Kapampangan
Pampangan Capampáñgan
Amánung Kapangpángan, Amánung Sísuan
Kapangpángan written in Kulitan, the language's indigenous writing system
Pronunciation	[kəːpəmˈpaːŋən]
Native to	Philippines
Region	Central Luzon (entirety of Pampanga, southern Tarlac, northeastern Bataan, western Bulacan, southwestern Nueva Ecija, southeastern parts of Zambales)
Ethnicity	Kapampangan
Native speakers	2.8 million (2010)[1] 7th most spoken native language in the Philippines[2]
Language family	Austronesian Malayo-Polynesian Philippine Central Luzon Kapampangan
Writing system	Latin (Kapampangan alphabet) Kulitan
Official status
Official language in	Angeles City[3][4][5]
Recognised minority language in	Regional language of the Philippines
Regulated by	Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino
Language codes
ISO 639-2	pam
ISO 639-3	pam
Glottolog	pamp1243
Areas where Kapampangan is spoken in the Philippines

Kapampangan, Capampáñgan, or Pampangan is an Austronesian language, and one of the eight major languages of the Philippines. It is the primary and predominant language of the entire province of Pampanga and southern Tarlac, on the southern part of Luzon's central plains geographic region, where the Kapampangan ethnic group resides. Kapampangan is also spoken in northeastern Bataan, as well as in the provinces of Bulacan, Nueva Ecija, and Zambales that border Pampanga. It is further spoken as a second language by a few Aeta groups in the southern part of Central Luzon.^[6] The language is known honorifically as Amánung Sísuan ('breastfed, or nurtured, language').^[7]

Classification

Kapampangan is one of the Central Luzon languages of the Austronesian language family. Its closest relatives are the Sambalic languages of Zambales province and the Bolinao language spoken in the towns of Bolinao and Anda in Pangasinan. These languages share the same reflex /j/ of the proto-Malayo-Polynesian *R.^[8]

History

Kapampangan is derived from the root word pampáng ('riverbank'). The language was historically spoken in the Kingdom of Tondo, ruled by the Lakans.

A number of Kapampangan dictionaries and grammar books were written during the Spanish colonial period. Diego Bergaño wrote two 18th-century books about the language: Arte de la lengua Pampanga (first published in 1729)^[9] and Vocabulario de la lengua Pampanga (first published in 1732).^[10] Kapampangan produced two 19th-century literary giants; Anselmo Fajardo was noted for Gonzalo de Córdova and Comedia Heróica de la Conquista de Granada, and playwright Juan Crisóstomo Soto wrote Alang Dios in 1901. "Crissotan" was written by Amado Yuzon, Soto's 1950s contemporary and Nobel Prize nominee for peace and literature, to immortalize his contribution to Kapampangan literature.

Geographic distribution

Kapampangan is predominantly spoken in the province of Pampanga and southern Tarlac (Bamban, Capas, Concepcion, San Jose, Gerona, La Paz, Victoria and Tarlac City). It is also spoken in border communities of the provinces of Bataan (Dinalupihan, Hermosa and Orani), Bulacan (Baliuag, San Miguel, San Ildefonso, Hagonoy, Plaridel, Pulilan and Calumpit), Nueva Ecija (Cabiao, San Antonio, San Isidro, Gapan and Cabanatuan) and Zambales (Olongapo City and Subic). In Mindanao, a significant Kapampangan-speaking minority also exists in Cagayan de Oro, Davao City and South Cotabato, specifically in General Santos and the municipalities of Polomolok and Tupi. According to the 2000 Philippine census, 2,312,870 people (out of the total population of 76,332,470) spoke Kapampangan as their native language.

Phonology

Standard Kapampangan has 21 phonemes: 15 consonants and five vowels; some western dialects have six vowels. Syllabic structure is relatively simple; each syllable contains at least one consonant and a vowel.

