Pierre Maillard, Negotiator for the Mi'kmaq, Plaque, St. Mary's Basilica (Halifax), Nova Scotia (He is reported to be buried on the grounds of St. Paul's Church (Halifax))[1]

Abbé Pierre Antoine Simon Maillard (c. 1710 – 12 August 1762) was a French-born priest. He is noted for his contributions to the creation of a writing system for the Mi'kmaq people of Île Royale, New France (now Cape Breton Island, Canada). He is also credited with helping negotiate a peace treaty between the British and the Mi'kmaq that resulted in the Burying the Hatchet ceremony (Nova Scotia). He was the first Catholic priest in Halifax, Nova Scotia, and is buried in the St. Peter's Cemetery, in Downtown Halifax.

Early life and career

Maillard was born in the diocese of Chartres, France, around 1710.[2] He received his ecclesiastical training at the Séminaire de Saint-Esprit, in Paris. In 1734, the Abbé de L'Isle-Dieu selected Maillard in a group of seminarists lent to the Séminaire des Missions Étrangeres, which was short of personnel. After eight months in that institution, Maillard was selected in 1735[3] for the Mi'kmaq missions on Île Royale (now Cape Breton Island). His recommendation letter stated that "he is a young priest who has greatly edified us. ...full of zeal and piety."

Maillard arrived at Fortress Louisbourg on the ship Rubis on 13 August 1735.[4][5] He worked extensively with the Mi'kmaq people. He became a witness to[6] and eventually a reluctant participant in[7] the ongoing struggles between the French and the British forces for control of the area.

Maillard quickly immersed himself in learning and becoming proficient in the language of the natives. He also devoted himself to missionary work by visiting all the settlements on Île Royale, Île Saint-Jean (now called Prince Edward Island) and English Acadia (now called Nova Scotia). He pleaded for additional assistance from his French superiors, who responded by sending Jean-Louis Le Loutre. The two worked together on developing the written language.

In 1740, Maillard was appointed Bishop of Quebec's vicar-general for Île Royale. In 1742, the position created friction between his superiors and the provincial of the Recollets of Brittany, who wanted his men to be independent of Maillard's control. Maillard took every opportunity to criticize the conduct of those workers. His severity led Duquesnel (Le Prévost) and François Bigot to demand Maillard's recall,[5] but Maillard's superior, Bishop Pontbriand, reached a compromise by dividing the vicar general's powers between Maillard and the superior of the Recollets in Louisbourg. That arrangement continued until 1754, when Pontbriand confirmed Maillard in his functions as vicar general, which he exercised alone from then on.

King George's War

Along with Abbe Le Loutre, Maillard was involved in supporting the Mi'kmaq, the French, and the Acadians throughout King George's War. Maillard was present when Annapolis Royal was under siege, and after the fall of Louisbourg in June 1745, he encouraged Mi'kmaq warriors to mount raids against British forces.

In the closing months of 1745, the British captured Maillard and sent him to Boston. From there, he was deported to France. However, he quickly in 1746 returned to Acadia on with the Duc d'Anville expedition, which was co-ordinated with Father Le Loutre. He took active part in the military campaigns during the winter of 1746-1747 that were directed by Jean-Baptiste-Nicolas-Roch de Ramezay such as the Battle of Grand Pré.

Father Le Loutre's War

During Father Le Loutre's War, Maillard encouraged the Mi'kmaq declaration of war against the British. He was involved with resisting the founding of Halifax, Nova Scotia, in the summer of 1749.[5] In an attempt to remove his influence from the ongoing events in the area, Halifax Governor Edward Cornwallis tried to persuade Maillard to retire to Minas Basin. In apparent response to that pressure, King Louis XV awarded Maillard an 800 livre annual pension in 1750, and another assistant, Abbé Jean Manach, was dispatched to assist Maillard with his workload. From his mission on Île de la Sainte-Famille, Maillard continued to incite his Mi'kmaq contacts to a state of war until 1758.

To assist the religious efforts, Maillard self-financed construction of buildings from 1754 on Île de la Sainte-Famille (now Chapel Island) in the south of Grand Lac de La Brador, where his main mission was located. He received a reimbursement of 3,000 French livres in March 1757.[5]

French and Indian War

During the French and Indian War, Maillard relocated to Malagomich (now Merigomish, Nova Scotia) to escape the ever-increasing British presence in 1758.[5] He was still there on 26 November 1759, when he and several other French missionaries accepted an offer of peace from British Major Alexander Schomberg,[8] In light of that acceptance, the French military officer Jean-François Bourdon de Dombourg dispatched an accusatory dossier against the missionaries to the French governor of the Canada, who thereupon accused the missionaries of treason and dispatched in spring 1760 a military officer to Restigouche to investigate. To that officer, Maillard sent a letter detailing the near-hopeless situation of the Mi'kmaq in which he opened "by summing up 23 years... spent in this country in the service of our Religion and our Prince." He had indeed treated for peace with the British because of the hopeless situation, as he tried to explain.

