Pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins are proteins produced in plants in the event of a pathogen attack.[1] They are induced as part of systemic acquired resistance. Infections activate genes that produce PR proteins. Some of these proteins are antimicrobial, attacking molecules in the cell wall of a bacterium or fungus. Others may function as signals that spread “news” of the infection to nearby cells. Infections also stimulate the cross-linking of molecules in the cell wall and the deposition of lignin, responses that set up a local barricade that slows spread of the pathogen to other parts of the plant.[2]

Salicylic acid plays a role in the resistance to pathogens by inducing the production of pathogenesis-related proteins.[3] Many proteins found in wine are grape pathogen-related proteins.[4] Those include thaumatin-like proteins and chitinases.

Many pathogenesis-related protein families also coincide with groups of human allergens, even though the allergy may have nothing to do with the defense function of the proteins.[5] Grouping these proteins by their sequence features allows for finding potential allergenic proteins from sequenced plant genomes, a field of study dubbed "allergenomics".[6]

Classification

As of 2014, 17 families of PR proteins have been named:[5]

Different PR-protein families and allergens identified
Family Domain classification Proteins Functions Allergens
PR-1 IPR034111

IPR001283

 PR-1 a, PR-1 b, and PR-1 c Antifungal (CAP) Cuc m 3 (muskmelon; P83834)—oral allergy syndrome
PR-2 (GH17) β-1,3-Glucanases Cleaves β-1,3-glucans
  • Hev b 2 (latex; P52407)—contact dermatitis
  • Ole e 9 (olive)—respiratory allergy
  • Mus a 5 (banana)—oral allergy syndrome
PR-3 IPR016283 Chitinase types I, II, IV, V, VI, and VII Endochitinase
  • Pers a 1 (avocado)—itchy eyes or nose, asthma, swelling, and so forth.
  • Mus a 2 (banana)—food allergy like swelling of lips, anaphylaxis, and so forth
PR-4 IPR001153 Barwin domain chitinase I/II Antifungal and chitinase Pro-heveins: Hev b 6—contact dermatitis
PR-5 IPR001938 Thaumatin-like Antifungal
  • Jun a 3 (mountain cedar), Cry j 1 (Japanese cedar), and Cup a 3 (Arizona cypress)—rhinitis, conjunctivitis, and asthma
  • Pru av 2 (cherry), Mal d 2 (apple), Cap a 1 (bell pepper), Act d 2 (kiwi), and Mus a 4 (banana)—oral allergy syndrome
PR-6 IPR000864 Potato protease I Proteinase inhibitor
PR-7 (Subtilisin-like) Tomato endoproteinase P69 (O82007) Endoproteinase
PR-8 (GH18) Cucumber chitinase Chitinase III
  • Hevamine (latex, P23472)—contact dermatitis.
  • Ziz m 1 (Indian jujube, Q2VST0)—oral allergy syndrome
  • Cof a 1 (coffee, D7REL9)—eye and airway allergy
PR-9 (Haem peroxidase III) Tobacco lignin-forming peroxidase (P11965) Peroxidase
PR-10 IPR024949

IPR000916

 Parsley "PR-1" Ribonuclease-like
  • Bet v 1 (birch pollen)— allergic rhinoconjunctivitis and asthma
  • Pru av 1 (cherry), Mal  d  1 (apple), Api g 1 (celery), and Dau c 1 (carrot)—oral allergy syndrome
  • Gly m 4 (soy), Vig r 1 (mung bean), Cor a 1 (hazelnut), and Cas s 1 (chestnut), Act c 8 (golden kiwi fruit), Act d 8 (green kiwi fruit) —oral allergy syndrome
PR-11 (GH18) Tobacco chitinase V (Q43576) Chitinase
PR-12 IPR008176 Radish Rs-AFP3 (O24332) Plant Defensin
PR-13 IPR001010 Arabidopsis THI2.1 (Q42596) Thionin
PR-14 IPR000528 Lipid transfer proteins Shuttling of phospholipids and fatty acids
  • Par j 1 (weed; P43217)—rhinitis and asthma
  • Pru p 3 (peach), Mal d 3 (apple), Pru av 3 (cherry), Pru ar 3 (apricot), Cor a 8 (hazelnut), Cas s 8 (chestnut), and Zea m 14 (maize)—oral allergy syndrome
PR-15 IPR001929 Barley OxOa (P45850) germin; Oxalate oxidase
PR-16 IPR001929 Barley OxOLP (O49871) germin-like
PR-17 IPR007541 Tobacco NtPRp27 (Q9XIY9) late blight resistance(?)[7]

