Palaeomerycidae
Temporal range:
Palaeomeryx, Tianjin Natural History Museum
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Artiodactyla
Infraorder: Pecora
Clade: Giraffomorpha
Superfamily: †Palaeomerycoidea
Ríos, Sánchez & Morales, 2017
Family: †Palaeomerycidae
Lydekker, 1883
Type genus
Palaeomeryx
von Meyer, 1834
Genera

See text

The Palaeomerycidae is an extinct family of Neogene ruminants belonging to the infraorder Pecora. Palaeomerycids lived in Europe and Asia exclusively during the Miocene, coevolving with cervids, bovids, moschids, and tragulids there as part of a dramatic radiation of ruminants by the early Miocene.

Dromomerycids are sometimes considered to be subfamilies of the Palaeomerycidae, but recent research brought doubt to this, arguing that the dromomerycids lack the sutures on the skull roof that giraffomorphs (Giraffidae, Palaeomerycidae, Climacoceratidae) have for ossicone features. The similar resemblances of the two families could be the result of parallel evolution.[1][2]

Description

Reconstruction of Ampelomeryx ginsburgi

Palaeomerycids were a group of horned, long-legged and massive ruminants that could attain a weight of 350 to 500 kg (770 to 1,100 lb).

One of the first known members of this group, Palaeomeryx, was thought to be a hornless form distantly related to the Giraffidae before paleontologist Miguel Crusafont found remains of Triceromeryx in middle Miocene Spain. This Palaeomeryx-like form carried two ossicones over its orbits that were straight and short, similar to those of true giraffids. However, the most striking feature of Triceromeryx was the third, Y-shaped appendage that prolonged the occipital bone at the back of the skull. Discoveries during the 1980s and 1990s showed a surprising variety in these occipital appendages.

Ampelomeryx, a genus of palaeomerycids found at the early Miocene site of Els Casots, Valles-Penedes Basin, Spain, had a three-horned system of appendages similar to those of Triceromeryx. These appendages were, however, quite different, with the paired appendages extending laterally over the orbits, flat and wide, forming an eye-shade, while the third spectacular posterior appendage was about 20 cm (7.9 in) long.

Another species of Triceromeryx, T. conquensis found in La Retama in Spain, showed an even more spectacular appendage — instead of a Y-shaped structure, its posterior appendage was T-shaped with the lateral branches expanding toward the front.

In primitive members of the group (e.g. Ampelomeryx), this appendage was a posterior expansion of the occipital bone lying close to the powerful muscles supporting the skull in a normal position, thus suggesting that this appendage was actually used for fighting between males during the breeding season. The reduced shapes of the flat and laterally oriented appendages of later species suggests that these were not used in active fighting, instead forming a function of passive display.

As a group, the palaeomerycids appear to have formed a successful part of an independent radiation of horned ruminants that diversified into a variety of forms during the early to middle Miocene, with a geographic range reaching from Spain to China.[3]

Taxonomy

Xenokeryx restoration

The Palaeomerycidae were named by Lydekker (1883). The type genus is Palaeomeryx. The family was assigned to the Artiodactyla by Hulbert and Whitmore (2006), and to Cervoidea by Carroll (1988), Sach and Heizmann (2001) and Prothero and Liter (2007).[4][5]

Classification

References

  1. ↑ Sánchez, Israel M.; Cantalapiedra, Juan L.; Ríos, María; Quiralte, Victoria (2015). "Systematics and Evolution of the Miocene Three-Horned Palaeomerycid Ruminants (Mammalia, Cetartiodactyla)". PLoS One. 10 (12): 10.1371/journal.pone.0143034.
  2. ↑ Mennecart, Bastien; Dziomber, Laura; Aiglstorfer, Manuela; Bibi, Faysal; DeMiguel, Daniel; Fujita, Masaki; Kubo, Mugino O.; Laurens, Flavie; Meng, Jin; Métais, Grégoire; Müller, Bert; Rios, Maria; Rössner, Gertrud E.; Sánchez, Israel M.; Schulz, Georg; Wang, Shiqi; Costeur, Loïc (2022). "Ruminant inner ear shape records 35 million years of neutral evolution". Nature Communications. 13. doi:10.1038/s41467-022-34656-0. hdl:10362/151348.
  3. ↑ Jordi Agustí (2005). Mammoths, sabertooths, and hominids: 65 million years of mammalian evolution in Europe. Columbia University Press. pp. 116–8. ISBN 0-231-11641-1.
  4. ↑ R. C. Hulbert and F. C. Whitmore. 2006. Late Miocene mammals from the Mauvilla Local Fauna, Alabama. Bulletin of the Florida Museum of Natural History 46(1):1-28
  5. ↑ V. J. Sach and E. P. J. Heizmann. 2001. Stratigraphy and mammal faunas of the Brackwassermolasse in the surroundings of Ulm (Southwest Germany). Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde, Serie B (Geologie und Paläontologie) 310:1-95
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