The Polish language, like most others, has swear words and profanity. Some words are not always seen as very insulting, however, there are others that are considered by some greatly offensive and rude. Words that might be considered most derogatory, based on multiple sources,[1][2][3] are not necessarily a general and have not been decided upon in a more definite manner.[4]

There are different types of swearing (as coined by Steven Pinker): abusive, cathartic, dysphemistic, emphatic and idiomatic.[5][6]

The Polish language uses all types of swearing mentioned. Research has shown that "Polish people hear profanity more often in a public space than in a private space".[7] 65% of surveyed adults said they have sworn due to emotions and only 21% claimed they never swore.[7]

The CBOS (Centrum Badania Opinii Społecznej; The Center for Public Opinion Research) has done surveys to examine the use of profanity. In the research report, it was pointed out that information given about the private sector might not be accurate, as it is a protected and idealized space, meaning that the subjects of the survey could be downplaying or changing their answers providing a false report.[8]

Most commonly used vulgarisms

Linguist Jerzy Bralczyk calculated that there are only five basic vulgarisms in Polish. These are "cock" (chuj), "cunt" (pizda), "fuck" (pierdolić, jebać) and "whore/shit/fuck" (kurwa). The rest are combinations of these five, derived words and phraseological relationships. New vulgarisms appear when new word configurations are created or their semantic context changes.[9] The dictionary of real Polish gives four words in 350 configurations, including the word "shit" in 47 functions.[10]

Vagina

Cipa
Pronunciation: IPA:[ˈt͡ɕipa]
  1. Literally "pussy". Another form of the word is the diminutive "cipka", which is usually not considered as crude.
  2. An insult towards a female.
  3. A person that is considered incompetent.
Pizda
Pronunciation: IPA:[ˈpizda]
  1. Like "cipa", only more vulgar. Similar to the English "cunt".
  2. A black eye.

Penis

Chuj

Sometimes incorrectly written as "huj".

Pronunciation: IPA:[xuj]
  1. "Dick" or "cock". The diminutive form of the word is "chujek".
  2. A rude person, mostly used towards males.
  3. A disliked male.
Chujowy

Sometimes incorrectly written as "hujowy".

Pronunciation: IPA:[xujɔvɨ]
  1. An adjective derived from "chuj", literally meaning "dick-like". "Chujowy" is the masculine form, the feminine form is "chujowa" and the neuter form is "chujowe".
  2. Often used to describe an object (or situation) of a rather deplorable or otherwise undesirable quality, e.g. "Chujowy samochód" meaning "A vehicle that broadly fails in its utility to be of use (breaks down often, looks like crap, etc.)"
Chujowo

Sometimes incorrectly written as "hujowo".

Pronunciation: IPA:[xujɔvɔ]
  1. An adverb derived from "chuj".
  2. Used to describe a bad way of doing something (rarely).
  3. Used to describe a bad state of being.

