Phratora tibialis
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Coleoptera
Infraorder: Cucujiformia
Family: Chrysomelidae
Genus: Phratora
Species:
P. tibialis
Binomial name
Phratora tibialis
(Suffrian, 1851)
Synonyms

Phratora cornelii (Weise, 1882)
Phratora viennensis (Weise, 1882)[1]

Phratora tibialis is a species of leaf beetle found in Europe and parts of Asia.[2][3] This beetle is found on willows (Salix species)[4][5][6] and the chemistry and production of its larval defensive secretions and host plant relationships have been studied extensively.[5][7][8][9]

Description

This small (3.7–5 mm) beetle is similar and size and coloration to other species of Phratora. Adults are typically metallic blue or green.[3] In Europe, it is most likely to co-occur on Salix host species with Phratora vitellinae. It is somewhat narrower in body shape than P. vitellinae.[6] This beetle is very similar in morphology and behavior to the Nordic species Phratora polaris, as noted by Palmen,[10] Steinhausen,[11] Sundholm,[12] and Köpf et al. (1996).[9] For example, the female genitalia of P. tibialis, (which can be examined with live beetles when moderate pressure is applied to the abdomen under the dissecting scope), closely resemble those of P. polaris.[12]

Genitalia of a female Phratora tibialis individual

Eggs are typically laid in clutches of 8-16, arranged in rows on the underside of the host leaf. Like other Phratora species, eggs are partially covered with a crusty secretion.[13] Larvae feed in groups in early instars (molts). Larvae show little variation in color pattern, in contrast to some other Phratora species.[6][14]

Distribution and range

Phratora tibialis has a widespread distribution in Europe.[15][16] It is known from the Netherlands,[17] Germany,[18][6] Poland,[3] Latvia[19][20] Spain,[21][22] Slovakia,[23] Serbia and Bosnia,[24] and Bulgaria.[25] Populations occur at high elevations in parts of central Europe.[26][27] It is also known from Iran[28] and the Caucasus.[29]

Taxonomy

The closest known relative to P. tibialis is P. polaris, which occurs in the Nordic countries. Mitochondrial sequences at the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (DNA barcoding) gene show little variation between these two Phratora species,[5] which supports the findings of prior studies comparing morphological characters between them.[10][11] [12] In 1996, Köpf et al.[9] examined host plant preferences and mating behaviors for P. tibialis populations from Switzerland and a P. polaris population in eastern Finland. Beetles from all three populations showed similar host plant preferences, regardless of the host plant that they had been collected on, and P. tibialis and P. polaris individuals also mated with each other freely. Earlier investigators had proposed that willow-feeding P. polaris might be a Nordic subspecies of P. tibialis,[10] and these behavioral studies support the view that the two species are very closely related or even possibly geographically separated populations of a single species.

Habitat and host plants

Phratora tibialis adults feed and lay eggs on willow (Salix) shrubs. Their larvae develop on the same host plants as adults.[6] Phratora tibialis is found on the high salicylate willow species Salix purpurea[4][5] throughout most of their range. In the 1990s, a population of P. tibialis was found feeding on Salix daphnoides plants along a stream in a rural area near Alpthal, Switzerland.[5] This willow contains low levels of salicylates.[30] The presence of P. tibialis on willow species with very different leaf chemistries makes this beetle an exception within the genus Phratora because most species within this genus specialize on either high salicylate host plants or low salicylate ones.[5] In the laboratory, P. tibialis appears to be able to feed on other willows that possess very different leaf chemistries, including Salix euxina[6] (syn. S. fragilis),[31] Salix triandra,[6] Salix caprea,[6] and Salix phylicifolia.[6][9]

Life history and natural enemies

Like other Phratora species, P. tibialis can undergo multiple generations within a growing season.[6] It probably shares the same natural enemies, which are described in more detail for Phratora vitellinae and Phratora laticollis.

