws members at Bear Creek Cemetery in Dayton on January 27, 1989, following a funeral attended by around 300 gang members.[131]

North Carolina

The Outlaws transport various drugs – primarily cocaine, methamphetamine, and marijuana – into North Carolina via allied motorcycle gangs and associates in the Southwestern United States, which are then distributed at retail-level throughout the state on the club's behalf by smaller biker gangs and female associates from fronts such as motorcycle shops, exotic dance clubs, bars, and tattoo parlors.[138]

Wisconsin

The American Outlaws Association "patched over" the Gypsy Outlaws gang of Milwaukee on July 4, 1964.[127] Establishing drug trafficking and car theft operations, the Milwaukee Outlaws chapter came to be known as the "Wrecking Crew".[139][140] The club has seven chapters and approximately 60 "full-patched" members in Wisconsin.[141] The Outlaws are involved in the distribution of cocaine and marijuana throughout the Milwaukee metropolitan area.[142]

On September 30, 1977, three members of the Milwaukee Outlaws chapter – Michael "Sledge" Goodman, Roger F. "Rocker" Lyons and "Horrible" Harry Ross – were involved in a bar brawl with three other men who were playing pool at the Bus Stop Tavern on Milwaukee's northwest side. After police were called, twelve officers arrived and evicted five of the men from the premises. Lyons refused to leave until he was allowed to finish his drink, however, and he was restrained and handcuffed. According to several witnesses, Lyons was then beaten unconscious by police with batons and placed in a police van. He was first taken to District No. 7 station house and subsequently pronounced dead on arrival at Milwaukee County Hospital. A medical examiner's inquest ruled that Lyons' death was "the result of brain swelling and concussion due to multiple blunt trauma injuries" and concluded that the "manner of death was the unlawful homicide by reckless conduct caused by a person or persons undetermined".[143] A coroner's inquest and a federal grand jury found no evidence to justify prosecution of the Milwaukee Police Department (MPD).[144]

After private detective Ira B. Robins was hired by the Outlaws to seek new evidence in the case, retired police officer Robert M. Schmidt shed new light on the events surrounding Lyons' homicide in 1995, claiming that Lyons was already dead when he arrived at the District No. 7 station house and that the officers involved convened in a room to write their reports as the van carrying Lyons sat in the station garage for "at least 15 minutes". In 1996, Wisconsin State Senator David Zien sought to reopen the case, saying: "There has been a wrong done here, and we need to right that wrong".[143][144]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 Outlaw bikers: the Outlaws National Geographic (20 April 2011) Archived October 10, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
  2. ↑ "Outlaws chapter list", outlawsmcworld.com
  3. ↑ Who are The Outlaws Motorcycle Club? Fionnuala Bourke, Birmingham Mail (27 June 2015) Archived July 2, 2023, at archive.today
  4. ↑ "Biker gang setting up shop?". peterborough examiner. June 6, 2010. Retrieved 2022-10-15.
  5. ↑ Outlaw biker gangs in Pittsburgh area have splintered over time Torsten Ove, Pittsburgh Post-Gazette (May 19, 2015) Archived September 18, 2022, at the Wayback Machine
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 2005 National Gang Threat Assessment National Alliance of Gang Investigators Association (2005) Archived December 22, 2005, at the Wayback Machine
  7. 1 2 Extremism in Florida: The Dark Side of the Sunshine State Anti-Defamation League (2011) Archived September 19, 2020, at the Wayback Machine
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Organized Crime in America p. 391 U.S. House Committee on the Judiciary (1983) Archived September 21, 2021, at the Wayback Machine
  9. 1 2 Feds Name Buffalo's “Tommy O” As Boss Of The Outlaws MC, Placing Him A Single Degree Away From Alleged Mob Don Big Joe Todaro Jr. Scott Burnstein, GangsterReport.com (April 27, 2021) Archived April 27, 2021, at the Wayback Machine
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs USA Overview United States Department of Justice (May 1991) Archived May 26, 2023, at the Wayback Machine
  11. 1 2 The Outlaws MC's ‘Black Region’ Blasted By Bust A Decade Ago, Michigan & Indiana Bikers Burned In ’07 Fed Takedown Scott Burnstein, GangsterReport.com (August 15, 2017) Archived November 9, 2022, at the Wayback Machine
  12. 1 2 Bigots on Bikes: The Growing Links between White Supremacists and Biker Gangs Anti-Defamation League (September 2011) Archived July 17, 2014, at the Wayback Machine
  13. 1 2 3 Les Gangs de Motards Criminalisés: Une expansion internationale Xavier Raufer, Institut de Criminologie de Paris Archived December 20, 2022, at the Wayback Machine
  14. 1 2 3 4 1986 Report of the Organized Crime Consulting Committee National Criminal Justice Reference Service p.7 (1986) Archived June 30, 2022, at the Wayback Machine
  15. ↑ "Outlaw bikers on a collision course". Hamilton Spectator. 2000-07-11.