Identification

As PR proteins are produced when plant tissue is stressed, various ways of stress signaling is used to "bait" the plant into expressing PR genes for identification. Useful stressors include an actual infection or simply defense signals such as salicylate and methyl jasmonate. The proteins can be identified by isolation, peptide digestion, and matching against the genomic sequences (protein sequencing). The sequences obtained can then be checked against known PR protein families for categorization.[8][9]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Loon LC (1985). "Pathogenesis-related proteins". Plant Molecular Biology. 4 (2–3): 111–116. doi:10.1007/BF02418757. PMID 24310747. S2CID 37281639.
  2. ↑ Campbell, N.A. and Reece, J.B. (2005). Biology (7th ed). San Francisco: Benjamin Cummings.
  3. ↑ Van Huijsduijnen RAMH; Alblas SW; De Rijk RH; Bol JF (1986). "Induction by Salicylic Acid of Pathogenesis-related Proteins and Resistance to Alfalfa Mosaic Virus Infection in Various Plant Species". Journal of General Virology. 67 (10): 2135–2143. doi:10.1099/0022-1317-67-10-2135.
  4. ↑ Waters EJ, Shirley NJ, Williams PJ (1996). "Nuisance Proteins of Wine Are Grape Pathogenesis-Related Proteins". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 44 (1): 3–5. doi:10.1021/jf9505584.
  5. 1 2 Sinha, Mau; Singh, Rashmi Prabha; Kushwaha, Gajraj Singh; Iqbal, Naseer; Singh, Avinash; Kaushik, Sanket; Kaur, Punit; Sharma, Sujata; Singh, Tej P. (2014). "Current Overview of Allergens of Plant Pathogenesis Related Protein Families". The Scientific World Journal. 2014: 543195. doi:10.1155/2014/543195. PMC 3947804. PMID 24696647. This article contains quotations from this source, which is available under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 (CC BY 3.0) license.
  6. ↑ Di Girolamo, F; Muraca, M; Mazzina, O; Lante, I; Dahdah, L (June 2015). "Proteomic applications in food allergy: food allergenomics". Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 15 (3): 259–66. doi:10.1097/ACI.0000000000000160. PMID 25899690. S2CID 751042.
  7. ↑ Shi, X; Tian, Z; Liu, J; van der Vossen, EA; Xie, C (February 2012). "A potato pathogenesis-related protein gene, StPRp27, contributes to race-nonspecific resistance against Phytophthora infestans". Molecular Biology Reports. 39 (2): 1909–16. doi:10.1007/s11033-011-0937-5. PMID 21667110. S2CID 12384096.
  8. ↑ Elvira, M. I.; Galdeano, M. M.; Gilardi, P.; Garcia-Luque, I.; Serra, M. T. (19 March 2008). "Proteomic analysis of pathogenesis-related proteins (PRs) induced by compatible and incompatible interactions of pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) in Capsicum chinense L3 plants". Journal of Experimental Botany. 59 (6): 1253–1265. doi:10.1093/jxb/ern032. hdl:10261/57734. PMID 18375936.
  9. ↑ Sabater-Jara, AB; Almagro, L; Belchí-Navarro, S; Barceló, AR; Pedreño, MA (March 2011). "Methyl jasmonate induces extracellular pathogenesis-related proteins in cell cultures of Capsicum chinense". Plant Signaling & Behavior. 6 (3): 440–2. doi:10.4161/psb.6.3.14451. PMC 3142433. PMID 21346408.

Further reading

 This article incorporates text by Mau Sinha, Rashmi Prabha Singh, Gajraj Singh Kushwaha, Naseer Iqbal, Avinash Singh, Sanket Kaushik, Punit Kaur, Sujata Sharma, and Tej P. Singh available under the CC BY 3.0 license.


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