The paleofauna of the Eocene Okanagan Highlands consists of Early Eocene arthropods, vertebrates, plus rare nematodes and molluscs found in geological formations of the northwestern North American Eocene Okanagan Highlands. The highlands lake bed series' as a whole are considered one of the great Canadian Lagerstätten. The paleofauna represents that of a late Ypresian upland temperate ecosystem immediately after the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum, and before the increased cooling of the middle and late Eocene to Oligocene. The fossiliferous deposits of the region were noted as early as 1873, with small amounts of systematic work happening in the 1880-90s on British Columbian sites, and 1920-30s for Washington sites. Focus and more detailed descriptive work on the Okanagan Highlands site started in the last 1970's. Most of the highlands sites are preserved as compression-impression fossils in "shales", but also includes a rare permineralized biota and an amber biota.

Paleofauna of the Eocene Okanagan Highlands is located in British Columbia
Driftwood
Driftwood
Horsefly
Horsefly
McAbee
McAbee
Hat Creek
Hat Creek
Falkland
Falkland
Quilchena
Quilchena
Princeton
Princeton
Republic
Republic
Major Eocene Okanagan Highlands sites

Extent

The 1,000 km (620 mi) series of lacustrine deposits are located across the Central British Columbia, Canada southeast to northern central Washington state, United States. grouped informally into "Northern", "Central", and "Southern" sites.[1] The Northern sites consist of unnamed Ootsa Group formations which outcrop as the "Driftwood shales" near Smithers, British Columbia, the "Horsefly shales", of an unnamed formation and unnamed group which outcrop around Horsefly, British Columbia,[1] and possibly sites now considered lost in the Quesnel, British Columbia area,[2] The Central sites represent Kamloops Group formations with the McAbee Fossil Beds, Tranquille River site and Falkland site, all in the Tranquille Formation, the Quichena site and Stump Lake site in the Coldwater Beds and outcrops of the Chu Chua Formation near Barriere, British Columbia. The Southern sites include the Princeton Group Allenby Formation sites surrounding Princeton, British Columbia, such as "Nine Mile Creek", "One Mile Creek", "Pleasant Valley", "Thomas Ranch", "Vermilian Bluffs", and "Whipsaw Creek". The Penticton Groups Kettle River, Marama and Marron Formations in the Boundary District along the Canada-United States border are closely correlated with the Klondike Mountain Formation across the border.[3] The most southerly of the Okanagan Highlands lakes, the Klondike Mountain Formation in Northern Ferry County, Washington include the "Boot Hill site", "Corner Lot site", "Gold Mountain site", "Knob Hill site", and "Mount Elizabeth site".[1]

There is debate as to the affiliation of the, potentially lost, Quesnel sites with the Greater Okanagan Highlands. Archibald et al. (2018) in a monograph of the Highlands Hymenoptera families included them as part of the series.[4] However the certainty for the placement was questioned earlier by Eberle et al. (2017)[5] and Archibald and Cannings (2022) who opted to tentatively exclude Quesnel from the highlands while discussing the history of field colleting in the region.[2]

Paleofauna

C. bittaciformis
C. brooksi
Cimbrophlebia species
Fur Formation (left), Okanagan Highlands (right)

The Okanagan highlands represent a snapshot of lake, wetlands, and montane forest animal life which existed approximately 15 million years ago after the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event. The temperate upland lakes hosted insects, fish, birds, and mammals with the notably well preserved megafossils often retaining insect colour patterns, gnat wing membrane hairs, and whole bird feathers.[6] In some cases the fine detail preservation of soft parts allows for the preservation of internal anatomy.[7]

Archibald and Makarkin (2006) suggested the disjunct distribution of genera between the Danish western Limfjord coasts Fur Formation and the Okanagan highlands may have been enabled by rising crust elevations in the northern Atlantic region and subsequent increase in landmass during the Late Paleocene which linked Northern Europe with Greenland until at least the Early Eocene.[8] Several land bridge routes may have acted as migration corridors for biotic interchange, the northern De Geer land bridge from Fennoscandia to North America via northern Greenland, and the southern Thulean land bridge from northern Britain though the Faroe Islands and then Greenland and North America. Several insect genera share disjunct distributions between the highlands and Limfjord including the mecopteran Cimbrophlebia, the giant lacewing Palaeopsychops, the green lacewing Protochrysa, the bull dog ant Ypresiomyrma.[8]

The Hat Creek Amber deposits in the central region provide evidence for small and microbiotic elements of the Okanagan Highlands forests though entombed organisms such at terrestrial nematodes and microwasps that otherwise would likely not be preserved in the lake environments.[9] The highlands as a whole have been described as one of the "Great Canadian Lagerstätten"[6] based on the diversity, quality and unique nature of the biotas that are preserved. The highlands temperate biome, preserved across a large transect of lakes, recorded many of the earliest appearances of modern genera, while also documenting the last stands of ancient lines.[6] David Grimaldi et al. (2018) during discussion of inclusions in Alaskan Chickaloon amber, noted the Okanagan Highlands record of latitudinal extinctions, specifically the modern southern hemisphere endemic groups Eomeropidae mecopterans and Myrmeciinae bulldog ants.[10]

Lithology

The majority of the lake deposits are compression fossils in lake bed sediments noted for both the paleofauna and paleofloras, with an additional pair of important non-compression biotas. A permineralized chert flora, the Princeton Chert is found along the Similkameen River interbedded with coal deposits of the Ashnola shale unit, Allenby Formation known for anatomically preserved plants.[11] In the Central sites, subbituminous coal of the Hat Creek Coalfield around Hat Creek hosts an entombment biota, the Hat Creek amber, which preserves highlands faunal elements that are not found in the compression biotas.[9][4] Initial discussion of the amber presented by George Poinar, Jr. et al. (1999) suggested the Hat Creek amber producing tree was likely to be an araucarian tree in the genus Agathis, based on unreported magnetic resonance spectroscopic analysis and earlier reports of the genus in Mesozoic Canada.[12] A purported occurrence of Araucaria at the McAbee site was used as additional support for the ambers origin.[13] The Agathis origin for Canadian Mesozoic amber was later called into question by Ryan McKellar and Alexander Wolfe (2010) based on a lack of any araucarian macrofossil history in the northern hemisphere[12] the McAbee fossils having been already reidentifed as from the cupressaceous Cunninghamia.[13] Based on Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopic analysis and associated amber inclusion fossils, they suggested the Mesozoic ambers of Canada to be from the extinct cupressaceous genus Parataxodium.[12] The origin of the Hat Creek ambers was further noted as likely from a cupressaceous source by Grimaldi et al. (2018) who call out a primary floral component of the host coal being Metasequoia and that the coeval Puget Group Tiger Mountain amber of Washington state is also of Metasequoia origins. They hypothesize that the major amber producing plant of the Paleocene Pacific Northwest forests as Metasequoia, but note that further investigation of Chickaloon, Hat Creek, Coalmont, and Tiger Mountain ambers would be needed.[10]

Mollusks

Mollusks are a rare component of the highlands, usually being mentioned only in passing, such as by Mark Wilson (1977, 1978),[14][15] and with fossils being reported from three sites only. A series of species were described from several Allenby Formation sites around Princeton by Russell (1957), who documented 4 gastropod species, and tentatively identified to genus another gastropod and a bivalve.[16] Additional unidentified small bivalve fossils were mentioned from the Pleasant Valley site by Wilson (1977) and the Quilchena site by Wilson (1987),[17] while unidentified gastropods were briefly mentioned by Kathleen Pigg et al. (2018).[18]

Family Genus species Sites Notes Images

Hydrobiidae

Micropyrgus

Micropyrgus camselli[16]

  • Princeton

A hydrobiid mud snail

Lymnaeidae

Stagnicola

Stagnicola tulameenensis[16]

  • Princeton

A lymnaeine pond snail

Physidae

Aplexa

Aplexa ricei[16]

  • Princeton

An aplexine bladder snail

Physa

Physa saxarubrensis[16]

  • Princeton

A physine bladder snail

Planorbidae

Ferrissia

Ferrissia arionoides[16]

  • Princeton

An ancylinine ramshorn snail

Gyraulus?

Indeterminate[16]

  • Princeton

A possible planorbinine ramshorn snail
Not described to species

Sphaeriidae

Sphaerium?

Indeterminate[16]

  • Princeton

A possible sphaeriine fingernail clam
Not described to species

Unidentified

Unidentified

Unidentified[14][17]

  • Quilchena
  • Princeton

Unidentified freshwater bivalves.

Unidentified

Unidentified

Unidentified[18]

  • Republic

Unidentified freshwater gastropods.