  16. ↑ "Outlaw Rock Machine, Outlaws 35th anniversary 1". G-O.com. 2013-05-26.
  17. 1 2 Biker War By The Bay: The Outlaws & Devils Diciples Tangled In Michigan's Tri-Cities Back In The '70s Scott Burnstein, GangsterReport.com (August 16, 2017) Archived September 21, 2022, at the Wayback Machine
  18. 1 2 CT bar shut down after fight between rival motorcycle gangs Lisa Backus, Connecticut Post (May 22, 2019) Archived December 2, 2022, at the Wayback Machine
  19. 1 2 Biker Gangs In The Motor City: A History of Riding Rough Scott Burnstein, GangsterReport.com (July 2, 2014) Archived September 21, 2022, at the Wayback Machine
  20. ↑ The Outlaws, The Loners, Cornwall and Brockville: What we know Guy Quenneville, Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (11 July 2023) Archived 21 August 2023 at archive.today
  21. 1 2 New biker war brewing in Chicago as Mongol Nation pushes onto Outlaws Motorcycle Club turf Frank Main and Robert Herguth, Chicago Sun-Times (November 11, 2022) Archived November 11, 2022, at the Wayback Machine
  22. 1 2 Blue Wave Loses Ground In Working Class Massachusetts Enclave, Pagan's MC Has Headquarters Shuttered In Fall River Scott Burnstein, GangsterReport.com (May 31, 2022) Archived May 31, 2022, at the Wayback Machine
  23. ↑ Gangs and Organized Crime George W. Knox, Gregg Etter, Carter F. Smith (2019)
  24. 1 2 3 4 "Motorcycle gang". U.S. Department of Justice. Archived from the original on April 15, 2014. Retrieved January 23, 2010.
  25. ↑ 2003 Annual Report on Organized Crime in Canada Criminal Intelligence Service Canada (2003) Archived July 2, 2023, at the Wayback Machine
  26. ↑ Outlaw motorcycle gangs Europol "Archived copy". Archived from the original on September 18, 2022. Retrieved August 21, 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  27. ↑ Crimes of the Big Four Motorcycle Gangs Office of Justice Programs (April 2009) Archived August 20, 2023, at the Wayback Machine
  28. ↑ Outlaw bike gangs on rise Tampa Bay Times (September 24, 1991) Archived August 1, 2023, at the Wayback Machine
  29. ↑ Prosecutors try to depose the "top Outlaw' Graham Brink, Tampa Bay Times (March 21, 2001) Archived September 29, 2022, at the Wayback Machine
  30. 1 2 3 4 Outlaws have sordid, violent history in metro Chicago Chuck Goudie, ABC 7 Chicago (November 16, 2017) Archived September 29, 2022, at the Wayback Machine
  31. ↑ Vier criminele motorbendes in België Het Laatste Nieuws (14 May 2009) "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 23 November 2022. Retrieved 8 September 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  32. ↑ Door: redactie 17/02/11 – 19u24. "'Mad Max' wil herziening van veroordeling voor moord na bekentenis andere Outlaw". HLN.be. Retrieved 2012-11-07.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  33. ↑ Door: redactie 16/01/12 – 19u15. "Celstraffen tot twintig jaar gevorderd tegen Hells Angels en Red Devils". HLN.be. Retrieved 2012-11-07.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  34. ↑ "Drie leden van Outlaws-motorbende geliquideerd | Crime Site Camilleri". Camilleri.nl. 2011-05-21. Archived from the original on 2013-11-05. Retrieved 2012-11-07.