Grammar

Kapampangan is a VSO or Verb-Subject-Object language. However, the word order can be very flexible and change to VOS (Verb-Object-Subject) and SVO (Subject-Verb-Object). Just like other Austronesian languages, Kapampangan is also an agglutinative language where new words are formed by adding affixes onto a root word (affixation) and the repetition of words, or portions of words (reduplication), (for example: anak ('child') to ának-ának ('children')). Root words are frequently derived from other words by means of prefixes, infixes, suffixes and circumfixes. (For example: kan ('food') to kanan ('to eat') to 'kakanan ('eating') to kakananan ('being eaten')).

Kapampangan can form long words through extensive use of affixes, for example: Mikakapapagbabalabalangingiananangananan, 'a group of people having their noses bleed at the same time', Mikakapapagsisiluguranan, 'everyone loves each other', Makapagkapampangan, 'can speak Kapampangan', and Mengapangaibuganan, 'until to fall in love'. Long words frequently occur in normal Kapampangan.

Lexicon

Kapampangan borrowed many words from Chinese (particularly Cantonese and Hokkien), such as:

• Ápû, '(paternal) grandmother', from 阿婆
• Bápa, 'uncle', from 爸伯
• Ditsí, '2nd eldest sister', from 二姊
• Díko, '2nd eldest brother', from 二哥
• Dízon, '2nd eldest grandson' (a surname), from 二孫
• Gózun, '5th eldest grandson' (a surname), from 五孫
• Lácson, '6th eldest grandson' (a surname), from 六孫
• Pekson, '8th eldest grandson' (a surname), from 八孫
• Impû, '(maternal) grandmother', from 外婆
• Ingkung, '(maternal) grandfather', from 外公
• Atsi, 'eldest sister', from 阿姐
• Kóya, 'eldest brother', 哥仔
• Sanko, '3rd eldest brother', from 三哥
• Satsi, '4th eldest sister', from 三姊
• Sámson, '3rd eldest grandson' (a surname), from 三孫
• Sese, 'pet, to look after, thank you' (name), from 謝謝
• Síson, '4th eldest grandson' (a surname), from 四孫
• Sitson, '7th eldest grandson' (a surname), from 七孫
• Susi, 'key', from 鎖匙
• Sitsí, '4th eldest sister', from 四姊
• Síko, '4th eldest brother', from 四哥
• Tuázon, 'eldest grandson' (a surname), from 太孫
• Pansit, 'noodles' (literally 'instant meal'), from 便食
• Buisit, 'bad luck' (literally 'without clothes and food'), from 無衣食
• Tiâ, 'tea', from 茶
• Laggiû, 'name', from 你叫
• Buan,'full, satisfied' (a surname), from 滿
• Pétsai, 'Chinese lettuce', from 白菜
• Gintu, 'Gold' (a surname), from 金條
• Lumpiâ, 'spring roll', from 潤餅
• Bátsuî, Kapampangan soup, from 肉水
• Tawû, 'tofu' (a snack), from 豆花
• Tóyû, 'soy sauce', from 豆油
• Tansû, 'copper wire', from 銅索
• Bakiâ, 'wooden clogs', from 木屐

Due to the influence of Buddhism and Hinduism, Kapampangan also acquired words from Sanskrit. A few examples are:

• Aláya, 'home', from the Sanskrit आलय alaya
• Kalma, 'fate', from the Sanskrit कर्म karma
• Damla, 'divine law', from the Sanskrit धर्म dharma
• Mantála, 'magic formulas', from the Sanskrit मन्त्र mantra
• Upáya, 'power', from the Sanskrit उपाय upaya
• Siuálâ, 'voice', from the Sanskrit स्वर svara
• Lúpa, 'face', from the Sanskrit रुपा rupa
• Sabla, 'every', from the Sanskrit सर्व sarva
• Láwû, 'eclipse/dragon', from the Sanskrit राहु rahu
• Galúrâ, 'giant eagle' (a surname, 'phoenix'), from the Sanskrit गरुड garuda
• Láksina, 'south' (a surname), from the Sanskrit दक्षिण dakshin
• Laksamana, 'admiral' (a surname), from the Sanskrit लक्ष्मण lakshmana
• Pápâ 'demerit, bad karma' from the Sanskrit पाप pāpá
• Palâ 'fruit, blessings' from the Sanskrit फल phala