To copulate

Pierdolić się
Pronunciation: IPA:[ˈpʲɛrdɔlʲit͡ɕ ˈɕɛ]
  1. To have sex.
  2. To waste time on something
  3. To be overly cautious with something.[11]
Jebać
Pronunciation: IPA:[ˈjɛbat͡ɕ]
  1. “To fuck”/have sex with someone. This word has many derivative words as well, and is in fact one of the most versatile words in the Polish language.
  2. To smell bad.
Examples include:
TermMeaningExample (PL)Translation
OdjebaćBreak offOdjebał błotnik jadąc po pijanemuHe sheared off the bumper while driving drunk
RozjebaćTo break/destroyRozjebałem samochód na drzewieI wrecked the car driving it into a tree
PrzejebaćTo screw up/be in troubleOn ma przejebaneHe's in a world of shit
WyjebaćThrow awayWyjebałem telewizor przez oknoI tossed the TV out of the window
NajebaćTo beat someone/get wastedChłopaki się najebali jak żule pod BiedronkąThe boys got drunk like bums in front of Biedronka
ZajebaćTo kill/to stealGościu zajebał mi gorzałę! Zaraz go zajebię!The dude stole my vodka! I'm gonna kill him!
UjebaćGet dirtyUjebałeś się jak świnia!You're dirty like a pig!
PrzyjebaćTo hitWkurwił mnie, to mu przyjebałem.He pissed me off so I hit him.
Pieprzyć
Pronunciation: IPA:[ˈpʲɛpʂɨt͡ɕ]
  1. “To fuck” or to have sex.
  2. To lie, talk nonsense.
  3. To disregard something or someone as unimportant (similar to the English expression “fuck this”/“fuck you”). In a non-vulgar instance it means to add pepper.
Pierdolić
Pronunciation: IPA:[ˈpʲɛrdɔlit͡ɕ]
  1. To have sex, “to fuck”.
  2. To regard something as irrelevant, not worth attention.
  3. To lie, talk nonsense.
Robić loda
Pronunciation: IPA:[ˈrɔbʲit͡ɕ ˈlɔda]
To “give a blowjob”. Literally translates to “do an ice cream / a popsicle”.
Ruchać
Pronunciation: IPA:[ˈruxat͡ɕ]
To have sex with someone, to “fuck someone”.
Rżnąć
Pronunciation: IPA:[ˈrʐnɔɲt͡ɕ]
To have sex or “to fuck”. Also has multiple non-vulgar meanings, e.g. "to saw".
Wypierdalać
Pronunciation: IPA:[ˈvɨpʲɛrdalat͡ɕ]
  1. To kick someone out.
  2. To get away from somewhere.
  3. To throw something away.[12]

Insultive racial terms

Ciemno jak w dupie (u) Murzyna
Pronunciation: IPA:[ˈt͡ɕɛmnɔ ˈjak v dupʲɛ u muʐɨna]
Very dark. Literally "as dark as the inside of a Moor’s ass"
Skośny
Pronunciation: IPA:[ˈskɔɕnɨ]
  1. An offensive term for an Asian person.
  2. In a non-vulgar context: diagonal.
Żółtek
Pronunciation: IPA:[ˈʐuwtɛk]
  1. An offensive term for an Asian person, literally "yellowie".
  2. Pope John Paul II, mockingly referred to as rzułta morda (lit. yellowface)
Ciapaty
Pronunciation: IPA:[ˈt͡siapatɨ]
  1. An offensive term for a person of a slightly darker skin color but not black, usually Indian subcontinent, people from the Middle East.
  2. Word probably comes from "ćapati", a type of flat bread traditionally made in India and Pakistan.
Anti-LGBT protesters holding a sign that translates to "a fag's place is under the boot".
Ciota
Pronunciation: IPA:[ˈt͡ɕɔta]
  1. Period, menstruation.
  2. An insulting way to call a homosexual, usually one behaving in an overly feminine way.[13]
Cwel
Pronunciation: IPA:[ˈt͡sfɛl]
  1. A male providing sexual services to homosexual inmates in prison[14]
  2. An insult towards a male.
Pedał
Pronunciation: IPA:[ˈpɛdaw]
Faggot (a gay man). Literally "pedal".

Insults

Cipa
Pronunciation: IPA:[ˈt͡ɕipa]
(See above)
Chuj
Pronunciation: IPA:[ˈxuj]
(See above)
Do dupy
Pronunciation: IPA:[dɔ ˈdupɨ]
For something or someone thought no good, useless.
Dziwka
Pronunciation: IPA:[ˈd͡ʑifka]
  1. A prostitute, hooker.
  2. An insult towards a female.
Frajer
Pronunciation: IPA:[ˈfrajɛr]
  1. A naive person.
  2. A loser.
Matkojebca
Pronunciation: IPA:[ˈmatkɔjɛbt͡sa]
  1. Same as the English "motherfucker".
Menda
Pronunciation: IPA:[ˈmɛnda]
  1. A policeman.
  2. A greedy or clumsy person.
Męska kurwa
Pronunciation: IPA:[ˈmɛ̃ska ˈkurva]
A male prostitute.
Skurwiel
Pronunciation: IPA:[ˈskurvʲɛl]
An insult towards a male.
Skurwysyn
Pronunciation: IPA:[ˈskurvɨsɨn]
An insult towards a male. Similar to the English “son of a whore”.
Suka
Pronunciation: IPA:[ˈsuka]
  1. An insult used towards females. Same as “bitch” in English.
  2. Non-vulgar: a female dog.
  3. A male sexually submissive to another male.
Świnia
Pronunciation: IPA:[ˈɕfiɲa]
  1. A person behaving in a way that is seen as obscene. Same as calling someone a pig in English.
  2. Non-vulgar: a pig.
Zdzira
Pronunciation: IPA:[ˈzd͡ʑira]
  1. A female prostitute.
  2. An insult towards a female.

