Statue of a paparazzo by sculptor Radko Mačuha in Bratislava, Slovakia
Paparazzi style photography
Mickey Hargitay assaults the "king of paparazzi" Rino Barillari while a woman hits him with her purse—Via Veneto 1963
English singer-songwriter and entertainer Robbie Williams does the inverted V sign at a paparazzo photographer in London in 2000

Paparazzi (US: /ˌpɑːpəˈrɑːtsi/, UK: /ˌpæpəˈrætsi/; Italian: [papaˈrattsi]; SG: masculine paparazzo or feminine paparazza) are independent photographers who take pictures of high-profile people; such as actors, musicians, athletes, politicians, and other celebrities, typically while subjects go about their usual life routines. Paparazzi tend to make a living by selling their photographs to media outlets that focus on tabloid journalism and sensationalism (such as gossip magazines).

Description

Paparazzi tend to be independent contractors, unaffiliated with mainstream media organizations, who track high-profile people and take pictures of them opportunistically.[1] Some experts have described the behavior of paparazzi as synonymous with stalking, and anti-stalking laws in many countries address the issue by seeking to reduce harassment of public figures and celebrities, especially when they are with their children.[2] Some public figures and celebrities have expressed concern at the extent to which paparazzi go to invade their personal space.[3] The filing and receiving of judicial support for restraining orders against paparazzi has increased, as have lawsuits with judgments against them.[4]

Famous paparazzi

Walter Santesso portrays Paparazzo in the 1960 film La Dolce Vita, marking the character as the eponym of the word "paparazzi."[5]

Ron Galella is well known for his obsessive stalking of several celebrities, most notably Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis. Galella has been defined "the Godfather of the U.S. paparazzi culture".[6]

Rino Barillari is an Italian paparazzo known as the "King of the Paparazzi" in Italy. He was awarded the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic in 1998.

Celebrity paparazzi

Paparazzi are often a problem for celebrities, as the latter have become increasingly objectified and worshipped by fans (see: Celebrity worship syndrome), especially through social and mass media.[7] This happens because constant exposure to and coverage of these figures leads people to treat celebrities like they are their social intimates, whom they admire, gossip about, or copy habits from.[8] A 2009 study which anonymously interviewed a number of celebrities showed that it was a common sentiment that being pursued by paparazzi causes a loss of personal life, lack of anonymity, and a feeling of constantly being watched.[9] This causes them to compensate by forming separate identities, one an image offered to the public, and one reserved for moments of privacy and intimacy.

Etymology

A news photographer named Paparazzo (played by Walter Santesso in the 1960 film La Dolce Vita directed by Federico Fellini) is the eponym of the word paparazzi.[10] In his book The Facts on File Encyclopedia of Word and Phrase Origins, Robert Hendrickson writes that Fellini named the "hyperactive photographer ... after Italian slang for 'mosquito.'"[11] As Fellini said in his interview to Time magazine, "Paparazzo ... suggests to me a buzzing insect, hovering, darting, stinging."[12] Those versions of the word's origin are sometimes contested. For example, in the Abruzzo dialect spoken by Ennio Flaiano, co-scriptwriter of La Dolce Vita, the term paparazzo refers to the local clam, Venerupis decussata, and is also used as a metaphor for the shutter of a camera lens.

Further, in an interview with Fellini's screenwriter Flaiano, he said the name came from the book Sulla riva dello Jonio (1957),[13] a translation by Italian poet Margherita Guidacci of By the Ionian Sea,[14] a 1901 travel narrative in southern Italy by Victorian writer George Gissing. He further states that either Fellini or Flaiano opened the book at random, saw the name of a restaurant owner, Coriolano Paparazzo, and decided to use it for the photographer. This story is further documented by a variety of Gissing scholars[15] and in the book A Sweet and Glorious Land. Revisiting the Ionian Sea.[16] By the late 1960s, the word, usually in the Italian plural form paparazzi, had entered English as a generic term for intrusive photographers.[17] A person who has been photographed by the paparazzi is said to have been "papped".[18]

In other languages

A transliteration of paparazzi is used in several languages that do not use the Latin alphabet, including Japanese (パパラッチ), Korean (파파라치), Ukrainian (папарацці), Russian (папарацци), Bulgarian (папараци), Thai (ปาปารัสซี) and Hebrew (פפראצי). Chinese uses 狗仔隊, meaning "puppy squad". Khmer uses អ្នកប្រមាញ់រូប (anak bramanh roub).