Shortly afterward, Maillard accepted an invitation from Nova Scotia Governor Charles Lawrence to travel to Halifax and to assist in pacifying the Mi'kmaq peoples. He became a British official ("Government Agent to the Indians" with an annual salary of £150). He asked for and received permission to maintain an oratory at a Halifax battery, where he held Catholic services for thé Acadians and the Mi'kmaqs in the area.[9] In his official capacity, Maillard obtained the agreement from most of the tribal chiefs to sign peace treaties with the British in Halifax.[10]

Death

Reverend Thomas Wood at St. Paul's Church (Halifax) (1751-1764)[11]

In July 1762 Maillard fell seriously ill. On 12 August, he died and was attended, at his request, by the Anglican clergyman Thomas Wood.[12] Maillard was accorded a state funeral by the Nova Scotia governor; his pallbearers included the Council President and the Speaker of the Assembly. The government thus recognized his role in negotiating peace treaties between the Mi'kmaq and the British (see Burying the Hatchet ceremony (Nova Scotia)) and his forceful personality. Maillard was buried in an unmarked grave in the Old Burying Ground, in Downtown Halifax.[13][14][15]

After the St. Peter's Cemetery opened in 1784 as Halifax's first Catholic cemetery, Maillard's grave was moved to St. Peter's, where it remains unmarked today under the parking lot that was built on top of the cemetery.[16]

Reverend Wood wrote of Maillard:

"He was a very sensible, polite, well bred man, an excellent scholar and a good sociable companion, and was much respected by the better sort of people here as it appeared."[5]

Maillard gave all his belongings away prior to his death. Most of his books were donated to recognized collections of the time.[17] His other belongings were bequeathed to Louis Petitpas, his only companion and confidential agent since 1749 and in whose home he lived in Halifax.[5]

Legacy

As soon as Maillard arrived in Louisbourg, he immersed himself in studying the native language under the tutelage of his predecessor the Abbé de Saint-Vincent. Having a remarkable talent for languages, he succeeded within a few months in mastering the difficult-to-pronounce oral language, and during the winter of 1737-38[5] perfected a system of hieroglyphics to transcribe Mi'kmaq words. He used theoe symbols to write formulas for the principal prayers and the responses of the faithful in the catechism so that his followers might learn them more readily. In that evelopment, e was greatly aided by Jean-Louis Le Loutre, another French missionary. Le Loutre marveled at Maillard's achievements in his later reports:

"... naturalized Indian as regards language.... [he succeeded in acquiring the gift of rhyming at each member of a sentence, being able to]... speak Micmac with as much ease and purity as do their women who are the most skilled in this style."[5]

Scholars generally agree that Maillard did not invent Mi'kmaq hieroglyphics. In 1691, Father Chrétien Le Clercq reported that he had devised a similar method to catechize the Mi'kmaq inhabitants of the Gaspé Peninsula; apparently, he had systemized and expanded the Mi'kmaq custom[18] of setting down short messages by using pictograms. There is no direct evidence that Maillard was aware of Le Clercq's work; in any event, Maillard's work is outstanding in that he left numerous works in the language, which continued in use among the Mi'kmaq into the 20th century.[19][20]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Plaque placed in memory of Burns. Burns on Maillard
  2. ↑ "Pierre Maillard". The Canadian Encyclopedia Online], accessed 4 October 2009
  3. ↑ Leo J. Deveau, Apostle to the Mi'kmaq (20 Jan. 2007), Daniel N. Paul website, accessed 4 October 2009
  4. ↑ Deveau
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Johnson, Micheline D. (1974). "Maillard, Pierre". In Halpenny, Francess G (ed.). Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Vol. III (1741–1770) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press.
  6. ↑ In his report on the desecration of the Mi'kmaq cemetery near Port-Toulouse, which was perpetrated in 1745 by soldiers from New England, Father Pierre Maillard states the following: "The burying place of the Savages was demolished, and all the crosses, planted on the graves, broke into a thousand pieces." Sally Ross & Susan Surette-Draper, Saint-Charles-des-Mines Cemetery in Grand-Pré, accessed 4 October 2009
  7. ↑ During the war of the Austrian Succession, [Maillard] urged the Micmac to support the French cause. He was captured in 1745 and sent to France, but returned in 1746. In 1759 Maillard made peace with the British...." John H. Young, Pierre Maillard The Canadian Encyclopedia
  8. ↑ Maillard described the peace terms offered as "good and reasonable" (Dictionary).
  9. ↑ The services were held "with great freedom," according to Maillard's report (Dictionary).
  10. ↑ The treaties he eventually secured would endure into the 21st century, becoming the legal basis for many important Mi'kmaq land claims. Daniel N. Paul website
  11. ↑ Thomas, C. E. (1979). "Wood, Thomas (1711-78)". In Halpenny, Francess G (ed.). Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Vol. IV (1771–1800) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press.
  12. ↑ Wood recited the office of the visitation of the sick in the French language. Dictionary of Canadian Biography
  13. ↑ Collections of the Nova Scotia Historical Society. Vol. 1, p. 44
  14. ↑ Akins reports he is buried in the St Paul's cemetery
  15. ↑ Brodhead, John Romeyn (1858). Documents Relative to the Colonial History of the State of New York. Vol. 10. Albany: Weed, Parsons and Co. p. 17.
  16. ↑ "History", The Old Burying Ground
  17. ↑ ...some of which are now held at King's College and the New Brunswick Public Archives. Daniel N Paul website
  18. ↑ Some scholars have attempted to correlate the Mi'kmaq symbols with ancient Egyptian symbols, e.g. Egyptians in Acadia? Science Frontiers Online, No. 88 (July - August 1993)
  19. ↑ This hieroglyphic script contained more than 5700 different picture letters to speak to their imagination.... he wrote the first Micmac grammar and dictionary, he produced religious handbooks containing prayers, hymns, sermons and forms for celebrating baptisms, marriages and funerals. When the government no longer allowed resident missionaries to work among the people, their chiefs would gather them... read Fr. Maillard's "sacred text". Fr. Pat Fitzpatrick CSSp, Spiritan Missionary News Oct. 1994, accessed 4 October 2009
  20. ↑ As late as 1927, it could be written, "The Micmac book has taken the place of a missionary for nearly a hundred and seventy years." Spiritans
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