Discriminatory terms

Ciota
Pronunciation: IPA:[ˈt͡ɕɔta]
(See above)
Cwel
Pronunciation: IPA:[ˈt͡sfɛl]
(See above)
Pedał
Pronunciation: IPA:[ˈpɛdaw]
  1. An insult towards a gay man or a male perceived as gay.
  2. Non-vulgar: a pedal.

Others

Dojebać
Pronunciation: IPA:[ˈdɔjɛbat͡ɕ]
1. To beat someone up, give someone a beating.
2. To add something to something else in high amounts, e.g. pepper to a soup.
Dopierdalać
Pronunciation: IPA:[ˈdɔpjɛrdalat͡ɕ]
  1. To beat someone up, give someone a beating.
  2. To talk nonsense.
Dopieprzać
Pronunciation: IPA:[ˈdɔˈpiɛprzat͡ɕ]
  1. Same as "dopierdalać" but less vulgar.
Dupa
Pronunciation: IPA:[ˈdupa]
  1. Ass.
  2. A scaredy cat.
  3. Insult towards a man.
  4. A vulgar way to call an attractive woman.
  5. Girlfriend (preferably when discussed in her absence, unless she's a ździra).
Gówno
Pronunciation: IPA:[ˈɡuvnɔ]
  1. Feces, literally “shit”.
  2. Used as an insult towards a person seen as someone not worthy of attention.
  3. Something useless, worth nothing.
  4. Can also literally mean “nothing”, similar to "jack shit" or "fuck all".
Japa
Pronunciation: IPA:[ˈjapa]
Used to refer to someone’s face, similar to the English "mug".
Jasna cholera
Pronunciation: IPA:[ˈjasna ˈxɔlɛra]
A word to express frustration. Similar to “holy shit” in English.
Kiblować[15]
Pronunciation: IPA:[ˈkiblɔvat͡ɕ]
  1. To be serving a sentence in prison.
  2. To repeat a grade in school.
Kurwa[16][17]
Pronunciation: IPA:[ˈkurva]
  1. A female prostitute.
  2. An immoral, unethical person.
  3. An expression of frustration, like “fuck!” in English.
  4. A filler like “fucking” in an English sentence, e.g. “I hate this fucking show”.
Kurestwo
Pronunciation: IPA:[kuˈrɛstvɔ]
  1. A broken object.
  2. A bad tasting dish/drink.
  3. A substance that is unpleasant to touch or smell.
Kurwiarz
Pronunciation: IPA:[ˈkurviarz]
  1. A man frequently who frequently engages in sex with prostitutes.
  2. A man cheating on his wife.
Kurwidołek
Pronunciation: IPA:[kurvʲiˈdɔwɛk]
  1. A brothel.
  2. Any place where prostitutes can frequently be encountered.
  3. The flat of a man who frequently invites multiple women over to have sex with them.
Mieć nasrane w głowie[18]
Pronunciation: IPA:[ˈmiɛt͡ɕ naˈsranɛ v ˈɡwɔvʲɛ]
To behave weirdly, illogically, with no sense.
Morda w kubeł
Pronunciation: IPA:[ˈmɔrda f ˈkubɛw]
Used to tell someone to be quiet, to stop talking, to shut up.
Na odpieprz/odpierdol
Pronunciation: IPA:[na ˈɔdpiɛpʂ/ɔdpiɛrdɔl]
To do something without much care or thought.
Najebać
Pronunciation: IPA:[naˈjɛbat͡ɕ]
  1. To be drunk/have had too much to drink.
  2. To add too much of something.
  3. To beat someone up.
Niech to szlag trafi
Pronunciation: IPA:[ˈɲɛx tɔ ˈʂlak ˈtrafʲi]