  35. ↑ "Driedubbele moord Eisden: Hells Angels verhoord – België – Nieuws". Knack.be. 6 September 2011. Retrieved 2012-11-07.
  36. ↑ Door: redactie 28/05/11 – 12u52 (2011-05-28). "200-tal Outlaws wonen serene begrafenisplechtigheid bij". HLN.be. Retrieved 2012-11-07.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  37. ↑ "Leger wil geen Outlaws of Hells Angels in eigen rangen". Gva.be. 12 August 2011. Retrieved 2012-11-07.
  38. ↑ "Drie gewonden bij clash tussen Hells Angels en Outlaws". vandaag.be. 2012-12-24. Retrieved 2013-11-12.
  39. ↑ Langton 2010, p. 108.
  40. 1 2 3 Notable clubs with a presence in Canada Edmonton Journal (6 June 2015) Archived 28 October 2021 at the Wayback Machine
  41. ↑ Langton 2010, p. 2.
  42. 1 2 3 4 5 Schneider 2009, p. 397.
  43. ↑ Langton 2006, p. 71.
  44. ↑ Langton 2010, p. 50-51.
  45. ↑ Schneider 2009, p. 428.
  46. ↑ Langton 2010, p. 148.
  47. ↑ Local Outlaws remember William Hulko David Helwig, Sootoday.com (18 August 2002) Archived 24 November 2022 at the Wayback Machine
  48. ↑ Langton 2010, p. 146-147.
  49. ↑ Langton 2010, p. 157-158.
  50. 1 2 3 Langton 2010, p. 158.
  51. 1 2 Langton 2010, p. 158-159.
  52. ↑ Zajac, Ronald (January 13, 2020). "Biker gangs nothing new: Chief". The Recorder & Times. Retrieved July 11, 2023.
  53. ↑ "5 charged after biker gang fight in Cornwall". CBC Ottawa. July 10, 2023. Retrieved July 11, 2023.
  54. ↑ Quenneville, Guy (July 11, 2023). "The Outlaws, The Loners, Cornwall and Brockville: What we know". CBC Ottawa. Retrieved July 11, 2023.
  55. ↑ "Bust shows bike gangs moving into smaller communities, police say". CBC London. July 5, 2023. Retrieved July 11, 2023.
  56. ↑ Langton 2010, p. 57.
  57. ↑ Jim Mason's Biker Gang: Who Are The Outlaws? Darren Little, Sky News (18 February 2011) Archived 15 November 2022 at the Wayback Machine
  58. ↑ The ordinary lives of Hells Angels' bikers James Sturcke, The Guardian (13 August 2007) Archived 29 November 2022 at the Wayback Machine
  59. ↑ Hierarchy of the biker gangs Duncan Campbell, The Guardian (27 November 2008) Archived 16 July 2023 at the Wayback Machine
  60. ↑ The violent rivalry of the Hell's Angels and Outlaws Birmingham Mail (28 November 2008) Archived 22 August 2023 at archive.today
  61. ↑ Victim of a global biker feud Chris Summers, BBC (28 November 2008) "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 31 December 2022. Retrieved 22 August 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  62. ↑ Gang member jailed 20 years after Coventry DJ pub attack BBC (26 April 2016) Archived 14 April 2020 at the Wayback Machine
  63. ↑ Biker Gangs and Transnational Organized Crime. Routledge. 17 October 2014. ISBN 9781317524113.
  64. ↑ "Babylon Wales: Welsh Angels and Outlaws". Babylonwales.blogspot.co.uk. September 1, 2007. Archived from the original on May 19, 2017. Retrieved January 9, 2017.