Undescribed gastropod

Nematodes

In the initial description of Hat Creek Amber, Poinar et al. make note of nematode specimens found in the deposit, with a brief commentary regarding them as the oldest terrestrial free-living nematode fossils to have been found up to that point, but did not give any specific taxonomic identification beyond that.[9]

Family Genus species Sites Notes Images

Unidentified

Unidentified

Unidentified[9]

  • Hat Creek

Unidentified terrestrial specimens in amber

Arachnids

A single arachnid has been described fully from the Okanagan highlands, the Nursery web spider Palaeoperenethis thaleri, known from an adult male. This spider was likely aquatic as are the other members of the family, and based on morphological similarities, it was possibly closer in relation to African and Asian species in the Perenethis genus group then to the only modern genus in British Columbia Dolomedes.[19] Another spider specimen, University of Alberta 5007 was noted by Wilson (1977) from the Kamloops area, while various spiders have been attributed to the McAbee fossil beds.[20] Undescribed male and female orb-web spiders were figured by Wehr (1998) from the Princeton area.[21] Unspecified spider compression fossils were mentioned as occurring in passing by David Greenwood et al. (2005) while discussing the increasing taxonomic richness of the highlands, but without specific site information.[22] Additionally, undiscussed amber fossils were mentioned by Poinar et al. (1999) in their initial report of Hat Creek amber inclusions.[9] Other arachnid evidence has been recovered in the form of fossil hymenopterans placed in families known predate or parasitize spiders. A diverse undescribed fauna of the "parasitoid" wasp family Ichneumonidae is known, some species of which are known to parasitize eggs or adult spiders. Another family, Sphecidae, which is a documented opportunistic predator of spiders and certain insets is known from a few isolated fossils at McAbee and Republic. Lastly the vespoid family Pompilidae has been found at both McAbee and Republic. This family, known as spider wasps, are behaviorally specialized as predators of spiders and a few other arachnids, provisioning newly laid eggs with a single spider as a larder to feed on while developing.[4] Galling preserved on Acer species leaf fossils has been attributed to mites in the family Eriophyidae.[23]

Family Genus species Sites Notes Images

Araneidae

Unidentified

Unidentified[21]

  • Princeton

An orb-weaver spider
Not described to genus/species

Pisauridae

Palaeoperenethis

Palaeoperenethis thaleri[19]

  • Horsefly

A Nursery web spider

Eriophyidae

Unidentified

Unidentified[23]

  • Republic

Trace fossils
Eriophyid gall mite galling on Acer leaves
Not described to genus/species

Unidentified Unidentified

Unidentified[24][20]

  • "Kamloops sites"
    Tranquille or Falkland
  • McAbee

Spider Compression fossils from Kamloops area locations
Not described to family/genus/species

Unidentified[24]

  • McAbee

Possible Araneidae? or Tetragnathidae? fossils
Not described to family/genus/species

Unidentified[22]

  • Unspecified

Spider compression fossils from unspecified highlands locations
Not described to family/genus/species

Unidentified[9]

  • Hat Creek

Spider specimens in amber
Not described to family/genus/species

Crustaceans

The earliest report of Crayfish from the highlands was by Wesley Wehr and Lisa Barksdale (1995). In a short Washington Geology article they reported the first identified occurrence of feathers from the Klondike Mountain Formation and crayfish from both there and the McAbee site. At that time, the moulted carapace section from Republic was not identified further than as a freshwater crayfish. The McAbee specimen was tentatively identified, from photograph, as being a possible Procambarus species fossil by malacologist Rodney M. Feldmann.[25] Subsequently an additional series of over ten fossils were recovered from McAbee and described in 2011 as Aenigmastacus crandalli by Feldmann, Carrie Schweitzer, and John Leahy. A. crandalli was placed in the southern hemisphere superfamily Parastacoidea based on several morphological characters, and they noted this species to be the only northern hemisphere member of the superfamily.[26]

At the Quilchena site, brief mention was reported in 2016 of ostracod fossils, though no further discussion or description has happened.[27]

Family Genus species Sites Notes Images

Parastacidae

Aenigmastacus

Aenigmastacus crandalli[26]

  • McAbee

A parastacid crayfish.
first illustrated as Procambarus sp. (1995)[25][26]

unidentified

Unidentified

unidentified[25]

  • Republic

An unidentified crayfish

Crayfish moult
undescribed

unidentified

Unidentified

unidentified[28][27]

  • Quilchena

Unidentified ostracod shells

Insects

Blattodea

In the initial description of Hat Creek Amber, Poinar et al. make note of a single adult Corydiinae cockroach specimen found in the amber, with a brief commentary on the modern tropical-subtropical distribution of that subfamily and a lack of any native cockroach species in western Canada, but did not give any specific taxonomic identification for the specimen beyond that.[9]

Family Genus species Sites Notes Images

Blaberidae

Undescribed

Undescribed[27][22]

  • Driftwood
  • McAbee
  • Quilchena
  • Republic

Undescribed Diplopterine cockroaches.

Blattoidae

Undescribed

Undescribed[29]

  • Republic

A blattoidean cockroach
Not described to genus/species

Undescribed Blattoidea

Corydiidae

Unidentified

Unidentified[9]

  • Hat Creek

An undescribed corydiine cockroach

Hodotermitidae

Unidentified

Unidentified[20]

  • McAbee

Harvester termites
Not described to genus/species

Mastotermitidae

Undescribed

Undescribed[24][14][22][20]

  • Driftwood
  • Falkland
  • McAbee
  • Horsefly
  • Princeton

Darwin termites
Not described to genus/species

undescribed

Undescribed

Undescribed[29]

  • Republic

Undescribed termites of uncertain affiliation

undescribed isopteran

Coleopterans

The order Coleoptera is divided into four major lineages, Adephaga, Archostemata, Myxophaga, and Polyphaga, with the last group being the most species diverse of the four. Hat Creek amber has provided one fully described beetle species Prionocerites tattriei,[30] which is known from a larval stage specimen first reported by Poinar et al. (1999).[9] The species and genus were the first North American taxon from the family to be described.[30]

Adephaga

Family Genus species Sites Notes Images
Carabidae

Amara

Amara paleomelas[31]

  • Quilchena

A sun beetle
First described as Nebria paleomelas[32]

Amara paleomelas
(1890 illustration)

Cf. Amara

Undescribed[27]

  • Quilchena

A sun beetle relative

Undescribed

Undescribed[29][33][27][20]

  • McAbee
  • Quilchena
  • Republic

Undescribed ground beetles.

Unidentified Carabidae

Dytiscidae

Undescribed

Undescribed[29]

  • Republic

A diving beetle

Undescribed

Undescribed

Undescribed[33]

  • Princeton

A caraboid superfamily beetle
Displays traits similar to both tiger beetles and scarabs
not identified to genus or species

Archostemata

Family Genus species Sites Notes Images

Cupedidae

Undescribed

Undescribed[20]

  • McAbee

Reticulated beetles
Not described to genus/species

Polyphaga

Cucujiformia
Family Genus species Sites Notes Images
Brentidae

Eoceneithycerus

Eoceneithycerus carpenteri[34]

  • Republic

An Ithycerinae weevil

Eoceneithycerus carpenteri

Ithyceroides

Ithyceroides klondikensis[35]

  • Republic

An Ithycerinae weevil

Cerambycidae

Undescribed

Undescribed[29][33][20]

  • McAbee
  • Quilchena?
  • Republic

long-horn beetles
Not described to genus/species

Chrysomelidae

Cryptocephalites

Cryptocephalites punctatus[36]

  • Princeton

A leaf beetle

Cryptocephalites punctatus
(1895 illustration)

Galerucella

Galerucella picea[32]

  • Princeton

A leaf beetle

Galerucella picea
(1890 illustration)

CaryobruchusSpeciomerus genus group

Undescribed[37]

  • Driftwood?
  • McAbee
  • Quilchena
  • Republic

palm beetles, originally identified as cf. tribe Caryopemina.[27]

Undescribed

Undescribed[29][20]

  • McAbee
  • Republic

leaf beetles
Not described to genus/species

Curculionidae

Undescribed

Undescribed[29][33][27][20]

  • Horsefly
  • McAbee
  • Quilchena
  • Republic

Undescribed weevils

Mordellidae

Undescribed

Undescribed[20]

  • McAbee

Pintail beetles
Not described to genus/species

Prionoceridae

Prionocerites

Prionocerites tattriei[30]

  • Hat Creek

A Prionocerid beetle
Desccribed from a larval specimen
First reported by Poinar et al. (1999 Fig.7) as "A beetle larva"

Tenebrionidae

Tenebrio

Tenebrio primigenius[32]

  • Princeton

A darkling beetle

Tenebrio primigenius
(1890 illustration)

Cf. Cleridae

Undescribed

Undescribed[20]

  • McAbee

Undescribed checkered beetle relatives

Cf. Erotylidae

Undescribed

Undescribed[27]

  • Quilchena

Undescribed pleasing fungus beetle relatives.

Unidentified

Undescribed

Undescribed[33]

  • Republic

A cucujiform beetle
not identified to family

Elateriformia
Family Genus species Sites Notes Images
Buprestidae Buprestis

Buprestis saxigena[32][36]

  • Quilchena

A jewel beetle

Buprestis saxigena
(1890 illustration)

Buprestis sepulta[32]

  • Quilchena

A jewel beetle

Buprestis sepulta
(1890 illustration)

Buprestis tertiaria[32]

  • Quilchena

A jewel beetle

Buprestis tertiaria
(1890 illustration)

Cantharidae

Undescribed

Undescribed[33]

  • McAbee(?)
  • Princeton

A soldier beetle
not identified to genus or species

Elateridae

Ligmargus

Ligmargus terrestris[38]

  • Quilchena

A click beetle
First described as Cryptohypnus? terrestris[32]

Ligmargus terrestris
(1890 illustration)

Limonius

Limonius impunctus[36][38]

  • Princeton

a click beetle

Limonius impunctus
(1895 illustration)

Elaterites

undescribed[36]

  • Quilchena

A click beetle.

Elateridae sp. indet
(1890 illustration)

Undescribed

Undescribed[29][33][20]

  • McAbee
  • Princeton
  • Republic

undescribed click beetles

Scarabaeiformia
Family Genus species Sites Notes Images

Lucanidae

Undescribed

Undescribed[29][33]

  • Republic

A stag beetle

Passalidae

Undescribed

Undescribed[20]

  • McAbee

Bess beetles
Not described to genus/species

Trogidae

Trox

Trox oustaleti[32]

  • Princeton

A hide beetle

Trox oustaleti
(1890 illustration)

Undescribed

Undescribed

Undescribed[33][27]

  • Quilchena

Undescribed scarab superfamily beetles.

Staphyliniformia
Family Genus species Sites Notes Images

Hydrophilidae

Cercyon?

