Pearl White
Born
Pearl Fay White

(1889-03-04)March 4, 1889
Green Ridge, Missouri, U.S.
DiedAugust 4, 1938(1938-08-04) (aged 49)
Neuilly-sur-Seine, France
Resting placeCimetière de Passy
OccupationActress
Years active1910–1924
Spouses
​
​
(m. 1907; div. 1914)​
    Wallace McCutcheon, Jr.
    ​
    ​
    (m. 1919; div. 1921)​

    Pearl Fay White (March 4, 1889 – August 4, 1938) was an American stage and film actress. She began her career on the stage at age 6, and later moved on to silent films appearing in a number of popular serials.

    Dubbed the "Queen of the Serials", White was noted for doing the majority of her own stunts, most notably in The Perils of Pauline. Often cast as a plucky onscreen heroine, White's roles directly contrasted those of the popularized archetypal ingénue.[1]

    Early life

    White was born in Green Ridge, Missouri to Edgar White, a farmer, and Lizzie G. House. She had four brothers and sisters. The family later moved to Springfield, Missouri.[2][3] At age 6, she made her stage debut as "Little Eva" in Uncle Tom's Cabin.[4] When she was 13, White worked as a bareback rider for the circus.[5]

    Career

    White in an advertisement for The Iron Claw in The Moving Picture World, 1916

    "The Perils of Pauline was not the first serial ever made, nor was it the best. It has the reputation of having been poorly directed, crudely edited and ungrammatically captioned. Still, it is far and away the most famous of all silent serials. The reason for this is its dynamic star."– Biographer Lon Davis in Silent Lives: 100 Biographies of the Silent Film Era. (2008).[6]

    She began performing with the Diemer Theater Company while in her second year of high school. Against the wishes of her father, White dropped out of school, and in 1907,[3] she went on the road with the Trousedale Stock Company, working evening shows while keeping her day job to help support her family. She soon joined the company full-time, touring through the American Midwest.

    White played minor roles for several years, when she was spotted by the Powers Film Company in New York. She claimed she had performed in Cuba for a time under the name Miss Mazee, singing American songs in a dance hall. Her travels as a singer also took her to South America.

    In 1910, White had trouble with her throat, and her voice began to fail from the nightly theatrical performances. She made her debut in films that year, starring in a series of one-reel dramas and comedies for Pat Powers in the Bronx. It was at Powers Films that White honed her skills at physical comedy and stunt work. She became a popular player with the company and caught the attention of Pathé Frères.[3]

    In 1910, White was offered a role by Pathé Frères in The Girl from Arizona, the French company's first American film produced at their studio in Bound Brook, New Jersey. She then worked at Lubin Studios in 1911 and several other of the independent studios, until the Crystal Film Company in Manhattan gave her top billing in a number of slapstick comedy shorts from 1912 to 1914. White then took a vacation in Europe. Upon her return, she signed with Eclectic Film Company, a subsidiary of Pathé in 1914.[7]

    Pearl of the Army, 1917

    Pathé director Louis J. Gasnier offered her the starring role in film serial The Perils of Pauline, based on a story by playwright Charles W. Goddard. The film features the central character Pauline in a story involving considerable action, which the athletic Pearl White proved ideally suited. The Perils of Pauline consisted of 20 two-reel episodes that were released weekly. The serial proved to be a hit with audiences and made White a major celebrity; she soon was earning $1,750 per week.[8][9][10] She followed this serial with an even bigger box-office hit: The Exploits of Elaine (1914–1915).

    Over the next five years, White appeared in the popular serials The New Exploits of Elaine (1915), The Romance of Elaine (1915), The Iron Claw (1916), Pearl of the Army (1916–1917), The Fatal Ring (1917), The House of Hate (1918), The Lightning Raider (1919) and The Black Secret (1919–1920).[7] In these serials, White flew airplanes, raced cars, swam across rivers, and did other similar feats. She did much of her own stunt work until Pathé decided that it could not risk injuring one of its popular stars. (She had already injured her spine during the filming of The Perils of Pauline, an injury that caused her pain for the rest of her life.)[3][11]

    A male stunt double wearing a wig performed the majority of the more dangerous stunts in White's later films.[3] The public was largely unaware that White and other actors used stunt doubles, but in August 1922, the truth was revealed.[11] During the filming of White's final serial Plunder, John Stevenson, an actor who was doubling for White, was supposed to leap from the top of a bus on 72nd Street and Columbus Avenue onto an elevated girder. He missed the girder and struck his head. Stevenson died of a fractured skull.[12] After the filming of Plunder was complete, White traveled to Europe for another vacation.