  65. ↑ ‘Outlaws’ bikers jailed over £40k drugs haul Daily Post (22 May 2010) Archived 12 April 2020 at the Wayback Machine
  66. ↑ Colwyn Bay Outlaws bikers jailed for drug offences BBC (21 May 2010) Archived 25 September 2021 at the Wayback Machine
  67. ↑ Judge bans bikers from holding office in Outlaws gang after drugs case BBC (25 June 2012) Archived 13 April 2020 at the Wayback Machine
  68. ↑ "Outlaw bikers on a collision course". Hamilton Spectator. 2000-07-11.
  69. ↑ "Outlaw Rock Machine, Outlaws 35th anniversary 1". G-O.com. 2013-05-26.
  70. ↑ "Outlaw Rock Machine, Outlaws 35th anniversary 2". G-O.com. 2013-05-26.
  71. ↑ Police Search Enfield Property in Connection With Somers Homicide Investigation NBC Connecticut (November 9, 2021) Archived October 31, 2022, at the Wayback Machine
  72. ↑ "Enfield Property Searched as Part of Homicide Investigation". November 9, 2021. Archived from the original on October 13, 2022. Retrieved August 22, 2023.
  73. 1 2 Biker leader gets 50-year sentence; judge to recommend full term for Outlaw Sun Sentinel (October 24, 1989) Archived July 15, 2023(Date mismatch), at archive.today
  74. ↑ 13-year hunt end in arrest; extradition sought for biker wanted in deaths of 3 rivals Sun Sentinel (June 9, 1991) Archived July 18, 2023, at archive.today
  75. ↑ The Legend of Taco Bowman: Beloved Outlaws MC Leader's Biker Empire Began Crumbling In Summer Of ’97 Scott Burnstein, GangsterReport.com (August 4, 2017) Archived September 19, 2022, at the Wayback Machine
  76. 1 2 United States of America v. Harry Bowman FindLaw (August 20, 2002) Archived September 21, 2022, at the Wayback Machine
  77. ↑ Caine 2012, p. 53.
  78. 1 2 Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs USA Overview p. 7 United States Department of Justice (May 1991) Archived May 26, 2023, at the Wayback Machine
  79. ↑ History outlawsmcatlanta.com Archived July 28, 2023, at archive.today
  80. ↑ Georgia Drug Threat Assessment National Drug Intelligence Center (April 2003) Archived July 27, 2023, at the Wayback Machine
  81. ↑ Green, Erik (2007-07-12). "Resaca biker jailed after fatal shooting". Northwestgeorgia.com. Archived from the original on 2007-09-29. Retrieved 2013-11-12.
  82. ↑ Outlaws biker club seeks return of badges, vests confiscated in bar fight Amanda Marrazzo, Chicago Tribune (February 17, 2015) Archived November 8, 2020, at the Wayback Machine
  83. ↑ Droban & James 2017, p. 19.
  84. ↑ Outlaw Motorcycle Clubs and Organized Crime (June 3, 2020) Archived April 16, 2023, at the Wayback Machine
  85. 1 2 3 4 Outlaws Motorcycle Gang Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department (September 1, 2004) Archived August 12, 2021, at the Wayback Machine
  86. ↑ Cycle club 'code' broken in trial Robert Enstad, Chicago Tribune (August 16, 1989) Archived August 21, 2023, at archive.today
  87. ↑ Illinois Drug Threat Assessment National Drug Intelligence Center (January 2001) Archived September 24, 2022, at the Wayback Machine
  88. ↑ Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs USA Overview p. 13 United States Department of Justice (May 1991) Archived May 26, 2023, at the Wayback Machine
  89. ↑ Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs USA Overview p. 12 United States Department of Justice (May 1991) Archived May 26, 2023, at the Wayback Machine
  90. ↑ Hubert Hill v. Salvador A. Godinez Justia (February 6, 1997) Archived March 19, 2022, at the Wayback Machine
  91. ↑ Deadly flashback: Spaziano focus of Chicago probe Orlando Sentinel (December 17, 1995) Archived August 30, 2023, at archive.today
  92. ↑ Haynes 2013, p. 138, 141.
  93. 1 2 Outlaws called "criminal" Herald & Review (March 2, 1983) Archived August 31, 2023, at the Wayback Machine
  94. ↑ The motorgangs Aleisha Saba, The Mail (July 12, 2001) Archived July 11, 2021, at the Wayback Machine
  95. ↑ Haynes 2013, p. 141.