Cercyon? terrigena[32]

  • Quilchena

A water scavenger beetle

Cercyon? terrigena
(1890 illustration)

Staphylinidae

Undescribed

Undescribed[27]

  • Quilchena

Undescribed Omaliinae rove beetles.

Unidentified

Undescribed

Undescribed[33]

  • Republic

A possible staphylinoid beetle
not described

Dermapterans

Earwig fossils were first noted from republic by paleoentomologist Standley Lewis (1992) in his initial report of the insect diversity at Republic. He noted the fossils to be some of the oldest Eocene demapterans in North America at that time and figured one undescribed specimen consisting of a females abdomen section and cerci.[29] Lewis (1994) tentatively identified the earwigs as members of family Forficulidae based on the shape of the cerci, and illustrated four female fossils, identified as such from the simple straight nature of the cercus. Lewis also suggested two different species were present, based on the differing lengths of the female cerci.[39]

Family Genus species Sites Notes Images
 ?Forficulidae Undescribed

"Forficulid species 1"[39]

  • Republic

A forficulid? earwig species with long cerci

"Forficulid species 1"
undescribed

"Forficulid species 2"[39]

  • Republic

A forficulid? earwig species with short cerci

"Forficulidae species 2"
undescribed

Unidentified[20]

  • McAbee

A possible forficulid earwig
Not described to genus/species

Forficulidae

Undescribed

Undescribed[27]

  • Quilchena

A forficuline earwig of undetermined placement

Dipterans

The most common animal fossils at many of the highlands sites are bibionid march flies,[22] with over twenty species from the genera Penthetria and Plecia described.[40] The modern diversity of the family is greatest in lower latitudes, and Plecia only reaches northward to the warm temperate areas of southeastern North America.[22] In the initial description of Hat Creek Amber, Poinar et al. make note of dipteran inclusions found in the deposit but did not give any specific taxonomic identification of taxa or illustrate any specimen.[9]

Brachycera

Family Genus species Sites Notes Images

Agromyzidae

Undescribed

Undescribed[41]

  • Princeton

Trace fossils
Agromyzid leaf mining
Not described to genus/species

Dolichopodidae

Microphor

Microphor defunctus[42]

  • Princeton

A long-legged fly
First described as Microphorus defunctus (1910),[43]
Moved to Microphor defunctus (1994)[42]

Microphor defunctus
(1910 illustration)

Empididae

Undescribed

Undescribed[24][33]

  • Driftwood
  • Horsefly
  • Republic

dagger flies
Not described to genus/species

Pipunculidae

Metanephrocerus

Metanephrocerus belgardeae[44]

  • Republic

A big headed fly

Indeterminate

indeterminate[27][44]

  • Quilchena

Big headed flies,
too incomplete to describe to genus

Rhagionidae

Undescribed

Undescribed[33]

  • Quilchena

snipe flies
Not described to genus/species

Syrphidae

Unidentified

Unidentified[24][27][20][45]

  • Driftwood
  • Horsefly
  • McAbee
  • Quilchena
  • Republic

hover flies or, less likely, thick headed flies
Not described to genus/species

Nematocera

The highlands have been noted for the number of Bibionid taxa named in the early work on British Columbian sites. Over 25 unique species have been ascribed to the fossils, with the current count sitting at 22, but doubt has been raised as to the true number of species present and around the generic affinities. The first species was described by Scudder (1879 from the Allenby Formation, while the largest number of species were named by Handlirsch (1910). Following the practice of the time, both Scudder and Handlirsch placed their species in the genus Penthetria. Harrington Molesworth Anthony Rice (1959) reviewed the British Columbian bibionids, notably deeming the majority of species as belonging to Plecia or an undescribed extinct genus and not Penthetria.[40] This placement decision has been questioned however, with Giuseppe Gentilini (1991) asserting the majority of highlands species should be returned to Penthetria.[46] Rice, noted to be a "splitter",[14] also noted the large overlap between the morphology of two species groups and mused that larger collection samples may reveal each group to be single species. He called out in the species discussions the similarities between Plecia avus, P. canadensis, P. dilatata, P. pictipennis, P. pulchra, and P. transitoria, and the similarities between P. curtula, P. nana, P. pulla, and P. reducta.[40]

Family Genus species Sites Notes Images
Bibionidae

Penthetria?

Penthetria? fryi[40]

  • Driftwood
  • Princeton

A possible penthetrian march fly

Penthetria (?) fryi
Penthetria

Penthetria intermedia[40]

  • Driftwood

A plecian marchfly
First described as Mycetophaetus intermedius (1892),[47]
moved to Plecia intermedia (1959)[40] moved to Penthetria intermedia (1999)[48]

Penthetria whipsawensis[40]

  • Princeton

A penthetrian march fly

Penthetria whipsawensis
Plecia

Plecia angustipennis[40]

  • Horsefly
  • Quilchena

A plecian marchfly
First described as Penthetria angustipennis (1910),[43] moved to Plecia angustipennis (1959)[40]

Plecia angustipennis

Plecia avus[40]

  • Driftwood
  • Tranquille
  • Princeton

A plecian marchfly
First described as Penthetria avus (1910),[43] moved to Plecia avus (1959)[40]
Possibly synonymous with Pl. canadensis, Pl. dilatata, Pl. pictipennis, Pl. pulchra, and Pl. transitoria[40]

Plecia cairnesi[40]

  • Driftwood
  • Falkland

A plecian marchfly

Plecia cairnesi

Plecia canadensis[40]

  • Driftwood
  • Quilchena?
  • Princeton
  • Tranquille

A plecian marchfly
First described as Penthetria canadensis (1910),[43] moved to Plecia canadensis (1959)[40]
Possibly synonymous with Pl. avus Pl. dilatata, Pl. pictipennis, Pl. pulchra, and Pl. transitoria[40]

Plecia curtula[40]

  • Driftwood
  • Horsefly
  • Princeton

A plecian marchfly
First described as Penthetria curtula (1910),[43] moved to Plecia curtula (1959)[40]
Pe. avunculus (1910) considered a jr synonym (1959)
Possibly synonymous with Pl. nana, Pl. pulla, and Pl. reducta[40]

Plecia curtula

Plecia dilatata[40]

  • Horsefly
  • Princeton

A plecian marchfly
First described as Penthetria dilatata (1910),[43] moved to Plecia dilatata (1959)[40]
Possibly synonymous with Pl. avus, Pl. canadensis, Pl. pictipennis, Pl. pulchra, and Pl. transitoria[40]

Plecia dilatata

Plecia elatior[40]

  • Princeton

A plecian marchfly
First described as Penthetria elatior (1910),[43] moved to Plecia elatior (1959)[40]

Plecia elatior

Plecia kelownaensis[40]

  • Driftwood
  • Mission Creek

A plecian marchfly

Plecia kelownaensis

Plecia minutula[40]

  • Princeton

A plecian marchfly

Plecia minutula

Plecia nana[40]

  • Princeton

A plecian marchfly
First described as Penthetria nana (1910),[43] moved to Plecia nana (1959)[40]
Possibly synonymous with Pl. curtula, Pl. pulla, and Pl. reducta[40]

Plecia nana

Plecia pictipennis[40]

  • Princeton
  • Quilchena

A plecian marchfly
First described as Penthetria pictipennis (1910),[43] moved to Plecia pictipennis (1959)[40]
Pe. lambei (1910), Pe. ovalis (1910), & Pe. separanda (1910) considered jr synonyms (1959)[40]
Possibly synonymous with Pl. avus, Pl. canadensis, Pl. dilatata, Pl. pulchra, and Pl. transitoria[40]

Plecia pictipennis

Plecia platyptera[40]

  • Horsefly

A plecian marchfly
First described as Penthetria platyptera (1910),[43] moved to Plecia platyptera (1959)[40]

Plecia platyptera

Plecia pulchra[40]

  • Princeton

A plecian marchfly
First described as Penthetria pulchra (1910),[43] moved to Plecia pulchra (1959)[40]
Possibly synonymous with Pl. avus, Pl. canadensis, Pl. dilatata, Pl. pictipennis, and Pl. transitoria[40]

Plecia pulchra

Plecia pulla[40]

  • Princeton

A plecian marchfly
First described as Penthetria pulla (1910),[43] moved to Plecia pulla (1959)[40]
Pe. brevipes (1910) considered a jr synonym (1959)
Possibly synonymous with Pl. curtula, Pl. nana, and Pl. reducta[40]

Plecia pulla

Plecia reducta[40]

  • Driftwood
  • Horsefly
  • Princeton

A plecian marchfly
First described as Penthetria reducta (1910),[43] moved to Plecia reducta (1959)[40]
Possibly synonymous with Pl. curtula, Pl. nana, and Pl. pulla[40]

Plecia reducta

Plecia similkameena[32]

  • Princeton
  • Tranquille

A plecian marchfly
First described as Penthetria similkameena (1879)[32] moved to Plecia similkameena (1885)[49]

Plecia similkameena

Plecia transitoria[40]

  • Driftwood
  • Horsefly
  • Princeton
  • Tranquille

A plecian marchfly
First described as Penthetria transitoria (1910),[43] moved to Plecia transitoria (1959)[40]
Pe. falcatula (1910) & Pe. fragmentum (1910) considered jr synonyms (1959)[40]
Possibly synonymous with Pl. avus, Pl. canadensis, Pl. dilatata, Pl. pictipennis, and Pl. pulchra[40]

Plecia transitoria

Plecia tulameenensis[40]

  • Princeton
  • Tranquille

A plecian marchfly

Plecia tulameenensis

Undescribed

Undescribed[29]

  • Republic

A march fly
Not described to genus/species

Bibionidae
undescribed

Bolitophilidae

Undescribed

Undescribed[45]