The language has also absorbed many Spanish loanwords due to the 333 years of presence of the Spaniards in the Kapampangan speaking provinces. Hence, Spanish Days of the Week, Months, and Numbers are used in Kapampangan respectively. Many Spanish expressions, basic nouns, verbs, and phrases are also present in the Language. Such as, ("Kómusta?") from Spanish, "cómo estás" which means 'how are you?'. (this common expression can also be found in other Philippine Languages, such as Tagalog, Bisaya, Hiligaynon, etc. Other examples are:

• Aparte, 'aside or apart', from Spanish 'Aparte'
• Casafuego, 'matchstick', from Mexican Spanish "Casa fuego". 'Fósforro' which is also Spanish, is also commonly used by the Speakers.
• Mariposa, 'butterfly', from Spanish 'Mariposa'
• Primeru, 'first', from Spanish 'Primero'
• Matsura, 'ugly', from Spanish 'Mala Hechura'
• Domingu, 'sunday', from Spanish 'Domingo'
• Filipinas, 'philippines', from Spanish 'Filipinas'

Orthography

Amánung Sísuan (honorific name for 'mother language' (literally 'nurtured or suckled language') in Kulitan, Kapampangan's indigenous writing system

Kapampangan, like most Philippine languages, uses the Latin alphabet. Before the Spanish colonization of the Philippines, it was written in old Kapampangan writing. Kapampangan is usually written in one of three different writing systems: sulat Baculud, sulat Wawa and a hybrid of the two, Amung Samson.^[13]

The first system (sulat Baculud, also known as tutung Capampangan or tutung Kapampangan in the sulat Wawa system) is based on Spanish orthography, a feature of which involved the use of the letters ⟨c⟩ and ⟨q⟩ to represent the phoneme /k/ (depending on the vowel sound following the phoneme). ⟨C⟩ was used before /a/, /o/ and /u/ (ca, co and cu), and ⟨q⟩ was used with ⟨u⟩ before the vowels /e/ and /i/ (que, qui). The Spanish-based orthography is primarily associated with literature by authors from Bacolor and the text used on the Kapampangan Pasion.^[13]

The second system, the Sulat Wawa, is an "indigenized" form which preferred ⟨k⟩ over ⟨c⟩ and ⟨q⟩ in representing the phoneme /k/. This orthography, based on the Abakada alphabet was used by writers from Guagua and rivaled writers from the nearby town of Bacolor.^[13]

The third system, Amung Samson hybrid orthography, intends to resolve the conflict in spelling between proponents of the sulat Baculud and sulat Wawa. This system was created by former Catholic priest Venancio Samson during the 1970s to translate the Bible into Kapampangan. It resolved conflicts between the use of ⟨q⟩ and ⟨c⟩ (in sulat Baculud) and ⟨k⟩ (in sulat Wawa) by using ⟨k⟩ before ⟨e⟩ and ⟨i⟩ (instead of [qu]⟩ and using ⟨c⟩ before ⟨a⟩, ⟨o⟩, and ⟨u⟩ (instead of ⟨k⟩). The system also removed ⟨ll⟩ and ⟨ñ⟩ (from Spanish), replacing them with ⟨ly⟩ and ⟨ny⟩.^[13]

Orthography has been debated by Kapampangan writers, and orthographic styles may vary by writer. The sulat Wawa system has become the popular method of writing due to the influence of the Tagalog-based Filipino language (the national language) and its orthography. The sulat Wawa system is used by the Akademyang Kapampangan and the poet Jose Gallardo.^[13]

Prayers, words and sentences

The Church of the Pater Noster in Jerusalem, with a Kapampangan version of the Lord's Prayer on the right