    By 1919, White had grown tired of film serials and signed with Fox Film Corporation with the ambition to appear in dramatic roles. Over the next two years, White appeared in 10 drama films for Fox but her popularity had begun to wane.[3]

    Later years

    Advertisement in Photoplay for Terreur, White's final film, 1924

    At the Pathé movie studio, she met Blanche Rubenstein (later married Claude Auzello) and both travelled to France where White hoped to reboot her acting career.[13] Influenced by her French friends from Pathé, White was drawn to the Montparnasse Quarter of Paris. While living there, she made her last film for her friend, Belgian-born director Edward José, who had directed her in several serials. Silent films could be made in any country, and as White was a recognizable star worldwide, she was offered many roles in France. She made Terreur (released as The Perils of Paris in the United States), her final film, in France in 1924. White returned to the stage in a Montmartre production Tu Perds la Boule. In 1925, she accepted an offer to star with comedian Max Wall in the "London Review" at the Lyceum Theatre in London, where she earned $3,000 per week. She then retired from performing.[14]

    By the time she retired from films in 1924, White had amassed a fortune of $2 million ($34 million in 2022).[3] A shrewd businesswoman, she invested in a successful Parisian nightclub, a Biarritz resort hotel/casino, and a stable of 10 race horses. White divided her time between her townhouse in Passy and a 54-acre estate near Rambouillet.[15][16] She became involved with Theodore Cossika, a Greek businessman, who shared her love of travel. Together, they purchased a home near Cairo.[14]

    According to published reports after her death, White's friends claimed that she intended to make a comeback in sound films. White later told friends that after she made a test for sound films in 1929, she was told that her voice was unsuitable.[16] White made occasional visits to the United States in 1924, 1927, and 1937. On her last visit, White told reporters she was not interested in making a comeback and mused that acting in silent films was more difficult than acting in sound films. By this time, White had gained a substantial amount of weight. She told reporters she did not like to be photographed as she felt that photos made her face look fat, adding "Why should I have my picture taken when I can get paid for it?"[17]

    Personal life

    White was married twice and had no children. She married actor Victor Sutherland on October 10, 1907. They divorced in 1914. In 1913 she lived with Jane Fearnley, an early film actress.[18] In 1919, she married actor Wallace McCutcheon Jr., son of pioneering cinematographer and director Wallace McCutcheon Sr. Their marriage ended in divorce in 1921.[3]

    Death

    Pearl White's plot at Cimetière de Passy in Passy, Paris

    By 1937, White was dying of liver failure. The injury she sustained to her spine while filming The Perils of Pauline had continued to cause her pain, which she eased with drugs and alcohol. A year before her death, White got her affairs in order, purchased a plot in Cimetière de Passy (Passy Cemetery) near her home and arranged her own funeral.[17]

    In early July 1938, she checked herself into the American Hospital of Paris in the suburb of Neuilly due to issues with her liver. She slipped into a coma on August 3, 1938, and died the following day of what was identified in her obituaries as a "liver ailment"[15][16] (likely cirrhosis due to years of heavy drinking).[9] She was 49. White was buried in Cimetière de Passy after a small, private funeral.[17]

    White left the majority of her fortune, including jewelry and property, to Theodore Cossika. She also bequeathed money to her father, nieces, and nephews, and her will provided $73,000 to charities.[17]

    Legacy

    Pearl White's place in film history is important in both the evolution of cinema genres and the role of women. Like many silent films, many of White's films are now considered lost. The Perils of Pauline only is known to exist in a reduced nine-reel version released in Europe in 1916, but The Exploits of Elaine survives in its entirety and was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry in 1994. In 2008, the condensed version of Perils of Pauline was inducted into the Nation Film Registry. All of her films were made at studios on the East Coast because White reportedly never visited Hollywood. For her contribution to the motion picture industry, Pearl White has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6838 Hollywood Blvd.[4] The 1947 Paramount Pictures film The Perils of Pauline, starring Betty Hutton, is a fictionalized biography of Pearl White.[8]