  • Horsefly

A bolitophilid fungus gnat
Not described to genus/species

Cecidomyiidae

Undescribed

Undescribed[41]

  • Princeton
  • Republic

Trace fossils
Cecidomyiid midge galling on various host leaves
Not described to genus/species

Cylindrotomidae

Unidentified

Unidentified[20]

  • McAbee

long-bodied craneflies
Not described to genus/species

Keroplatidae

Undescribed

Undescribed[45]

  • Horsefly

A possible keroplatid fungus gnat
Not described to genus/species

Limoniidae

Unidentified

Unidentified[20]

  • McAbee

Limoniid craneflies
Not described to genus/species

Mycetophilidae

Undescribed

Undescribed[45]

  • Horsefly

A gnoristine fungus gnat
Not described to genus/species

Undescribed

Undescribed[45]

  • Horsefly

A leiine fungus gnat
Not described to genus/species

Undescribed

Undescribed[45]

  • Horsefly

A mycetophiline fungus gnat
Not described to genus/species

Undescribed

Undescribed[45]

  • Horsefly

A mycomyiine fungus gnat
Not described to genus/species

Undescribed

Undescribed[45]

  • Horsefly

A sciophiline fungus gnat
Not described to genus/species

Undescribed

Undescribed[24][29][33][27][20]

  • Driftwood
  • McAbee
  • Quilchena
  • Princeton
  • Republic

fungus gnats unplaced to subfamily
Not described to genus/species

Ptychopteridae

Etoptychoptera

Etoptychoptera tertiaria[50]

  • Princeton

A phantom cranefly

Etoptychoptera tertiaria
(1910 illustration)

Sciaridae

Unidentified

Unidentified[24][33]

  • Driftwood
  • Horsefly
  • Quilchena

dark-winged fungus gnats
Not described to genus/species

Tipulidae

Tipula

Tipula tulameena[43]

  • Princeton

A cranefly

Tipula tulameena
(1910 illustration)

Undescribed

Undescribed[24][29][33][27][20][45]

  • Driftwood
  • Horsefly
  • McAbee
  • Princeton
  • Quilchena
  • Republic

crane flies
Not described to genus/species

Undescribed Tipulidae

Trichoceridae

Unidentified

Unidentified[20]

  • McAbee

winter craneflies
Not described to genus/species

Unidentified

Unidentified

Unidentified[9]

  • Hat Creek

Unidentified dipteran specimens in amber

Ephemeropterans

Lewis (1992) listed one species of Heptageniidae and three specimens that he did not place to family from Republic.[29] The next year Lewis and Wehr (1993) gave a slightly more detailed description of the specimens again identifying one to Heptageniidae, possibly in the genera Heptagenia or Stenonema.[51] The specimens were later examined by Nina D. Sinitchenkova (1999) who described one as a squaregill mayfly and the oldest member of the genus Neoephemera, confirmed the Heptageniidae identification but that it was unidentifiable to genus. The last specimen she confirmed as an ephemeropteran, but unidentifiable below order level.[52]

Family Genus species Sites Notes Images

Heptageniidae

Indeterminate

Indeterminate[52][20]

  • McAbee
  • Republic

A flat headed mayfly
not identifiable to genus

Heptageniidae incertae sedis

Neoephemeridae

Neoephemera

Neoephemera antiqua[52]

  • Republic

A squaregill mayfly

Hemipterans

Greenwood et al. (2005) briefly discussed the prevalence of Aphid fossils at highlands sites where the taphonomic factors allowed for fine detail preservation such as in the Driftwood shales.[22] Poinar et al. (1999) made note of hemipteran specimens found in Hat Creek Amber but did not give any specific taxonomic identification or illustrate any specimens.[9]

Auchenorrhyncha

Family Genus species Sites Notes Images
Aphrophoridae Aphrophora

Aphrophora angusta[43]

  • Princeton

An aphrophorine spittle bug hindwing species.

Aphrophora angusta
(1910 illustration)

"Indeterminate"[53]

  • Princeton

An aphrophorine spittle bug
not described to species.

Undescribed[29]

  • Republic

An aphrophorid spittlebug
Not described to species.

Aphrophora species

Palaeoptysma

Palaeoptysma venosa[53]

  • Princeton

A spittle bug

Palaeoptysma venosa
(1895 illustration)

Palaphrodes

"Indeterminate"[49]

  • Princeton

An aphrophorine spittle bug
not described to species.

Petrolystra

Undescribed[29]

  • Republic

An aphrophorid spittlebug
Not described to species.

Ptysmaphora

Ptysmaphora fletcheri[53]

  • Princeton

A spittle bug

Ptysmaphora fletcheri
(1895 illustration)
Cercopidae Cercopis

Cercopis grandescens[53]

  • Princeton

A froghopper

Cercopis grandescens
(1895 illustration)

Cercopis selwyni[32]

  • Princeton

A froghopper

Cercopis selwyni
(1890 illustration)

Cercopites

Cercopites torpescens[53]

  • Princeton

A froghopper

Cercopites torpescens
(1895 illustration)

Dawsonites

Dawsonites veter[53]

  • Princeton

A froghopper

Dawsonites veter
(1895 illustration)

Palecphora

Undescribed[49][29]

  • Princeton
  • Republic

A froghopper
not described to species.

Stenecphora

Stenecphora punctulata[53]

  • Princeton

A froghopper

Stenecphora punctulata
(1895 illustration)

Stenolocris

Stenolocris venosa[53]

  • Princeton

A froghopper

Stenolocris venosa
(1895 illustration)

Undescribed

Undescribed[24][29][27][20]

  • Driftwood
  • McAbee
  • Quilchena
  • Republic

cercopid froghoppers
Not described to genus/species.

undescribed Cercopidae
Cicadellidae

Coelidia

Coelidia columbiana[32]

  • Princeton

A leafhopper

Coelidia columbiana
(1890 illustration)

Undescribed

Undescribed[24][27][20]

  • Driftwood
  • McAbee
  • Quilchena

leafhoppers
Not described to genus/species.

Cicadidae

Undescribed

Undescribed[20]

  • McAbee

True cicadas
Not described to Family/genus/species

Cixiidae

Undescribed

Undescribed[27]

  • Quilchena

A cixiid planthopper
Not described to genus/species.

Fulgoridae

Enchophora

"Indeterminate"[53]

  • Princeton

An enchophorine lantern bug
not described to species.

Ricaniidae

Undescribed

Undescribed[27][20]

  • McAbee
  • Quilchena

A ricaniid planthopper
Not described to genus/species.

Undescribed

Undescribed

Undescribed[29]

  • Republic

A fulgoroidean hopper
Not described to family/genus/species.

Incertae sedis

Planophlebia

Planophlebia gigantea[54]

  • Princeton

A hemipteran[32] of uncertain placement

Planophlebia gigantea
(1890 illustration)

Heteroptera

Family Genus species Sites Notes Images

Cf. Coreidae

Undescribed

Undescribed[20]

  • McAbee

Relatives of leaf-footed bugs
Not described to Family/genus/species

Cydnidae

Undescribed

Undescribed[27]

  • Quilchena

A cydnid burrowing bug
Not described to genus/species.

Dinidoridae

Megymenum

Undescribed[27][22]

  • Quilchena

A dinidorid shield bug
Not described to genus/species.

Gerridae

Gerris

Undescribed[20]

  • McAbee

gerrine water striders
Not described to genus/species

Limnoporus

Limnoporus wilsoni[27][55]

  • Driftwood

A gerrine water strider[56]

Telmatrechus

Telmatrechus defunctus[27][56]

  • Quilchena

A gerrine water strider
First described as "Gerris" defunctus (1910)[43]

Telmatrechus defunctus
(1910 illustration)

Telmatrechus stali[27][56]

  • Princeton

A gerrine water strider
First described as "Hygrotrechus" stali (1879),[32]
later moved to "Gerris" stali (1910)[43]

Telmatrechus stali
(1890 illustration)

Pentatomidae

Undescribed

Undescribed[24][29]

  • Princeton
  • Republic

A Shield or stink bug
Not described to genus/species

undescribed Pentatomidae

Cf. Pentatomidae

Undescribed

Undescribed[27]

  • Quilchena

Pentatomoid shield bugs of uncertain familial placement
Not described to genus/species.

Sternorrhyncha

Family Genus species Sites Notes Images
Aphididae Undescribed

Undescribed[29][27][20]

  • McAbee
  • Quilchena
  • Republic

Aphids
Not described to genus/species.

Undescribed[41]

  • Republic

Trace fossils
Woolly aphid leaf rolling on Ulmus leaves
Not described to genus/species

Unidentified

Unidentified

Unidentified

  • Driftwood

aphidoid specimens
Not described to genus/species

Unidentified

Family Genus species Sites Notes Images

Unidentified

Unidentified

Unidentified[9]

  • Hat Creek

Hemipterans in amber
Not identified in any finer taxonomic detail

Hymenopterans

Archibald, Mathewes, & Aase (2023) reported a Titanomyrma species ant queen from Allenby Formation, and noted the range extension for Formiciinae into the highlands, as the subfamily was previously considered a strictly thermophilic ant group. Due to complications arising from preservational distortion during diagenesis, they were unable to determine the correct size of the queen in life. If the distortion was lateral, then compression to bilateral symmetry yielded an adult length of approximately 3.3 cm (1.3 in), placing it the same range as Formicium berryi and F. brodiei, known only from wings, and suggested as possible males. Conversely stretching the fossil to bilateral symmetry results in a larger 5 cm (2.0 in) length estimate, placing it as comparable to queens of T. lubei and T. simillima.[57]

Symphyta

Family Genus species Sites Notes Images
Cephidae

Cuspilongus

Cuspilongus cachecreekensis[4]

  • McAbee

A cuspilongine cephid sawfly

Undescribed

"Undescribed[4]

  • Horsefly

A cephine cephid sawfly
Not described to genus/species

Cimbicidae[4]

Allenbycimbex[58]

Allenbycimbex morrisae[58]

  • Princeton

A cenocimbicine cimbicid sawfly.