Legality

Due to the reputation of paparazzi as a nuisance, several countries and states restrict their activities by passing laws and curfews, and by staging events in which paparazzi are specifically not allowed to take photographs.[19][20][21][22] In the United States, celebrity news organizations are protected by the First Amendment.[23] However, to protect the children of celebrities, California passed Senate Bill No. 606[24] in September 2013. The purpose of the bill is to stop paparazzi from taking pictures of children or wards in a harassing manner because of their parent's occupation. This law increased the penalty for harassment of children.[25] California Civil Code sections 1708.7 and 1708.8 explicitly address stalking and invasion of physical privacy.[26][27]

Injunctions

A group of photojournalists often known as paparazzi

In 1972, paparazzo photographer Ron Galella sued Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis after the former First Lady ordered her Secret Service agents to destroy Galella's camera and film following an encounter in New York City's Central Park. Kennedy counter-sued claiming harassment. The trial lasted three weeks and became a groundbreaking case regarding photojournalism and the role of paparazzi. In Galella v. Onassis, Kennedy obtained a restraining order to keep Galella 150 feet (46 m) away from her and her children. The restriction was later reduced to 25 feet (7.6 m). The trial is a focal point in Smash His Camera, a 2010 documentary film by director Leon Gast.

In 1997, Diana, Princess of Wales and partner Dodi Fayed were killed in a limousine crash as their driver was speeding, trying to escape paparazzi. Another person, Trevor Jones survived.[28][29] An inquest jury investigated the role of paparazzi in the incident, but no one was convicted. The official inquests into the accident attributed the causes to the speed and manner of driving of the Mercedes, as well as the following vehicles, and the impairment of the judgment of the Mercedes driver, Henri Paul, through alcohol.[30]

In 1999, the Oriental Daily News of Hong Kong was found guilty of "scandalizing the court", an extremely rare charge where the judiciary find that the newspaper's conduct undermines confidence in the administration of justice.[31] The charge was brought after the newspaper had published abusive articles challenging the judiciary's integrity and accusing it of bias in a lawsuit the paper had instigated over a photo of a pregnant Faye Wong. The paper had also arranged for a "dog team" (slang for paparazzi in the Chinese language) to track a judge for 72 hours, to provide the judge with first-hand experience of what paparazzi do.[32]

Time magazine's Style & Design special issue in 2005 ran a story entitled "Shooting Star", in which Mel Bouzad, one of the top paparazzi in Los Angeles at the time, claimed to have made US$150,000 for a picture of Ben Affleck and Jennifer Lopez in Georgia after their breakup. "If I get a picture of Britney and her baby," Bouzad claimed, "I'll be able to buy a house in those hills (above Sunset Boulevard)."[33] Paparazzi author Peter Howe told Time that "celebrities need a higher level of exposure than the rest of us so it is a two-way street. The celebrities manipulate."

In 2006, Daniella Cicarelli went through a scandal when a paparazzo caught video footage of her having sex with her boyfriend on a beach in Spain, which was posted on YouTube.[34] After fighting in the court, it was decided in her favor, causing YouTube to be blocked in Brazil. This caused major havoc among Brazilians, including threatening a boycott against MTV Brasil, where Cicarelli worked, unless she was fired. The block only lasted a few days, and Cicarelli was not dismissed. The legal action backfired as the court decided she had no expectation of privacy by having sex in a public location. Cicarelli appealed the decision, and the case was finally settled in 2015 with the Superior Court of Justice of Brazil awarding Cicarelli and her boyfriend in the video damages of R$250,000 (US$64,000) from Google.[35]

The E! network program Celebrities Uncensored used often-confrontational footage of celebrities made by paparazzi.

Following the publication of photographs showing Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge sunbathing whilst topless at the French holiday home of her husband's cousin Viscount Linley, it was announced on September 14, 2012, that the royal couple were to launch legal action against the French edition of Closer magazine. It was the first time that a senior British royal has sued in a court outside the UK. The reason cited for the legal action is that the Duchess had a right of privacy whilst at the home—the magazine responded that the pictures had been taken from the public highway. The injunction was granted on September 18, 2012, and the publishers of the magazine were ordered not to publish the photographs in France and not to sell the images. The publishers were also ordered to hand over the original material of the published pictures under threat of a €10,000 fine for every day of delay in doing so.[36] In 2017, the magazine was ordered to pay €100,000 in damages to Catherine and William, and another €90,000 fine to two staffers.[37]