• Sign of the cross: Uli ning tanda ning Santa Cruz, karing masamá kekami, ikabus Mu kami, Ginu ming Dios. King lagyu ning +Ibpa, ampon ning Anak, ampon ning Espiritu Santo. Amen.
• The Creed: Sasalpantaya ku king Dios, Ibpang mayupayang tutu, linalang king banwa't yatu. At kang Hesukristong Anak nang Bugtung a Ginu tamu. Pengagli Ya king upaya ning Banal a Espiritu, mibayit Ya kang Santa Mariang Birhen. Linasa Ya lalam nang upaya nang Poncio Pilato. Mipaku ya king krus, mete Ya't mikutkut. Tinipa Ya karing mete. King katlung aldo, sinubli yang mebie. Pepaitas Ya banua, makalukluk wanan ning Dios Ibpang mayupayang tutu. Ibat karin, magbalik Ya naman keti ban mukum karing mabie ampon mengamate. Sasalpantaya ku king Banal a Espiritu, ang Santa Iglesia Katolika, ang pamisamak ding Santos, ang pangapatauadda ring kasalanan, king pangasubli rang mie ring mete, at king bie alang angga. Amen.
• The Lord's Prayer: Ibpa mi, a atiu banua. Misamban ya ing lagyu Mu. Datang kekami ing kayarian Mu. Mipamintuan ing lub Mu, keti sulip anti banua. Ing kakanan mi king aldo-aldo ibie Mu kekami king aldo ngeni. Ampon ipatawad Mo kekami ring sala mi Keka, anti ing pamamatauad mi karing mikasala kekami. E Mu ke ipaisaul ang tuksu, nune ikabus Mu kami karing sablang marok. Amen.
• Hail Mary: Bapu, Maria! Mitmu ka king grasya. Ing Ginung Dios atyu keka. Nuan ka karing sablang babayi, at nuan ya pa naman ing bunga ning atian mu, i(y) Jesús. Santa Maria, Indu ning Dios. Ipanalangin mu keng makasalanan, ngeni, ampon king oras ning kamatayan mi. Amen.
• Gloria Patri: Ligaya king Ibpa, at ang Anak, at ang Espiritu Santo. Antimo ing sadya nang ligaya ibat king kamumulan, ngeni't kapilan man, mangga man king alang angga. Amen.
• Salve Regina: Bapu Reyna, Indung Mamakalulu, bie ampon yumu, manga panaligan mi, Bapu Reyna, ikang ausan mi, ikeng pepalakuan a anak nang Eva; ikang pangisnawan ming malalam, daralung ke manga tatangis keni king karinan ning luwa. Ngamu na Reyna, Patulunan mi, balicdan mu kami karing mata mung mapamakalulu, ampon nung mapupus, pangalako mu queti sulip, pakit me kekami i(y) Hesus, a bungang masampat ning atian mu. O malugud! O mapamakalulu! O Santa Maria Birhen a mayumu! Ipanalangin mu kami, O Santang Indu ning Dios. Ba’keng sukat makinabang karing pengaku nang Hesukristong Ginu tamu.

Numbers:

• One – isa (used when reciting numbers; métung used for counting)
• Two – aduá
• Three – atlú
• Four – ápat
• Five – limá
• Six – ánam
• Seven – pitú
• Eight – ualú
• Nine – s'yám
• Ten – apúlu

Sentences:

• My name is John. – Juan ya ing lagyu ku.
• I am here! – Atyu ku keni! (Ati ku keni!)
• Where are you? – Nukarin ka (kanyan)?
• I love you. – Kaluguran daka.
• What do you want? – Nanu ya ing buri mu?
• Good morning! - Mayap a yabak (pu)!
• Good afternoon! - Mayap a gatpanapun (pu)!
• Good evening! - Mayap a bengi (pu)!
• I will go home. – Muli ku.
• They don't want to eat. – Ali la bisang mangan.
• He bought rice. – Sinali yang nasi.
• She likes that. – Buri ne ita.
• May I go out? – Malyari ku waring lumwal?
• I can't sleep. – Ali ku mipapatudtud.
• We are afraid. – Tatakut kami.
• My pet died yesterday. – Mete ya ing sese ku napun.
• How old are you? – Pilan na kang banua?
• How did you do that? – Makananu meng gewa ita?
• How did you get here? – Katnamu ka miparas keni?
• How big is it? – Makananu ya karagul? (Nu anti ya karagul?)
• When will you be back? – Kapilan ka mibalik?