Leptostigma[58]

Leptostigma alaemacula[58]

  • Republic

A cenocimbicine cimbicid sawfly.

Leptostigma brevilatum[58]

  • McAbee
  • Republic

A cenocimbicine cimbicid sawfly.

Leptostigma brevilatum?

Leptostigma fasciatum[58]

  • McAbee

A cenocimbicine cimbicid sawfly.

Leptostigma longiclava[58]

  • McAbee

A cenocimbicine cimbicid sawfly.

Leptostigma longipallidum[58]

  • McAbee

A cenocimbicine cimbicid sawfly.

Leptostigma longitenebricum[58]

  • McAbee

A cenocimbicine cimbicid sawfly.

Leptostigma proxivena[58]

  • McAbee

A cenocimbicine cimbicid sawfly.

Unidentified

Unidentified[58]

  • McAbee

A cimbicid sawfly of indeterminate subfamily.

Pamphiliidae

Ulteramus

Ulteramus republicensis[59]

  • Republic

A parasitic wasp

Siricidae

Eourocerus

Eourocerus anguliterreus[60]

  • Republic

A siricid horntail.

Eourocerus anguliterreus

Ypresiosirex

Ypresiosirex orthosemos[4]

  • McAbee

A siricine siricid sawfly

Tenthredinidae

Eriocampa

Eriocampa tulameenensis[61][4]

  • Princeton

An allantine tenthredinid sawfly

Pseudosiobla

Pseudosiobla campbelli[61][4]

  • Horsefly

An allantine tenthredinid sawfly

Undescribed

Undescribed[4]

  • McAbee

Sawflys of the tenthredinid subfamily Allantinae
Not described

Undescribed[4]

  • McAbee

Sawflys of the tenthredinid subfamily Blennocampinae
Not described

Undescribed[4]

  • McAbee

Sawflys of the tenthredinid subfamily Nematinae
Not described

Undescribed[4]

  • McAbee

Sawflys of the tenthredinid subfamily Tenthredininae
Not described

Undescribed[4]

  • Driftwood
  • Horsefly
  • McAbee
  • Quilchena
  • Republic

Sawflys of the family Tenthredinidae, unplaced to subfamily
Not described

Parasitoida

Family Genus species Sites Notes Images
Braconidae

Bracon

Undescribed[32]

  • Princeton

A Bracon sensu lato species wasp.

Bracon sp.
specimen 69&78
(1890 illustration)

Undescribed

Undescribed[4]

  • Driftwood
  • Horsefly
  • McAbee
  • Quilchena
  • Republic

braconid parasitic wasps unplaced to subfamily
Not described to genus/species

Unidentified Braconidae

Cynipidae

Undescribed

Undescribed[41]

  • Princeton
  • Republic

Trace fossils
cynipid Cynipoid gallwasp
galling on various host leaves
Not described to genus/species

Cynipidae (?)

Undescribed

Undescribed[33][4]

  • Horsefly
  • Quilchena

cynipid Cynipoid gallwasps
Not described to species

Diapriidae

Undescribed

Undescribed[4]

  • Driftwood
  • Horsefly
  • McAbee
  • Republic

diapriid diaprioid wasps
Not described to genus/species

Figitidae

Undescribed

Undescribed[4]

  • McAbee

figitid cynipoid wasps
Not described to genus/species

Heloridae

Undescribed

Undescribed[4]

  • McAbee

helorid proctotrupoid wasps
Not described

Ichneumonidae

Xorides

Xorides lambei[43]

  • Princeton

A xoridine ichneumon parasitic wasp
First described as Xylonomus lambei.

Xorides lambei
(1910 illustration)

Undescribed

Undescribed[33][4]

  • Driftwood
  • Horsefly
  • McAbee
  • Quilchena
  • Princeton
  • Republic

ichneumonid parasitic wasps unplaced to subfamily
Not described

Undescribed Ichneumonidae

Megaspilidae

Undescribed

Undescribed[4]

  • Hat Creek

ceraphronoid Megaspilid parasitic wasps
Not described

Monomachidae

Undescribed

Undescribed[4]

  • McAbee

monomachid diaprioid wasps
Not described

Peradeniidae

Undescribed

Undescribed[4]

  • McAbee

peradeniid proctotrupoid wasps
Not described

Proctotrupidae

Undescribed

Undescribed[4]

  • Driftwood
  • Horsefly
  • McAbee
  • Republic

proctotrupid parasitic wasps
Not described

Roproniidae

Undescribed

Undescribed[4]

  • Republic

roproniid (sensu lato) proctotrupoid wasps
Not described

incertae sedis[4] Undescribed

Undescribed

  • Driftwood
  • Hat Creek
  • McAbee

Chalcidoid superfamily wasps
Not described to family/genus/species

Undescribed[4]

  • Hat Creek

mymarommatoid microhymenopterans
Not described to family/genus/species

Non-apoidean Aculeates

Family Genus species Sites Notes Images

Chrysididae

Undescribed

Undescribed[4]

  • McAbee

Chrysidoid wasps of the chrysidid subfamily Chrysidinae
Not described to genus/species

Pompilidae

Undescribed

Undescribed[33][4]

  • McAbee
  • Republic

pompilid spider wasps
Not described

Scoliidae

Undescribed

Undescribed[33][4]

  • Princeton
  • Republic

Scoliid wasps of the subfamily Archaeoscoliinae
Not described

Trigonalidae

Undescribed

Undescribed[4]

  • Falkland
  • Quilchena

trigonalid parasitic wasps
Not described

Vespidae

Undescribed

Undescribed[4]

  • Driftwood
  • McAbee
  • Princeton
  • Quilchena
  • Republic

Vespid wasps
Not described

Formicoidea

subfamily Genus species Sites Notes Images
Dolichoderinae

Dolichoderus

Undescribed[4]

  • Hat Creek

Dolichoderus species ants.[4] Not described to species

Undescribed

Undescribed[4]

  • McAbee

Dolichoderine ants.[4] Not described to genus/species

Formiciinae

Titanomyrma

Indeterminate[57]

  • Princeton

A formiciine titan ant.
Unplaced to species

Titianomyrma sp.
Formicinae

Oecophylla

Oecophylla kraussei[62]

  • Republic

A weaver ant
first described as Camponotites kraussei[63][4]

Undescribed

Undescribed[4]

  • Hat Creek

Formicinae subfamily ants.[4]
Not described to species
First published as Technomyrmex by Poinar et al., (1999)

Myrmeciinae Avitomyrmex

Avitomyrmex elongatus[64][4]

  • McAbee

A myrmeciine bulldog ant.[4]

Avitomyrmex mastax[64][4]

  • McAbee

A myrmeciine bulldog ant.[4]

Avitomyrmex systenus[64][4]

  • McAbee

A myrmeciine bulldog ant.[4]

Macabeemyrma

Macabeemyrma ovata[64][4]

  • McAbee

A myrmeciine bulldog ant.[4]

Myrmeciites

Myrmeciites? goliath[64][4]

  • McAbee

A myrmeciine bulldog ant.[4]

Myrmeciites? tabanifluviensis[64][4]

  • Horsefly

A myrmeciine bulldog ant.[4]

Myrmeciites herculeanus[64][4]

  • McAbee

A myrmeciine bulldog ant.[4]

"Indeterminate"[64][4]

  • Falkland
  • Republic

bull dog ants
not distinct to species

Myrmeciities sp.

Propalosoma

Propalosoma gutierrezae[62]

  • Republic

A myrmeciine bulldog ant, first described as a rhopalosomatid wasp.[4]

Ypresiomyrma

Ypresiomyrma bartletti[64][4]

  • McAbee

A myrmeciine bulldog ant.[4]

Ypresiomyrma orbiculata[64][4]

  • McAbee

A myrmeciine bulldog ant.[4]

Undescribed

Undescribed[4]

  • McAbee

Myrmeciinae ants.[4] Not described to species

Myrmicine

Undescribed

Undescribed[4]

  • Hat Creek

Myrmicine ants of either Leptothorax or Tetramorium[4] Not described to species

Incertae sedis

Klondikia

Klondikia whiteae[65][4]

  • Republic

An ant of uncertain subfamily placement[4]

Undescribed

Undescribed[33][4]

  • Driftwood
  • Hat Creek
  • Horsefly
  • McAbee
  • Princeton
  • Quilchena
  • Republic

Ants of uncertain subfamily placement.[4]

Unidentified formicidae

Apoidea

Family Genus species Sites Notes Images
Angarosphecidae Eosphecium

Eosphecium naumanni[4]

  • Quilchena

A spheciform wasp.

Undescribed[4]

  • Driftwood
  • McAbee
  • Republic

Spheciform wasps.
Not described to species

Undescribed

Undescribed[4]

  • McAbee
  • Princeton
  • Republic

Spheciform wasps, likely not Eosphecium.
Not described to species

Apidae

Undescribed

Undescribed[4]

  • McAbee

Apid bees
Not described to species

Halictidae (?)

Halictus?