  96. 1 2 Operation Double O FBI.gov (September 2, 2011) Archived February 28, 2022, at the Wayback Machine
  97. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 United States of America v. Anthony Volpendesto, Mark Polchan, and Michael Sarno FindLaw (March 24, 2014) Archived September 2, 2023, at the Wayback Machine
  98. 1 2 3 Seven Defendants Indicted in Alleged Racketeering Conspiracy for Roles in Regional Robberies, Berwyn Pipe-Bombing, Illegal Gambling, and Obstruction of Justice Involving Two Suburban Cops FBI.gov (May 28, 2009) Archived January 1, 2017, at the Wayback Machine Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  99. ↑ "FBI, ATF Agents Execute Search Warrant At West Side Club". Nbc5.com. Retrieved 2013-11-12.
  100. ↑ "FBI, ATF raid several locations in bombing investigation". Chicagotribune.com. 2008-07-31. Archived from the original on 2008-10-28. Retrieved 2013-11-12.
  101. ↑ "The Double O Alliance". WLS-TV. August 8, 2008. Archived from the original on December 16, 2013. Retrieved January 29, 2015.
  102. ↑ Mob-connected bag man sentenced to 15 years Ann Pistone and Chuck Goudie, ABC 7 Chicago (August 4, 2011) Archived April 23, 2018, at the Wayback Machine
  103. ↑ No joke: Volpendesto gets 15 years Andy Grimm, Chicago Tribune (August 5, 2011) Archived October 2, 2023, at archive.today
  104. ↑ Reputed mobster Samuel Volpendesto, 87, is sentenced to 35 years for pipe bomb Becky Schlikerman, Chicago Tribune (August 18, 2011) Archived October 2, 2023, at archive.today
  105. ↑ Aging mobster gets 35 years in Berwyn bombing ABC 7 Chicago (August 18, 2011) Archived March 6, 2021, at the Wayback Machine
  106. ↑ Man gets 60-year sentence in Berwyn pipe bombing Rockford Register Star (October 28, 2011) Archived October 2, 2023, at archive.today
  107. ↑ Outlaws biker gets 60 years Chuck Goudie and Barb Markoff, ABC 7 Chicago (October 29, 2011) Archived April 22, 2018, at the Wayback Machine
  108. ↑ Video poker king gets three-plus years in prison Steve Warmbir, Chicago Sun-Times (February 8, 2012) Archived October 28, 2021, at the Wayback Machine
  109. ↑ Chicago's 2 gang stories: The wrong one gets all the outrage John Kass, Chicago Tribune (February 9, 2012) Archived August 18, 2022, at archive.today
  110. ↑ Reputed Cicero mob boss Michael ‘The Large Guy’ Sarno gets 25 years Steve Warmbir, Chicago Sun-Times (February 9, 2012) Archived December 21, 2019, at the Wayback Machine
  111. ↑ Reputed Mobster “The Large Guy” Gets 25 Years NBC Chicago (February 8, 2012) Archived October 2, 2023, at the Wayback Machine
  112. ↑ Reputed Mobster 'The Large Guy' Gets 25 Years CBS News (February 8, 2012) "Archived copy". Archived from the original on October 2, 2023. Retrieved October 2, 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  113. ↑ Death Forgives Mobster Samuel Volpendesto's Restitution Debt John Floyd, johntfloyd.com (June 25, 2014) Archived July 30, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
  114. ↑ "Federal Inmate Locator". Federal Bureau of Prisons. Retrieved October 2, 2023. BoP Register Number 04880-424
  115. ↑ United States of America v. Ralph Hubert Barger Justia (October 5, 1990) Archived July 6, 2022, at the Wayback Machine
  116. ↑ "The Initiation". The FBI Files. Season 5. Episode 10. June 17, 2003. Discovery Channel.
  117. ↑ Mistaken Identity Mark Gribben, malefactorsregister.com Archived November 17, 2015, at the Wayback Machine
  118. 1 2 Caine 2012, p. 62-63.