See also

• Malayo-Polynesian languages
• Tarlac
• Bataan

References

Footnotes

Bibliography

• Bautista, Ma. Lourdes S. 1996. An Outline: The National Language and the Language of Instruction. In Readings in Philippine Sociolinguistics, ed. by Ma. Lourdes S. Bautista, 223. Manila: De La Salle University Press, Inc.
• Bergaño, Diego (1860). Vocabulario de la Lengua Pampanga en Romance (2nd ed.). Manila: Imprenta de Ramirez y Giraudier.
• Bergaño, Diego (1916) [Originally published in 1736]. Arte de la Lengua Pampanga (3rd ed.). Manila: Tip. Del Colegio de Santo Tomás.
• Castro, Rosalina Icban. 1981. Literature of the Pampangos. Manila: University of the East Press.
• Fernández, Eligío. 1876. Nuevo Vocabulario, ó Manual de Conversaciónes en Español, Tagálo y Pampángo. Binondo: Imprenta de M. Perez
• Forman, Michael (1971). Kapampangan Grammar Notes. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
• Gallárdo, José. 1985–86. Magaral Tang Capampangan. Ing Máyap a Balità, ed. by José Gallárdo, May 1985- June 1986. San Fernando: Archdiocese of San Fernando.
• Henson, Mariano A. 1965. The Province of Pampanga and Its Towns: A.D. 1300–1965. 4th ed. revised. Angeles City: By the author.
• Kitano Hiroaki. 1997. Kapampangan. In Facts About The World's Major Languages, ed. by Jane Garry. New York: H.W. Wilson. Pre-published copy
• Lacson, Evangelina Hilario. 1984. Kapampangan Writing: A Selected Compendium and Critique. Ermita, Manila: National Historical Institute.
• Manlapaz, Edna Zapanta. 1981. Kapampangan Literature: A Historical Survey and Anthology. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press.
• Panganiban, J.V. 1972. Diksyunaryo-Tesauro Pilipino-Ingles. Quezon City: Manlapaz Publishing Co.
• Pangilinan, Michael Raymon M. 2004. Critical Diacritical. In Kapampangan Magazine, ed. by Elmer G. Cato,32-33, Issue XIV. Angeles City: KMagazine.
• Samson, Venancio. 2004. Problems on Pampango Orthography. In Kapampangan Magazine, ed. by Elmer G. Cato,32-33, Issue XII. Angeles City: KMagazine.
• Samson, Venancio. 2011. Kapampangan Dictionary. Angeles City: The Juan D. Nepomuceno Center for Kapampangan Studies, Holy Angel University Press. ISBN 978-971-0546-07-7
• Tayag, Katoks (Renato). 1985. "The Vanishing Pampango Nation", Recollections and Digressions. Escolta, Manila: Philnabank Club c/o Philippine National Bank.
• Turla, Ernesto C. 1999. Classic Kapampangan Dictionary. Offprint Copy

External links

Pampanga edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: Kapampangan

Wikivoyage has a phrasebook for Kapampangan.

• Sínúpan Singsing, de facto language regulator
• Bansa Kapampangan-English Dictionary
• Kapampangan Wiktionary
• 10 ICAL Paper – Issues in Orthography
• 10 ICAL Paper – Importance of Diacritical Marks
• 10 ICAL Paper – Transitivity & Pronominal Clitic Order
• Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database
• Electronic Kabalen – New Writing on Kapampangan Life & Letters
• Dying languages
• State can still save Kapampangan
• Wikibook Kapampangan
• Siuala ding Meangubie