Halictus? savenyei[4]

  • Quilchena

A sweat bee of uncertain generic placement

Undescribed

Undescribed[4]

  • McAbee
  • Republic

sweat bees
Not described

Megachilidae

Undescribed

Undescribed[4]

  • Horsefly
  • McAbee
  • Republic

Megachilid leaf-cutter bee herbivory trace fossils on leaves
Not described to species

Megachilidae damage on Prunus

Sphecidae

Undescribed

Undescribed[4]

  • McAbee
  • Republic

Sphecid (sensu stricto) wasps
Not described

Lepidoptera

A solitary complete adult female lepidopteran fossil has been recovered, but no full descriptive work has been published on the specimen, aside from a single PhD dissertation.[33] Early examination placed the moth in the family Geometridae, but later work has identified it as the oldest member of the tiger moth subfamily Arctiinae.[66] Two additional isolated wing fossils have been found with one tentatively placed within Noctuidae based on the wing venation and structure,[33] while the second has not been placed beyond order level.[67] Laval mining and hole feeding damage on leaves has been attributed to the families Coleophoridae, Gracillariidae, Heliozelidae, Incurvariidae, and Nepticulidae[41][68]

Family Genus species Sites Notes Images

Coleophoridae

Cf. Coleophora

Undescribed[41][67]

  • Republic

Trace fossils
Coleophorid hole feeding and larval cases similar to Coleophora
Not described to genus/species

Erebidae

Undescribed

Undescribed[66]

  • Republic

An arctiine tiger moth
Not described to genus/species

Arctiinae
undescribed

Gracillariidae

Undescribed

Undescribed[41][20]

  • McAbee

Trace fossils
Gracillariid leaf mining similar to Phyllocnistinae subfamily mines
Not described to genus/species

Heliozelidae

Undescribed

Undescribed[41][68]

  • Republic

Trace fossils
heliozelid leaf mining similar to Antispila mines
Not described to genus/species

Incurvariidae

Aff. Incurvaria

Undescribed[41]

  • Republic

Trace fossils
incurvariid leaf mining similar to Incurvaria
Not described to genus/species

Nepticulidae

Stigmella

Undescribed[41]

  • Republic

Trace fossils
nepticulid leaf mining referred to Stigmella
Not described to genus/species

Pyralidae?

Stigmella

Undescribed[41]

  • Republic

Trace fossils
nepticulid leaf mining referred to Stigmella
Not described to genus/species

Noctuidae

Undescribed

Undescribed[33]

  • Quilchena

A possible owlet moth
Not described to genus/species

Undescribed

Undescribed

Undescribed[67]

  • Princeton chert

A lepidopteran forewing
Not described to family/genus/species

Mecopterans

Family Genus species Sites Notes Images

Bittacidae

Undescribed

Undescribed[20]

  • McAbee

hangingfly specimens
Not described to genus/species

Cimbrophlebiidae Cimbrophlebia

Cimbrophlebia brooksi[69]

  • Republic

A Cimbrophlebiid scorpionfly

Cimbrophlebia brooksi

Cimbrophlebia flabelliformis[69]

  • McAbee

A Cimbrophlebiid scorpionfly

Cimbrophlebia leahyi[69]

  • McAbee

A Cimbrophlebiid scorpionfly

Cimbrophlebia westae[69]

  • Republic

A Cimbrophlebiid scorpionfly

Cimbrophlebia westae
Dinopanorpidae Dinokanaga

Dinokanaga andersoni[70]

  • Republic

A Dinopanorpid scorpion fly

Dinokanaga dowsonae[70]

  • Falkland
  • Horsefly
  • McAbee
  • Republic

A Dinopanorpid scorpion fly

Dinokanaga hillsi[70]

  • McAbee

A Dinopanorpid scorpion fly

Dinokanaga sternbergi[70]

  • Republic

A Dinopanorpid scorpion fly

Dinokanaga webbi[70]

  • Horsefly

A Dinopanorpid scorpion fly

Dinokanaga wilsoni[70]

  • Princeton

A Dinopanorpid scorpion fly

Eomeropidae Eomerope

Eomerope eonearctica[71]

  • McAbee

An Eomeropid scorpionfly

Eomerope macabeensis[72]

  • McAbee

An Eomeropid scorpionfly

Eomerope simpkinsae[71]

  • Princeton

An Eomeropid scorpionfly

Eorpidae Eorpa

Eorpa elverumi[73]

  • Republic

An eorpid scorpionfly

Eorpa jurgeni[73]

  • Quilchena

An eorpid scorpionfly

Eorpa ypsipeda[73]

  • Falkland?
  • McAbee
  • Republic?

An eorpid scorpionfly

Eorpa sp. possibly E. ypsipeda[73]

Holcorpidae

Holcorpa

Holcorpa dillhoffi[74]

  • McAbee

A holcorpid scorpionfly

Panorpidae

Undescribed

Undescribed[73]

  • McAbee
  • Republic

Undescribed common scorpionflies
Not described to genus/species

Neuropterans

Family Genus species Sites Notes Images

Berothidae

Microberotha

Microberotha macculloughi[13]

  • Hat Creek

A beaded lacewing

Chrysopidae Adamsochrysa

Adamsochrysa aspera[75]

  • McAbee

A nothochrysine green lacewing

Adamsochrysa wilsoni[75]

  • Republic

A nothochrysine green lacewing

Adamsochrysa wilsoni
Archaeochrysa

Archaeochrysa profracta[75]

  • McAbee

A nothochrysine green lacewing

Archaeochrysa sanikwa[76]

  • Driftwood

A nothochrysine green lacewing

Lithochrysa

Lithochrysa borealis[77]

  • Driftwood

A nothochrysine green lacewing

Okanaganochrysa

Okanaganochrysa coltsunae[75]

  • McAbee

A nothochrysine green lacewing

Protochrysa

Protochrysa fuscobasalis[75]

  • McAbee

A limaiine green lacewing

Pseudochrysopa

Pseudochrysopa harveyi[75]

  • Driftwood

A nothochrysine green lacewing

†Corydasialidae

Ypresioneura

Ypresioneura obscura[78]

  • McAbee

A corydasialid lacewing
First suggested to be a megalopterans, later deemed a neuropteran.

Hemerobiidae

Archibaldia

Archibaldia wehri[79][80][81]

  • Republic

A hemerobiid lacewing
originally placed in †Cretomerobius
Moved to †Proneuronema (2016)
Moved to †Archibaldia (2023)

Wesmaelius

Wesmaelius mathewesi[79]

  • Quilchena

A hemerobiine brown lacewing.

Undescribed

Undescribed[20]

  • McAbee

Brown lacewing specimens
Not described to genus/species

Ithonidae

Allorapisma

Allorapisma chuorum[82]

  • Republic

An Ithonid group moth lacewing

Palaeopsychops

Palaeopsychops dodgeorum[83]

  • Quilchena

A polystechotid group moth lacewing
First mentioned by Archibald & Mathewes 2000 as cf Osmylidae or Polystoechotidae

Palaeopsychops douglasae[83]

  • Quilchena

A polystechotid group moth lacewing

Palaeopsychops marringerae[83]

  • Republic

A polystechotid group moth lacewing

Palaeopsychops setosus[83]

  • Horsefly

A polystechotid group moth lacewing

Palaeopsychops timmi[83]

  • Republic

A polystechotid group moth lacewing

Polystoechotites

Polystoechotites barksdalae[83]

  • Republic

A polystechotid group moth lacewing

Polystoechotites falcatus[83]

  • Republic

A polystechotid group moth lacewing

Polystoechotites lewisi[83]

  • Republic

A polystechotid group moth lacewing

Ricaniella

Ricaniella antiquata[84]

  • Princeton

A Polystoechotid-group moth lacewing[85]
moved from Ricania antiquata (1895)[86]

Ricaniella antiquata
(1895 illustration)

Undescribed

Undescribed[20]

  • McAbee

Polystoechotid-group moth lacewings
Not described to genus/species

Nymphidae

Epinesydrion

Epinesydrion falklandensis[87]

  • Falkland

A split-footed lacewing, possibly sister species to †Nymphes georgei

Nymphes

Nymphes(?) georgei[88]

  • Republic

A split-footed lacewing
Possibly related to Epinesydrion

Osmylidae Osmylidia

Osmylidia donnae[89]

  • Quilchena

A protosmyline osmylid lacewing

Osmylidia glastrai[89]

  • Republic

A protosmyline osmylid lacewing

Indeterminate[89]

  • Driftwood

A protosmyline osmylid lacewing,
not detailed enough for species description

Undescribed

Undescribed[20]

  • McAbee

osmylid lacewing specimens
Not described to genus/species

Psychopsidae?

Ainigmapsychops

Ainigmapsychops inexspectatus[90]

  • Republic

A possible psychopsid lacewing

Undescribed

Undescribed

Undescribed[20]

  • McAbee

Members of an undescribed neuropteran family

Odonata

Trace fossil evidence of damselflies has been recorded from oviposition scars on various leaves from the Klondike Mountain Formation that have been placed in the ichnogenus Paleoovoidus. Lewis and Carrol (1991) originally identified the damage on an Alnus parvifolia leaf as caused by leaf beetles of the genus Altica. This was later questioned by Conrad Labandeira who noted the scar patterns did not match modern Altica egg laying behaviour.