Larval secretion chemistry

Phratora tibialis larvae secrete a defensive secretion that contains iridoid monoterpenes that they synthesize themselves (autogeneously), while their congener Phratora vitellinae sequesters host plant salicylates to make its larval defensive secretion.[32][7][33] Using host plant compounds to make the larval defensive secretions appears to be the evolutionarily advanced or derived state of this trait,[5] but P. tibialis appears to be pre-adapted to evolve the use of host plant salicylates to produce its defensive secretion.[34]

References

  1. ↑ Weise, J. (1882). "Synonymische Bemerkungen über Phyllodecta viennensis Schrank". Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift. 26 (1): 157–158.
  2. ↑ Warchalowski, A. (2003) Chrysomelidae. The Leaf-beetles of Europe and the Mediterranean Area. Warsawa: Natura Optima Dux.
  3. 1 2 3 "Phratora tibialis (Suffrian, 1851) (Linnaeus, 1758)". European Chrysomelidae. Retrieved 2021-08-01.
  4. 1 2 Cornelius, H. (1857). "Ernährung und Entwicklung einiger Blattkäfer. 5. Chrysomela (Phratora) vitellinae Lin., tibialis Strm., atro-virens m., vulgatissima Lin., laticollis Suffr". Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung. 18: 392–405.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Köpf, A.; Rank, N. E.; Roininen, H.; Julkunen-Tiitto, R.; Pasteels, J. M.; Tahvanainen, J. (1998). "The evolution of host-plant use and sequestration in the leaf beetle genus Phratora (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)". Evolution. 52 (2): 517–528. doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.1998.tb01651.x. PMID 28568343. S2CID 24641299.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Görnandt, H. (1955). "Die Käfergattung Phyllodecta Kirby". Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift. 2: 1–100. doi:10.1002/mmnd.19550020102.
  7. 1 2 Pasteels, J. M.; Rowell-Rahier, M.; Braekman, J. C.; Daloze, D. (1984). "Chemical defenses in leaf beetles and their larvae: their ecological, evolutionary and taxonomic significance" (PDF). Biochemical Systematics and Ecology. 12 (4): 395–406. doi:10.1016/0305-1978(84)90071-1. S2CID 83537954.
  8. ↑ Soetens, P. (1993). Analyse des relations entre Phratora vitellinae (L.) et Ph. tibialis Suffr. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) et les Salicaceae (PhD thesis). Université Libre de Bruxelles.
  9. 1 2 3 4 Köpf, A.; Rank, N.; Roininen, H. (1996). "Geographic variation in feeding and mating preferences in the Phratora tibialis complex". Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata. 80: 311–314. doi:10.1111/j.1570-7458.1996.tb00942.x. S2CID 84826240.
  10. 1 2 3 Palmén, E. (1945). "Zur Systematik finnischer Chrysomeliden. 2. Taxonomisches und Zoographisches über Phyllodecta boparis Sp.-Schn". Annales Entomologici Fennici. 3: 196–203.
  11. 1 2 Steinhausen, W. R. (1993). "Phratora polaris leederi, eine boreoalpine Rasse in Mitteleuropa (Coleoptera Chrysomelidae)". Acta Coleopterologica. 9: 29.
  12. 1 2 3 Sundholm, A. (1956). "Studien über die Gattung Phyllodecta Kirby (Col. Chrysomelidae)". Opuscula Entomologica. 21: 5–7.
  13. ↑ Von Lengerken, H. (1954). Die Brutfürsorge- und Brutpflegeinstinkte der Käfer. Leipzig: Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft Geest & Portig.
  14. ↑ Takizawa, H. (1976). "Larva of Phratora similis (Chujo) from Taiwan (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)". Akitu. New Series. 5: 1–6.
  15. ↑ Lucht, W. H. (1987). Die Käfer Mitteleuropas: Katalog. Krefeld: Goecke and Evers Verlag.
  16. ↑ Freude, H.; Harde, K. W.; Lohse, G. A. (1966). Die Käfer Mitteleuropas- Cerambycidae, Chrysomelidae. Vol. 9. Krefeld: Goecke and Evers.
  17. ↑ Brakman, P. J. (1966). "Lijst van Coleoptera uit Nederland en het omliggend gebied". Monographieën van de Nederlandsche Entomologische Vereenigung. 2.
  18. ↑ Reitter, E. (1912). Fauna Germanica: Die Käfer des deutschen Reiches. Vol. 4. Stuttgart: K.G. Lutz Verlag.