  119. ↑ Motorcycle gang war has police on edge Mark Kiesling, The Times of Northwest Indiana (October 14, 1994) Archived November 1, 2022, at archive.today
  120. ↑ Biker war erupts in Illinois Jerry Thomas, Chicago Tribune (November 20, 1994) Archived November 1, 2022, at archive.today
  121. ↑ Caine 2012, p. 63.
  122. ↑ Former leader of Outlaws Motorcycle Club pleads guilty to racketeering conspiracy Fox 6 Milwaukee (October 6, 2018) Archived October 12, 2022, at the Wayback Machine
  123. ↑ Indiana Drug Threat Assessment National Drug Intelligence Center (April 2001) Archived April 2, 2023, at the Wayback Machine
  124. ↑ "Last of Outlaws motorcycle gang surrenders during manhunt". Indianapolis Star. Gannett. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 13 July 2012.
  125. ↑ "42 Outlaws members arrested in Indiana raids". Indianapolis Star. Gannett. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 13 July 2012.
  126. ↑ Walter Roberts (December 19, 2012). Biker Gangs. RW Press. ISBN 9781909284067.
  127. 1 2 Langton 2010, p. 42.
  128. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Tristate biker violence Hayes Johnson, The Cincinnati Enquirer (January 29, 1989) "Archived copy". Archived from the original on August 28, 2023. Retrieved August 28, 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  129. ↑ Thousands of Outlaws attend Dayton funeral for notorious former international leader Holly Shively, Dayton Daily News (March 16, 2019) Archived October 29, 2022, at the Wayback Machine
  130. 1 2 1986 Report of the Organized Crime Consulting Committee National Criminal Justice Reference Service p.5 (1986) Archived June 30, 2022, at the Wayback Machine
  131. 1 2 3 Slain Outlaw gang member buried The Cincinnati Enquirer (January 28, 1989) Archived August 28, 2023, at the Wayback Machine
  132. 1 2 Small in number, large in scope Hayes Johnson, The Cincinnati Enquirer (January 29, 1989) Archived August 28, 2023, at the Wayback Machine
  133. 1 2 3 Bikers' clash not isolated event Hayes Johnson, The Cincinnati Enquirer (January 27, 1989) Archived August 28, 2023, at the Wayback Machine
  134. ↑ Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs USA Overview United States Department of Justice p. 18 (May 1991) Archived May 26, 2023, at the Wayback Machine
  135. ↑ Clubs Hayes Johnson, The Cincinnati Enquirer (January 27, 1989) Archived August 28, 2023, at the Wayback Machine
  136. 1 2 Shoot The Cincinnati Enquirer (January 22, 1989) Archived August 28, 2023, at the Wayback Machine
  137. ↑ Police do not know what caused tavern shootout United Press International (January 22, 1989) Archived August 28, 2023, at archive.today
  138. ↑ North Carolina Drug Threat Assessment National Drug Intelligence Center (April 2003) Archived March 11, 2023, at the Wayback Machine
  139. ↑ Justice Denied Kurt Chandler, Milwaukee Magazine (January 31, 2008) Archived November 7, 2022, at archive.today
  140. ↑ You Gotta Be Dirty: The Outlaws Motorcycle Club In & Around Wisconsin Michael Grogan, Google Books (August 30, 2016) Grogan, Michael (30 August 2016). You Gotta be Dirty: The Outlaws Motorcycle Club in & Around Wisconsin. Badger Wordsmith. ISBN 9780692774366. Archived from the original on October 6, 2022. Retrieved August 29, 2023.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  141. ↑ Motorcycle gangs La Crosse Tribune (September 12, 2010) Archived August 31, 2023, at archive.today
  142. ↑ Wisconsin Drug Threat Assessment National Drug Intelligence Center (May 2001) Archived October 6, 2022, at the Wayback Machine
  143. 1 2 The Death of Roger Lyons and a Futile Attempt for Justice abatewis.org Archived October 9, 2022, at the Wayback Machine
  144. 1 2 Slain biker's mourners won't let police off hook Rogers Worthington, Chicago Tribune (September 30, 1996) Archived October 9, 2022, at the Wayback Machine

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