PC Pak Search Sudhan Operation
Part of the Kashmir conflict and 1955 Poonch uprising
Date5 June 1950 (1950-06-05) – 1955
Location
Azad Kashmir
Belligerents
Commanders and leaders
 Sardar Muhammad Ibrahim Khan[2]
Casualties and losses
Several arrested
Several homes burned down
  • 458 killed[3][4]
  • 1,204 injured
  • 500 captured[5]

PC Pak Search Sudhan Operation was a Pakistani military operation of the 1955 Poonch uprising. The first major operation of the Pakistan Army inside Pakistan, it was conducted against Sudhan tribal insurgents in the Sudhan-majority Sudhanoti, Poonch, Bagh, and Kotli Districts of Azad Kashmir.[6]

Background

The basis of operation like PC was the basic reasons like distrust between the President of Azad Kashmir Sardar Ibrahim Khan and the Government of Pakistan because after the ceasefire agreement of 1 January 1949 differences started to arise between the Government of Pakistan and the President of Azad Kashmir Sardar Ibrahim Khan. Ibrahim Khan had refused to sign a ceasefire agreement with the government of Pakistan. After that, due to the 1949 Karachi Agreement, further differences began to emerge between Sardar Ibrahim and the government of Pakistan, due to which the government of Pakistan suspended Sardar Ibrahim from the presidency of Azad Kashmir on 21 May 1950.[7]

Ibrahim Khan's response

Sardar Ibrahim Khan started the democracy movement in Azad Kashmir on this undemocratic move of the Pakistan government, which eventually turned into an armed rebellion, after which the Azad Kashmir government was paralyzed. After eliminating all police posts from Azad Kashmir and occupying 80% of the territory of Azad Kashmir, Sardar Ibrahim Khan declared his rebel government at the location of Poonch District Rawalkot Azad Kashmir. [8]

The Operation

The government of Pakistan had to conduct a military operation on this rebellion of the Sudhan in Azad Kashmir, which was the first domestic operation in the history of the Pakistan Army. Which federal government started Pak search operation under the leadership of Brigadier Raza Khan. The main objective of this operation was to suppress violence, terrorism and insurgency and establish law and order as the Sudhan tribes of Ibrahim Khan, the founder of the armed rebellion in Azad Kashmir, occupied 80% of Azad Kashmir and were continuing to advance on other areas of Azad Kashmir, so the government of Pakistan launched the PC Pak Sudhan operation of the Pakistan Army under the leadership of Brigadier Raza Khan.[9]

Negotiations

Negotiations were held between Sardar Ibrahim and the Government of Pakistan on 4 April 1952, after which ten Saduzai groups under the command of Sardar Ibrahim Khan surrendered to the Government of Pakistan at the location of Poonch Rawalkot district, after which District Bagh and District Sidhnuti Saduzai Sardars refused Sardar Ibrahim Khan's decision to negotiate, after which the Sardars of Sidhnuti and Bagh were engaged in anti-Pakistani operations in Bagh, Sidhnuti, and Kotli districts, but when the Pakistani forces occupied all the plains of Bagh and Sidhnuti districts. After occupying the areas, Sardar Abdul Aziz Khan, who had established his rebel government in Bagh district, negotiated with the government of Pakistan on January 2, 1955, and surrendered after negotiations with the Pakistan government. The Sadhuzai chieftains of the hilly areas of its Sidhnuti district neither surrendered nor agreed to any negotiations until the Baral Treaty of 1956.[10]

Baral Agreement

The last rebel leader of the 1950s, Ghazi Sher Dil Khan, along with 2,000 Saduzai rebels, between the government of Pakistan and the independent government of the state of Jammu and Kashmir, the then president of Azad Kashmir, Sardar Muhammad Abdul Qayyum Khan, and the minister of Kashmir affairs, Mushtaq Ahmad Gormani, and other government officials. On 20 September 1956, in the Baral valley, after which the rebels of Sadhnuti surrendered, this agreement was made possible by the personal efforts of the President of Azad Kashmir, Sardar Muhammad Abdul Qayyum Khan. And the friendly relations were from the time of Jihad-Kashmir in 1947, which he has also mentioned in his book Sue Kashmir, although the government of Pakistan and Azad Kashmir government did not write any book on the PC-Pak Search Sadhana operation or any article in any newspapers or There is a strict ban on programming with absolute titles in any TV channel program [11][12] [13][14]

References

  1. ↑ https://frontline.thehindu.com/books/land-beyond-the-line/article37249858.ece/amp/ Book Review: Dinkar P. Srivastava's "Forgotten Kashmir: The Other Side of the Line of Control" sheds light on PoK Sudhan revolt. The fourth chapter is on the Sudhan Revolt, once again a little-known page of history. Pakistan dismissed Sardar Ibrahim Khan as president of PoK in May 1950 and his tribe, the Sudhan, took to arms. The Pakistani military put down the rebellion.
  2. ↑ Mahmud, Ershad. “Status of AJK in Political Milieu.” Policy Perspectives, vol. 3, Sudhan Rebellion In Azad Kashmir http://www.jstor.org/stable/42922642. Accessed 8 Dec. 2023.
  3. ↑ Snedden, Christopher (December 2013). Kashmir - The Untold Story. HarperCollins India. pp. 120, 121, 122. ISBN 9789350298985.
  4. ↑ Khan Yousafzai, Usman (18 March 2021). "The forgotten Poonch revolt: A stain on our history". tribune.com.pk. The Express Tribune. Retrieved 20 June 2021.
  5. ↑ {{Cite https://books.google.com.sa/books?id=UUrCEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA52&dq=Sudhans Sudhans' uprising also was embarrassing. Rebels captured some 500 Pakistani soldiers and spoilt pretensions that Azad Kashmir was a stable, unified region The Palgrave Handbook of New Directions in Kashmir Studies Haley Duschinski, Mona Bhan, Cabeiri deBergh Robinson}}
  6. ↑ Marxism, In Defence of. "Kashmir's Ordeal - Chapter Six". Retrieved 25 September 2016.
  7. ↑ Zubair, Zeba (2020), From Mutiny to Mountbatten, Routledge, p. xliv, ISBN 9781317847991
  8. ↑ Snedden, Christopher (December 2013). Kashmir - The Untold Story. HarperCollins India. pp. 120, 121, 122. ISBN 9789350298985.
  9. ↑ Khan Yousafzai, Usman (18 March 2021). "The forgotten Poonch revolt: A stain on our history". tribune.com.pk. The Express Tribune. Retrieved 20 June 2021.
  10. ↑ Kapur, Manohar Lal; Kapur (1980). History of Jammu and Kashmir State: The making of the State. India: Kashmir History Publications. p. 52.
  11. ↑ Hussain, Ausaf (26 October 2012). "Renaming Frontier Force Regiment". Pakistan Today.
  12. ↑ "Furqan Force". Persecution.org. Archived from the original on 2 June 2012. Retrieved 14 March 2012.
  13. ↑ https://www.academia.edu/39233008/An_Analysis_of_Sudhanoti_Revolt_1951-53_by_S.A.Khan An Analysis of Sudhanoti Revolt 1951-53 by S.A.Khan Sardar Aftab Khan
  14. ↑ https://www.academia.edu/43026090/Poonch_Rebellion_ paper cover thumbnail Poonch Rebellion against Pakistan, some facts Second attack of Pakistan on Jammu and Kashmir and its people explained Dr Shabir Choudhry 2018,
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