In the United Kingdom, Sienna Miller, Amy Winehouse, and Lily Allen have won injunctions that prevent the paparazzi from following them and gathering outside their houses. Miller was awarded £53,000.[38]

In 2013, rapper Kanye West faced assault charges after attacking a photojournalist. He stated that he would fight to get the law changed, so celebrities can profit from paparazzi's work.[39][40]

Other measures

In addition to legal action, celebrities have taken other measures to avoid paparazzi. When Daniel Radcliffe was performing in the play Equus in London, he wore the same hat and jacket every day for six months, to make the photos look old and therefore "unpublishable".[41]

References

  1. ↑ "Is Everyone a Journalist?". American Journalism Review. October 1997. Archived from the original on June 13, 2010. Retrieved January 27, 2009.
  2. ↑ McGreevy, Patrick (September 24, 2013). "Gov. Jerry Brown signs law protecting children of public figures". LA Times. Archived from the original on November 30, 2013. Retrieved October 12, 2018.
  3. ↑ "Why Paparazzi Are Wrong". CNN. March 13, 2006. Archived from the original on October 11, 2016. Retrieved April 24, 2016.
  4. ↑ M., Locke, Christina; Carnley, Murrhee, Kara (2011). "Is Driving with the Intent to Gather News a Crime? The Chilling Effects of California's Anti-Paparazzi Legislation". Loyola of Los Angeles Entertainment Law Review. 31 (2). Archived from the original on October 13, 2018. Retrieved October 12, 2018.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  5. ↑ Dunne, Susan (April 10, 2008). "A Movie That Coined A Word". Hartford Courant. Archived from the original on April 7, 2019. Retrieved April 6, 2019.
  6. ↑ Tapp, Tom (May 2, 2022). "Ron Galella Dies: Controversial "Godfather Of U.S. Paparazzi" Was 91". Archived from the original on October 1, 2022. Retrieved October 1, 2022.
  7. ↑ Alexander, Jeffrey C. (November 2010). "The Celebrity-Icon". Cultural Sociology. 4 (3): 323–336. doi:10.1177/1749975510380316. ISSN 1749-9755. S2CID 145739711. Archived from the original on January 24, 2023. Retrieved June 4, 2023.
  8. ↑ "Seeing by Starlight: Celebrity Obsession | Psychology Today". www.psychologytoday.com. Retrieved May 24, 2023.
  9. ↑ Rockwell, Donna; Giles, David (January 1, 2009). "Being a Celebrity: A Phenomenology of Fame". Journal of Phenomenological Psychology. 40 (2): 178–210. doi:10.1163/004726609X12482630041889. ISSN 1569-1624. Archived from the original on March 26, 2023. Retrieved June 4, 2023.
  10. ↑ "Paparazzo". Treccani (in Italian).
  11. ↑ Robert Hendrickson. The Facts on File Encyclopedia of Word and Phrase Origins.
  12. ↑ "The Press: Paparazzi on the Prowl". Time. Vol. 77, no. 16. April 14, 1961. Archived from the original on May 25, 2013. Retrieved October 5, 2009.
  13. ↑ Gissing, George Robert (1957). Sulla riva dello Ionio. Appunti di viaggio nell'Italia meridionale (in Italian). transl. by Margherita Guidacci. Bologna: Capelli.
  14. ↑ Gissing, George (2004) [1901]. By the Ionian Sea. Notes of a Ramble in Southern Italy (illustrated, reprint, revised ed.). Oxford: Signal Books. p. 145. ISBN 978-1-90266967-0.
  15. ↑ Coustillas, Pierre (2005). "Gissing and the Paparazzi (pp. 256–266)". In Badolato, Francesco (ed.). George Gissing, romanziere del tardo periodo vittoriano. Soveria Mannelli: Rubbettino Editore. ISBN 978-8-84981193-3.
  16. ↑ Keahey, John (2014) [2000]. A Sweet and Glorious Land. Revisiting the Ionian Sea. London: Macmillan. p. 184. ISBN 978-1-46687603-3. Archived from the original on November 7, 2020. Retrieved December 3, 2021.
  17. ↑ "Paparazzi". Word Origins and History. Archived from the original on December 20, 2010.
  18. ↑ "pap - definition of pap in English | Oxford Dictionaries". Oxford Dictionaries | English. Archived from the original on September 25, 2016. Retrieved July 27, 2017.
  19. ↑ Corbett, Ellen M. "AB 2479 Bill Analysis". Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved September 30, 2014.