    Selected filmography

    Year Title Role Notes
    1910 The Horse Shoer's Girl
    1910 The New Magdalene
    1910 The Woman Hater[19]
    1911 An Unforeseen Complication The Professor's Daughter
    1911 The Stepsisters The Stepmother's Spoiled Daughter
    1912 The Mad Lover Ethel Marion
    1912 The Spendthrift's Reform The Wife
    1912 The Mind Cure Pearl
    1912 Oh That Lemonade The Widow
    1913 Pearl as a Detective Pearl
    1913 The Paper Doll Alice Wilson
    1914 The Perils of Pauline Pauline Serial
    1914 The Exploits of Elaine Elaine Dodge Serial
    Lost film
    1915 The New Exploits of Elaine Elaine Dodge Serial
    Lost film
    1915 The Romance of Elaine Elaine Dodge Serial
    1916 Hazel Kirke Hazel Kirke
    1916 The Iron Claw Margery Golden Serial
    1916 Pearl of the Army Pearl Date Serial
    1917 Mayblossom Anabel Lee
    1917 The Fatal Ring Violet Standish Serial
    1918 The House of Hate Pearl Grant Serial
    1919 The Lightning Raider The Lightning Raider Serial
    Incomplete film
    1919 The Black Secret Evelyn Ereth Lost film
    1920 The White Moll Rhoda, the White Moll Lost film
    1920 The Thief Mary Vantyne
    1921 Know Your Men Ellen Schuyler Lost film
    1921 A Virgin Paradise Gratia Latham Lost film
    1922 Any Wife Myrtle Hill Lost film
    1922 The Broadway Peacock Myrtle May
    1922 Without Fear Ruth Hamilton
    1923 Plunder Pearl Travers serial
    1924 Perils of Paris Hélène Aldrich serial
    alternative title: Terreur

    See also

    Notes

    1. ↑ Claire Love, Jen Pollack, Alison Landsberg (2017), Silent Film Actresses and Their Most Popular Characters, National Women's History Museum{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
    2. ↑ 1900 United States Census, Springfield Ward 6, Greene Co., Mo.
    3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Bishop, Jim (August 3, 1959). "Many Remember Pearl White America's First Movie Star". The Evening Independent. p. 7-A. Retrieved April 8, 2014.
    4. 1 2 "Hollywood Star Walk: Pearl White". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved April 8, 2014.
    5. ↑ "Pearl White Dies In Paris Hospital". The Montreal Gazette. August 5, 1938. p. 9. Retrieved December 11, 2012.
    6. ↑ Davis, 2008 p. 396
    7. 1 2 McHenry, Robert, ed. (1980). Famous American Women: A Biographical Dictionary from Colonial Times to the Present. Courier Dover Publications. p. 440. ISBN 0-486-24523-3.
    8. 1 2 "The Perils of Pauline". Life. Vol. 21, no. 1. Time Inc. July 1, 1946. p. 75. ISSN 0024-3019.
    9. 1 2 Book Review Digest, Volume 66. H.W. Wilson Company. 1970. p. 1466.
    10. ↑ Brettell, Andrew; King, Noel; Kennedy, Damien; Imwold, Denise; Leonard, Warren Hsu; von Rohr, Heather (2005). Cut!: Hollywood Murders, Accidents, and Other Tragedies. Barrons Educational Series. p. 200. ISBN 0-7641-5858-9.
    11. 1 2 Golden, Eve (2007). Vernon and Irene Castle's Ragtime Revolution. University Press of Kentucky. p. 165. ISBN 978-0-8131-7269-9.
    12. ↑ "Film Actor Killed in Leap". Reading Eagle. August 11, 1922. p. 6. Retrieved April 8, 2014.
    13. ↑ "Rubenstein, Blanche (c. 1897–1969) | Encyclopedia.com". www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved December 10, 2020.
    14. 1 2 Golden, Eve (2000). Golden Images: 41 Essays on Silent Film Stars. McFarland. p. 203. ISBN 0-7864-8354-7.
    15. 1 2 "Pearl White, Famous in Early Movie Thriller, Dies of Liver Ailment". Herald-Journal. August 5, 1938. p. 1. Retrieved April 8, 2014.
    16. 1 2 3 "Pearl White Dies In Paris Hospital". The Montreal Gazette. August 5, 1938. p. 9. Retrieved April 8, 2014.
    17. 1 2 3 4 Golden 2000 p.204
    18. ↑ Drew, William M. (March 7, 2023). The Woman Who Dared: The Life and Times of Pearl White, Queen of the Serials. University Press of Kentucky. pp. 73–74. ISBN 978-0-8131-9684-8.
    19. ↑ Kehr, Dave (June 6, 2010). "Long-Lost Silent Films Return to America". New York Times.

    Sources

    • Davis, Lon. 2008. Silent Lives: 100 Biographies of the Silent Film Era. Foreword by Kevin Brownlow. BearManor Media, Albany, Georgia. ISBN 1-59393-124-7
    • Fletcher, Adelle Whitely (February 1921). "Reconsidering Pearl". Motion Picture Magazine.
    • Johaneson, Bland, "Good-by, Boys, I'm Through," Photoplay, April 1924, p. 31. Retirement announcement.
    • Lahue, Kalton C. (1971). Ladies in Distress. New York: A. S. Barnes and Co. ISBN 0-498-07634-2.
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