Family Genus species Sites Notes Images
Aeshnidae

Antiquiala

Antiquiala snyderae[91]

  • Republic

A darner dragonfly

Antiquiala snyderae

Eoshna

Eoshna thompsonensis[91]

  • McAbee

A darner dragonfly

Idemlinea

Idemlinea versatilis[91]

  • Republic

A darner dragonfly

Idemlinea versatilis
Ypshna

Ypshna brownleei[91]

  • Republic

A darner dragonfly

Ypshna brownleei

Ypshna latipennata[91]

  • McAbee

A darner dragonfly

†Dysagrionidae

Dysagrion

Dysagrion pruettae[92]

  • Republic

A Dysagrionine cephalozygopteran odonate

Dysagrion pruettae

Dysagrionites

Dysagrionites delinei[92]

  • Republic

A dysagrionine cephalozygopteran odonate

Dysagrionites delinei
Okanagrion

Okanagrion angustum[92]

  • McAbee

A Dysagrionine cephalozygopteran odonate

Okanagrion beardi[92]

  • McAbee

A Dysagrionine cephalozygopteran odonate

Okanagrion dorrellae[92]

  • Republic

A Dysagrionine cephalozygopteran odonate

Okanagrion dorrellae

Okanagrion hobani[92]

  • McAbee
  • Republic

A Dysagrionine cephalozygopteran odonate

Okanagrion hobani

Okanagrion liquetoalatum[92]

  • Republic

A Dysagrionine cephalozygopteran odonate

Okanagrion liquetoalatum

Okanagrion lochmum[92]

  • McAbee

A Dysagrionine cephalozygopteran odonate

Okanagrion threadgillae[92]

  • Republic

A Dysagrionine cephalozygopteran odonate

Okanagrion threadgillae

Okanagrion worleyae[92]

  • Republic

A Dysagrionine cephalozygopteran odonate

Okanagrion worleyae
Okanopteryx

Okanopteryx fraseri[92]

  • McAbee

A Dysagrionine cephalozygopteran odonate

Okanopteryx jeppesenorum[92]

  • Republic

A Dysagrionine cephalozygopteran odonate

Okanopteryx jeppesenorum

Okanopteryx macabeensis[92]

  • McAbee

A Dysagrionine cephalozygopteran odonate

Stenodiafanus

Stenodiafanus westersidei[92]

  • Republic

A Dysagrionine cephalozygopteran odonate

Stenodiafanus westersidei

Cf. †Dysagrionidae

Allenbya

Allenbya holmesae[2]

  • Princeton

A possible Dysagrionidae odonate.
Not to be confused with the Princeton Chert waterlily Allenbya

Allenbya holmesae

Euphaeidae

Republica

Republica weatbrooki[93]

  • Republic

A gossamerwing damselfly.
Not to be confused Republica,
a plant genus also from Republic

Republica weatbrooki

Gomphidae

Auroradraco

Auroradraco eos[91]

  • McAbee

A club-tailed dragonfly

†Whetwhetaksidae

Whetwhetaksa

Whetwhetaksa millerae[92]

  • Republic

A possible cephalozygopteran odonate

Whetwhetaksa millerae

Orthoptera

Family Genus species Sites Notes Images

Acrididae

Unidentified

Unidentified[20]

  • McAbee

Catanopine short-horned grasshopper specimens
Not described to genus/species

Gryllacrididae?

Unidentified

Unidentified[20]

  • McAbee

Possible leaf-rolling cricket specimens
Not described to genus/species

Promastacidae

Promastax

Promastax archaicus[43]

  • Horsefly

A Promastacid grasshopper

Promastax archaicus
(1910 illustration)
Palaeorehniidae

Republicopteron

Republicopteron douseae[94]

  • Republic

A palaeorehniid ensiferan.

Ypopteron

Ypopteron nicola[94]

  • Quilchena

A palaeorehniid ensiferan.
First identified as a prophalangopsine grig[27]

Prophalangopsidae

Unidentified

Unidentified[20]

  • McAbee

grig specimens
Not described to genus/species

Tettigoniidae

Unidentified

Unidentified[20]

  • McAbee

katydid specimens
Not described to genus/species

Phasmatodea

Family Genus species Sites Notes Images

Susumaniidae

Eoprephasma

Eoprephasma hichensi[95]

  • McAbee
  • Republic

A Susumaniine susumanioid stick insect

Plecoptera

Family Genus species Sites Notes Images

Unidentified

Unidentified

Unidentified[20]

  • McAbee

stonefly specimens
Not described to family/genus/species


Psocodea

The only reported Psocodea fossils from the highlands are known from Hat Creek amber. They were mentioned, as "Psocoptera", in passing by Poinar et al. (1999) who did not give any finer taxonomic detail or illustrate any specimens.[9]

Family Genus species Sites Notes Images

Unidentified

Unidentified

Unidentified[9]

  • Hat Creek

specimens in amber
Not described to genus/species

Raphidiopterans

Family Genus species Sites Notes Images

Inocelliidae

Paraksenocellia

Paraksenocellia borealis[96]

  • Driftwood

An inocelliid snakefly

Raphidiidae

Archiinocellia

Archiinocellia oligoneura[97]

  • Horsefly

A Raphidiid snakefly

Megaraphidia

Megaraphidia antiquissima[97]

  • McAbee

A Raphidiid snakefly

Megaraphidia hopkinsi[97]

  • Princeton

A Raphidiid snakefly

Megaraphidia klondika[97]

  • Republic

A raphidiid snakefly

Megaraphidia ootsa[97]

  • Driftwood

A raphidiid snakefly

Thrysanoptera

Poinar et al. (1999) illustrated a Thrips specimen in Hat Creek amber and noted the presence of the order in the fossils they examined, however they did not provide any finer taxonomic details on the affinities of the fossils.[9]

Family Genus species Sites Notes Images

Unidentified

Unidentified

Unidentified[9]

  • Hat Creek

specimens in amber
Not described to genus/species

Trichoptera

Trichopterans are known mainly from laraval cases and occasional isolated wings.[27]

Family Genus species Sites Notes Images

Limnephilidae

Unidentified

unidentified[29]

  • Republic

northern caddisflies
Not described to genus/species

Phryganeidae

Unidentified

Unidentified[29][27]

  • Quilchena
  • Republic

giant caddisflies
Not described to genus/species

Phryganeidae larval case

Unidentified

Unidentified

Unidentified[24][27][20]

  • Driftwood
  • Horsefly
  • McAbee
  • Quilchena

Isolated wings and larval cases
Not described to genus/species

Vertebrates

"Fish"

The first fish to be described from the Okanagan Highlands were recovered from Allenby Formation shales and subsequently studied by Edward Drinker Cope who named Amyzon brevipinne in 1894. The next descriptive work for a fish came in 1916 with the naming of "Lucious" rosei by Louis Hussakof from Tranquille Formation fossils collected at "Red point" on Kamloops Lake in 1914.[98] "Lucious" rosei was redescribed in 1966 by Ted Cavander, who moved the species to a new genus Eohiodon placed into the mooneye family Hiodontidae. The largest body of work for fish of the Highlands was by Mark Wilson (1977) who published a monograph detailing the Canadian highlands formations fish fauna, naming four new species in three new genera, plus redescribing both "Amyzon" brevipinne and "Eohiodon" rosei. The monograph added the families Salmonidae with Eosalmo driftwoodensis, Libotoniidae with Libotonius blakeburnensis, and Moronidae with Priscacara aquilonia.[24] A year later the first species from the Republic area, "Eohiodon" woodruffi was described by Wilson,[99] and the second Republic species Libotonius pearsoni followed in 1979.[100] in 1982 the final new fish species named from the highlands , Amia hesperia, was described, being initially placed by Wilson in the modern bowfin genus Amia.[101] This placement was later questioned by Lance Grande and William Bemis (1998), who noted that due to preservational orientation of the A. hesperia holotype, generic placement of the species was problematic. Phylogenetic analysis of Amiidae fossils by Grande and Bemis found the fossil as a member of the amiinae subfamily, but with key mouth anatomy missing, were unable to determine if Amia or the extinct genus Cyclurus was correct.[102] In 2021 fossils of "Amyzon" brevipinne were redescribed by Juan Liu based on the holotype and additional fossils from the Allenby Formation, and based on the anatomical differences between the species and the type species of Amyzon mentale determined that the Princeton fossils were part of a different genus. As such Liu moved the species to the new genus Wilsonium.[103]

Family Genus species Sites Notes Images
Amiidae Amia?

Amia? hesperia[101]

  • Princeton

A bowfin of uncertain genus placement[102]

Amia? hesperia?[28][101]

  • Driftwood
  • Princeton
  • Quilchena
  • Republic

isolated bowfin scales[102]

Amia? scale
Catostomidae Amyzon

Amyzon aggregatum[24][104]

  • Horsefly
  • Republic?

A sucker

unidentifed[24][104][103][20]

  • Driftwood
  • McAbee
  • Republic

A sucker
Republic specimens formerly identified as A. aggregatum[24]

Amyzon sp.
Wilsonium

Wilsonium brevipinne[24][105][103]

  • Princeton

A catostomid sucker,
first described as Amyzon brevipinne (1894)
Moved to Wilsonium brevipinne in 2021

Cf.Wilsonium brevipinne[17][28][103]

  • Quilchena

A catostomid sucker,
Not described to species
similar to Wilsonium brevipinne

Hiodontidae Hiodon

Hiodon rosei[24][99][106][20]

  • Horsefly
  • Kamloops Lake
  • McAbee
  • Princeton

A mooneye, first described as Lucious rosei (1916),
Moved to Eohiodon rosei in 1966,
Moved to Hiodon rosei in 2008[99][106]

Hiodon woodruffi[99][106]

  • Horsefly
  • Republic

A mooneye, first described as Eohiodon woodruffi.[99]
Moved to Hiodon woodruffi in 2008[106]

Unidentified[28]

  • Quilchena

A mooneye jaw.
Not identified to species

Libotoniidae Libotonius

Libotonius blakeburnensis[24]

  • Princeton

A sand roller relative.

Libotonius pearsoni[100]

  • Republic

A sand roller relative.

