The Hakka Transliteration Scheme or Pinfa refers to a romanization scheme published by the Guangdong Provincial Education Department in September 1960 as one of four systems collectively referred to as Guangdong Romanization. The scheme describes the Meixian dialect spoken in Meizhou, Guangdong, which is considered to be the prestige dialect of Hakka, and was later adapted for Gan and Xiang.[1][2] This system utilizes the Latin alphabet with superscript numbers to represent tone.[3]

System

Letters

This system uses the Latin alphabet, excluding the letters r and w. It also adds the letter ê to represent [ɛ].[3]

Initials

There are 19 initials used, in addition to the null initial which occurs when no consonant is in the initial position. These are shown below:

b [p] 波p [pʰ] 婆m [m] 摸f [f] 火v [v] 窩
d [t] 多t [tʰ] 拖n [n] 挪l [l] 羅
g [k] 哥k [kʰ] 科ng [ŋ] 我h [h] 河
j [t͡si-] 擠q [t͡sʰi-] 妻x [si-] 西
z [t͡s] 資c [t͡sʰ] 雌s [s] 思

The letter i which follows the consonants z, c and s, represents [ɨ] e.g. 資 zi1, 雌 ci1, 思 si1.

Finals

There are a total of 74 finals, shown below:

i [ɨ] 資i [i] 衣u [u] 姑
a [a] 阿ia [ia] 也ua [ua] 掛
o [ɔ] 哦io [iɔ] 喲uo [uɔ] 過
ê [ɛ] 這iê [iɛ] (撒)uê [uɛ] 穢
ai [ai] 挨iai [iai] 椰uai [uai] 怪
oi [ɔi] 哀
au [au] 凹iau [iau] 腰
êu [ɛu] 歐
iu [iu] 有
iui [iui] 銳ui [ui] 貴
am [am] 庵iam [iam] 淹
êm [ɛm] 砧
em [əm] 針im [im] 陰
an [an] 班ian [ian] 煙uan [uan] 關
on [ɔn] 安ion [iɔn] 阮uon [uɔn] 管
ên [ɛn] 恩iên [iɛn] 邊uên [uɛn] 耿
en [ən] 真in [in] 因
iun [iun] 允un [un] 敦
ang [aŋ] 冷iang [iaŋ] 影uang [uaŋ] 礦
ong [ɔŋ]} 江iong [iɔŋ] 央uong [uɔŋ] 光
iung [iuŋ] 雍ung [uŋ] 工
ab [ap] 鴨iab [iap] 葉
êb [ɛp] 粒
eb [əp] 汁ib [ip] 邑
ad [at] 八iad [iat] 乙uad [uat] 刮
od [ɔt] 遏
êd [ɛt] 北iêd [iɛt] 鱉uêd [uɛt] 國
ed [ət] 質id [it] 一
iud [iut] (郁)ud [ut] 骨
ag [ak] 扼iag [iak] 錫uag [uak] □
og [ɔk] 惡iog [iɔk] 約uog [uɔk] 郭
iug [iuk] 育ug [uk] 督
m [m] 唔n [n] 五

In the instance where a final beginning with i such as i ia iau etc. without an initial consonant (null initial) the i is replaced with y, e.g. yi, ya, yau etc.

Tones

Tone class陰平陽平上聲去聲陰入陽入
Tone number123456
Tone letter˦˩˧˩˥˨˩˥
Tone contour441131521155
Example
fu1

fu2

fu3

fu4

fug5

fug6

See also

References

  1. Chappell, Hilary (2006). "From Eurocentrism to Sinocentrism: The Case of Object Marking Constructions in Sinitic Languages". Archived from the original on 2018-11-27. Retrieved 2018-11-27 via HAL.
  2. "Gan (赣语 / 江西话)". Omniglot. Archived from the original on 2019-09-29. Retrieved 2019-09-14.
  3. 1 2 Sung, Dylan W. H. (25 April 2002). "Méixiànhuà pīnyīn fāng'àn" 梅縣話拼音方案. sungwh.freeserve.co.uk. Archived from the original on 2010-04-22.

Further reading

  • Ouyang, Jue 歐陽覺; et al. (2005). Guǎngzhōuhuà, Kèjiāhuà, Cháoshànhuà yǔ Pǔtōnghuà duìzhào cídiǎn 廣州話、客家話、潮汕話與普通話對照詞典. Guangzhou: Guangdong renmin chubanshe. pp. 542–543. ISBN 7-218-05060-3.
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