  19. ↑ Bukejs, Andris (2009). "On Latvian Chrysomelinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae): 1. Genus Phratora Chevrolat, 1836". Acta Zoologica Lituanica. 19 (4): 287–296. doi:10.2478/v10043-009-0032-5. ISSN 1392-1657.
  20. ↑ Bukejs, Andris (2012). "Taxonomical structure and biogeography of leaf-beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae sl) of the Latvian fauna". Acta Biologica Universitatis Daugavpiliensis. 12 (3): 25–34. ISSN 1407-8953.
  21. ↑ Petitpierre, E. (1988). "Catàleg dels coleopters crisomèlids de Catalunya, III. Chrysomelinae i Galerucinae". Butlleti de la Institucio Catalana d'Historia Natural. 55: 79–100.
  22. ↑ Baselga, Andrés; Novoa, Francisco (2006). "Diversity of Chrysomelidae (Coleoptera) in Galicia, Northwest Spain: estimating the completeness of the regional inventory". Biodiversity & Conservation. 15 (1): 205–230. doi:10.1007/s10531-004-6904-x. S2CID 29680860.
  23. ↑ BEZDĚK, Jan (2020). "Updated checklist of Slovakian leaf-beetles (Coleoptera: Orsodacnidae, Megalopodidae, Chrysomelidae), with comments on the occurrence of some species". Klapalekiana. 57: 1–79. ISSN 1210-6100.
  24. ↑ Gruev, B. (1979). "Chrysomelidae (Coleoptera) Jugoslawiens (Unterfamilien: Lamprosomatinae, Eumolpinae, Chrysomelinae, Alticinae, Cassidinae)". Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift. 26 (1–3): 153–164.
  25. ↑ Warchalowski, A. (1974). "Übersicht der Blattkäfer Bulgariens (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae)". Polskie Pismo Entomologiczne. 44: 473–542.
  26. ↑ von Peez, A.; Kahlen, M. (1977). Die Käfer von Südtirol: faunistisches Verzeichnis der aus der Provinz Bozen bisher bekannt gewordenen Koleopteren. Veröffentlichungen des Museum Ferdinandeum. Vol. 2. Innsbruck: Selbstverlag des Tiroler Landesmuseum Ferdinandeum.
  27. ↑ Franz, H. (1974). Die nordost-Alpen im Spiegel ihrer Landtierwelt: eine Gebietsmonographie. Coleoptera 2. Teil, umfassend die Familien Pselaphidae bis Scolytidae. Umfassend: Fauna, Faunengeschichte, Lebensgemeinschaften und Beeinflussung der Tiere durch den Menschen. Vol. 4. Innsbruck-München: Universitätsverlag Wagner.
  28. ↑ Ghahari, Hassan; Hawkeswood, Trevor J. (2011). "A study on the Chrysomelidae (Coleoptera) from Kurdistan province and adjacent areas, western Iran". Calodema. 195: 1–6.
  29. ↑ Borowski, Tomasz (2020). "World inventory of beetles of the family Chrysomelidae (Coleoptera). Part 2: Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. Check list from 1768 to 2004". World News of Natural Sciences. 29 (2).
  30. ↑ Shao, Y. (1991). Phytochemischer Atlas der Schweizer Weiden (PhD thesis). Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich. doi:10.3929/ethz-a-000614751. hdl:20.500.11850/140516.
  31. ↑ Bartha, D. (2021). "An Annotated and Updated Checklist of the Hungarian Dendroflora". Acta Botanica Hungarica. 63 (3–4): 227–284. doi:10.1556/034.63.2021.3-4.1. ISSN 1588-2578. S2CID 239541755. Retrieved 24 August 2022.
  32. ↑ Pasteels, J. M.; Rowell-Rahier, M.; Braekman, J. C.; Dupont, A. (1983). "Salicin from host plant as precursor of salicylaldehyde in defensive secretion of chrysomeline larvae" (PDF). Physiological Entomology. 8 (3): 307–314. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3032.1983.tb00362.x. S2CID 85066862.
  33. ↑ Rowell-Rahier, M.; Pasteels, J. M. (1986). "Economics of chemical defense in Chrysomelinae" (PDF). Journal of Chemical Ecology. 12 (5): 1189–1203. doi:10.1007/BF01639004. PMID 24307055. S2CID 11273249.
  34. ↑ Soetens, P.; Pasteels, J. M.; Daloze, D. (1993). "A simple method for in vivo testing of glandular enzymatic activity on potential precursors of larval defensive compounds in Phratora species (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)". Experientia. 49 (11): 1024–1026. doi:10.1007/BF02125653. S2CID 32185705.
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