Moronidae

Priscacara

Priscacara aquilonia[24]

  • Horsefly

A temperate bass

Salmonidae Eosalmo

Eosalmo driftwoodensis[24][107][20]

  • Driftwood Canyon
  • McAbee
  • Princeton
  • Republic

A basal Salmon

Cf.Eosalmo driftwoodensis[17][28]

  • Quilchena

A basal Salmon
Not described to species
Similar to E. driftwoodensis

Reptiles

The only reptile fossils known from the Okanagan highlands come from the Allenby Formation. A soft-shelled turtle is known from the "Ashnola shales" unit and unidentified turtle bone are known from the interbedded Princeton Chert. The soft shelled turtle was first discovered by James Basinger from dark shale layers above the chert and reported by Wilson (1982).[101] The unidentified turtle bones were found preserved within the chert layers and first reported by Stockey and Pigg (1994).[108] In his 1995 Masters thesis, G. Guthrie listed an isolated tooth from the Quilchena site as from a crocodile, which would have been the only instance of a crocodylian in the highlands.[28] The taxonomic affinity was later revised after further examination and Mathewes et al. (2016) listed the specimen as an unidentified fish tooth.[109]

Family Genus species Sites Notes Images

Trionychidae

Cf. Apalone or Aspideretes

undescribed[101][110][22][20]

  • Princeton

A soft shelled turtle
Found in the Ashnola shales over the chert

Undescribed

Undescribed

undescribed[108]

  • Princeton chert

A turtle,
Bones preserved in the Princeton Chert

Birds

A small avifauna is known from the Okanagan Highlands, but due to the incomplete nature of the fossils, placement of studied specimens has been tentative at best.[111] Gerald Mayr et al. (2019) published an initial overview of the fossils with descriptions and commentary of the material, noting the taxa identified were all previously unknown to Northwestern North American Eocene sites. Despite the tentative nature of the fossil identifications, the Highlands sites are the richest Paleogene avifauna described from Canada. Mayr et al. (2019) posited that the fossils likely represent the more common species in the avifauna of the Highlands, but at the same time, include taxa that are considered rare or absent in the most studied avifaunas from the same time frame.[111] Additional evidence of birds at some sites consists of preserved egested bird pellets, which are composed of randomly grouped fish bone clumps, occasionally including multiple fish or insects.[28]

Isolated feathers are also known from several of the sites and have not described in detail.[111]

Order/Clade Family Material Sites Notes Images

Cf. Coliiformes[111]

indeterminate

partial skeleton
skull, left wing, and right wing portions

  • Driftwood

a large possible Coliiform,
too incomplete for firm identification

Cf. Gaviiformes[111]

indeterminate

left wing and partial right wing, with feathers

  • McAbee

a possible gaviiform,
too incomplete for firm identification

Gruiformes[111]

Cf.Songziidae

articulated postcranial skeleton

  • Driftwood

A possible songziid bird,
lacking specific morphologic characters for a firm placement.

Psittacopasserae[111]

Cf.Zygodactylidae

complete, but poorly preserved, skeleton

  • McAbee

a possible zygodactylid,
poor preservation of the foot prevented firm identification

indeterminate[111]

indeterminate

partial skeletons

  • McAbee
  • Princeton
  • Republic

partial skeletons missing details for identification.
Republic specimen shows unique cranial pitting.

Indeterminate skeleton
McAbee site

indeterminate[17][28][20][111]

indeterminate

feathers

  • Horsefly
  • McAbee
  • Quilchena
  • Republic

isolated feathers

unidentified feather, Republic

Mammals

Eocene mammals are exclusively known from sites in, or possibly in, the Okanagan Highlands. The earliest reported mammals were of teeth from the Princeton area in 1935, with one of the fossils subsequently being "lost". More recent work in 2014 and 2017 on fossils from Driftwood and Princeton have expanded the mammal families to three, possibly four, and an undescribed Quilchena fossil being identified as a "lipotyphla".[112][5] The record of Brontotheriidae is uncertain due to the split opinion regarding inclusion of the Quesnel area sediments as part of the Highlands.[5][4][2]

Family Genus species Sites Notes Images
Erinaceidae

Silvacola

Silvacola acares[112]

  • Driftwood

A hedgehog and moonrat relative

Entomolestes

undescribed[112][5]

  • Princeton

An unidentified hedgehog relative,
specimen possibly lost.

Esthonychidae Trogosus

Trogosus latidens[113][101][5]

  • Princeton

A tillodont species

Trogosus sp.[5]

  • Princeton

An indeterminate tillodont
smaller than T. latidens

Helaletidae

Cf.Heptodon

indeterminate[112]

  • Driftwood

A helaletid tapir relative.

undescribed

undescribed

undescribed[5]

  • Quilchena

A "lipotyphlan"

Quesnelian fauna

If the Quesnel sites are included as part of the Greater Okanagan Highlands per Archibald et al. (2018) the fauna of the region is expanded by a number of insect taxa, an additional arachnid, and a brontothere.

Arachnids

Family Genus species Sites Notes Images

Araneae

Araneaovoius

Araneaovoius columbiae[114]

  • Quesnel

An orb-web spider egg sack.
First described as "Aranea" columbiae (1878)[115]

Araneaovoius columbiae
(1890 illustration

Coleopterans

Family Genus species Sites Notes Images

Nitidulidae

Prometopia

Prometopia depilis[116]

  • Quesnel

A sap beetle

Prometopia depilis
(1890 illustration)

Dipterans

Family Genus species Sites Notes Images

Anthomyiidae

Anthomyia

Anthomyia burgessi[116][49]

  • Quesnel

An anthomyiid fly.
Considered nomen dubium without discussion by Michelsen (1996).[117]

Anthomyia burgessi
(1890 illustration)

Anthomyia inanimata[116]

  • Quesnel

An anthomyiid fly.
Considered nomen dubium without discussion by Michelsen (1996).[117]

Anthomyia inanimata
(1890 illustration)

Asilidae

Undescribed

Undescribed[32]

  • Quesnel

An undescribed robber fly

Dolichopodidae

Dolichopus

Undescribed[116]

  • Quesnel

An undescribed long-legged fly.

Dolichopus sp.
specimen 14651
(1890 illustration)

Heleomyzidae

Heteromyza

Heteromyza senilis[116]

  • Quesnel

A heleomyzid fly.

Heteromyza senilis
(1890 illustration)

Lauxaniidae

"Lonchaea"

"Lonchaea" senescens[42]

  • Quesnel

A lauxaniid fly. First placed in Lonchaea[116]
Referred to Lauxaniidae without redescription.(1994)

"Lonchaea" senescens
(1890 illustration)

Mycetophilidae

Boletina

Boletina sepulta[116]

  • Quesnel

A fungus gnat.

Boletina sepulta
(1890 illustration)

Brachypeza

Brachypeza abita[116]

  • Quesnel

A mycetophiline fungus gnat.

Brachypeza abita
(1890 illustration)

Brachypeza procera[116]

  • Quesnel

A mycetophiline fungus gnat.

Brachypeza procera
(1890 illustration)

Trichonta

Trichonta dawsoni[116]

  • Quesnel

A mycetophiline fungus gnat.

Trichonta dawsoni
(1890 illustration)

Pallopteridae

Palloptera

Palloptera morticina[116]

  • Quesnel

A flutter-wing fly.

Palloptera morticina
(1890 illustration)

Sciaridae

Sciara

Sciara deperdita[115]

  • Quesnel

A sciarine dark-winged fungus gnat.

Sciara deperdita
(1890 illustration)

Sciomyzidae

Sciomyza

Sciomyza revelata[116]

  • Quesnel

A marsh fly.

Sciomyza revelata
(1890 illustration)

Ulidiidae

Lithortalis

Lithortalis picta[116]

  • Quesnel

A picture-winged fly.

Lithortalis picta
(1890 illustration)

Hemipterans

Family Genus species Sites Notes Images

Pentatomidae

Teleoschistus

Teleoschistus antiquus[49]

  • Quesnel

A shield bug
first described as "Euschistus" antiquus (1878).[115]

Teleoschistus antiquus
(1890 illustration)

Incertae sedis

Geranchon

Geranchon petrorum[49]

  • Quesnel

An aphidomorph of uncertain placement
First described as "Lachnus" petrorum (1877)[116]

Geranchon petrorum
(1890 illustration)

incertae sedis

Sbenaphis

Sbenaphis quesneli[49]

  • Quesnel

An aphidoid of uncertain placement
First described as "Lachnus" quesneli[115]

Sbenaphis quesneli
(1890 illustration)

Hymenopterans

Family Genus species Sites Notes Images

Formicidae

Aphaenogaster

Aphaenogaster longaeva[116]

  • Quesnel

A myrmicine ant, possibly nomen dubium.[118]

Aphaenogaster longaeva
(1890 illustration)

Calyptites

Calyptites antediluvianum[116]

  • Quesnel

An ant of uncertain placement.

Calyptites antediluvianum
(1890 illustration)

Dolichoderus

Dolichoderus obliteratus[119]

  • Quesnel

A dolichoderine ant
First described as "Hypoclinea" obliterata[116]

Dolichoderus obliteratus
(1890 illustration)

Formica

Formica arcana[116]

  • Quesnel

A formicine ant

Formica arcana
(1890 illustration)

Ichneumonidae

Pimpla

Pimpla decessa[116]

  • Quesnel

A pimpline ichneumon parasitic wasp

Pimpla decessa
(1890 illustration)

Pimpla saxea[116]

  • Quesnel

A pimpline ichneumon parasitic wasp

Pimpla saxea
(1890 illustration)

Pimpla senecta[116]

  • Quesnel

A pimpline ichneumon parasitic wasp

Pimpla senecta
(1890 illustration)

Neuroptera

Family Genus species Sites Notes Images

Hemerobiidae

Bothromicromus

Bothromicromus lachlani[115]

  • Quesnel

A hemerobiid lacewing of uncertain subfamily placement

Bothromicromus lachlani
(1890 illustration)

Mammals

Family Genus species Sites Notes Images

Brontotheriidae

indeterminate

indeterminate[120]

  • Quesnel

A Brontotheriina subtribe Brontothere
Not identifiable to genus
Known from isolated teeth

References

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