  20. ↑ "SB 465 Summary". Archived from the original on September 23, 2015. Retrieved September 30, 2014.
  21. ↑ Harman, Danna. "How Princess Diana Changed the Way Paparazzi Pursue Kate Middleton". Christian Science Monitor. Archived from the original on October 6, 2014. Retrieved September 30, 2014.
  22. ↑ Doland, Angela. "French Paparazzi Laws Favor Celebrities: Jolie, Pitt Latest Couple to Benefit". Seattle Times. Archived from the original on October 6, 2014. Retrieved September 30, 2014.
  23. ↑ Lowry, Brian (August 6, 2013). "Taking a Shot at Paparazzi". Variety. 320 (17). ProQuest 1429233078.
  24. ↑ "Bill Text - SB 606, Harassment: child or ward". legislature.ca.gov. California Legislative Information. September 24, 2013. Archived from the original on April 17, 2020. Retrieved May 22, 2020. Under existing law, any person who intentionally harasses the child or ward of any other person because of that person's employment is guilty of a misdemeanor, punishable by imprisonment in a county jail not exceeding 6 months, or by a fine not exceeding $1,000, or both.
  25. ↑ McGreevy, Patrick; Mason, Melanie (September 24, 2013). "Gov. Brown Signs Bills Aimed at Paparazzi, Family Leave and Quakes". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on April 4, 2019. Retrieved May 22, 2020.
  26. ↑ "Law section". legislature.ca.gov. California Legislative Information. January 1, 2015. Archived from the original on August 6, 2020. Retrieved May 22, 2020.
  27. ↑ "Law section". legislature.ca.gov. California Legislative Information. January 1, 2016. Archived from the original on August 6, 2020. Retrieved May 22, 2020.
  28. ↑ Allen, Peter (August 29, 2014). "Policeman who Spoke to Dying Princess Diana Blasts 'DIY' Security who Failed to Stop Crash". Express. London. Archived from the original on November 11, 2014. Retrieved November 11, 2014.
  29. ↑ "1997: Princess Diana Dies in Paris Crash". BBC. Archived from the original on January 24, 2008. Retrieved November 11, 2014.
  30. ↑ "Jury verdict - Inquisition forms: Princess Diana of Wales" (PDF). Coroner's Inquests into the Deaths of Diana, Princess of Wales and Mr Dodi Al Fayed. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 7, 2009.
  31. ↑ Wong Yeung Ng v. Secretary for Justice, ICHRL 12 (February 9, 1999).
  32. ↑ Hamlett, Tim (July–December 2011). "Scandalising the Scumbags: The Secretary for Justice vs the Oriental Press Group" (PDF). Asia Pacific Media Educator (11): 20–33. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 18, 2006. Retrieved August 20, 2006.
  33. ↑ "Shooting Stars". Time. Archived from the original on December 26, 2005. Retrieved June 16, 2006.
  34. ↑ Justiça mantém liminar que obriga sites a tirar vídeo de Cicarelli com namorado do ar Archived March 8, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
  35. ↑ "Model and TV Presenter Daniela Cicarelli Sues Google for R$94 Million and Wins R$250,000". folha.uol.com.br. Archived from the original on October 21, 2015. Retrieved August 1, 2020.
  36. ↑ "mrpaparazzi.com". Archived from the original on February 16, 2008.
  37. ↑ "The Watershed Significance of Kate Middleton's Topless Photo Lawsuit". September 6, 2017. Archived from the original on June 5, 2023. Retrieved June 5, 2023.
  38. ↑ "Have Celebrities Finally Snapped?". The Guardian. London. May 4, 2009. Archived from the original on May 10, 2017. Retrieved December 16, 2016.
  39. ↑ "Kanye West Demands Money from Paparazzi". 3 News NZ. September 25, 2013. Archived from the original on January 12, 2014. Retrieved September 25, 2013.
  40. ↑ "Kanye West: 'The Paparazzi Should Pay Me'". The Mirror. London. September 24, 2013. Archived from the original on April 4, 2019. Retrieved April 5, 2018.
  41. ↑ "Daniel Radcliffe Is Growing Up". CBS News. July 10, 2007. Archived from the original on December 16, 2017. Retrieved May 23, 2020.
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