An expletive used to express frustration. Similar to “dammit” or “shit” in English.
Opierdalać
Pronunciation: IPA:[ɔpʲɛrˈdalat͡ɕ]
  1. To be lazy.
  2. To quickly peel something.
  3. To perform fellatio.
Obesrać[19]/obsrać[20]
Pronunciation: IPA:[ˈɔbɛsrat͡ɕ/ɔpsrat͡ɕ]
To dirty someone or something with feces.
Pierdolić
Pronunciation: IPA:[ˈpʲɛrdɔlʲit͡ɕ]
  1. To have sex, “to fuck”.
  2. To regard something as irrelevant, not worth attention.
  3. To lie, talk nonsense.
Robić w chuja
Pronunciation: IPA:[ˈrɔbit͡ɕ f ˈxuja]
To fool someone. Literally: ”do in a dick”.
Samojebka
Pronunciation: IPA:[ˈsamɔjɛpka]
  1. To jerk off, to masturbate. Literally: ”self-fucking”.
  2. To take a picture of yourself, to take a selfie.
Srać
Pronunciation: IPA:[ˈsrat͡ɕ]
  1. To defecate, “to (take a) shit”.
  2. To regard something as irrelevant, not worth attention.
Sometimes it is followed by "taśma" to create the word "srajtaśma". The literal translation is "shit-tape" and it refers to toilet paper.
Srać w gacie
Pronunciation: IPA:[ˈsrad͡ʑ v ˈɡat͡ɕɛ]
To be very afraid, nervous. Literally "to be shitting your pants".
Szajs
Pronunciation: IPA:[ˈʂajs]
  1. Feces, literally “shit”.
  2. Something worthless, of bad quality.
When the word "papier", meaning paper, is added after it makes "szajspapier". Literally, it means "shitpaper" and is used to refer to toilet paper.
Szczać
Pronunciation: IPA:[ˈʂt͡ʂat͡ɕ]
To release urine, to pee. Literally: "to piss".
Walić konia
Pronunciation: IPA:[ˈvalit͡ɕ kɔnia]
To jerk off, to masturbate. Literally: ”to beat the horse”.
Wkurwiać
Pronunciation: IPA:[ˈfkurvʲat͡ɕ]
To annoy someone or to “piss someone off”.
Wpaść po uszy w gówno
Pronunciation: IPA:[ˈfpaɕt͡ɕ pɔ ˈuʂɨ v ɡuvnɔ]
To be in a lot of trouble. Literally translates to “fall into shit to the ears”. Similar to the English phrase “to be in deep shit”.
Wyglądać jak pół dupy zza krzaka
Pronunciation: IPA:[ˈvɨɡlɔndat͡ɕ jak puw 'dupɨ zza ˈkʂak]
To look strange, weird.[21] Literally translates to “look like half an ass from behind a bush”. Similar to the English phrase “to look like shit”.
Zabrać dupę w troki[22]
Pronunciation: IPA:[ˈzabrat͡ɕ ˈdupɛ f ˈtrɔki]
To get away, to run away. Usually referring to running away from something problematic.
Zapieprzać[23]
Pronunciation: IPA:[ˈzapʲɛpʂat͡ɕ]
  1. To be going very fast.
  2. To be working hard.
Zapierdalać[24]
Pronunciation: IPA:[zapʲɛrˈdalat͡ɕ]
  1. To be going very fast.
  2. To be working hard.
  3. To steal.
  4. To stink.
  5. To beat (especially perform a single-punch knock-out).
Zawracać dupę
Pronunciation: IPA:[ˈzavrat͡sad͡ʑ ˈdupɛ̃]
To distract someone, to take their attention away from what they are doing.

Use of profanity

Numerous studies have been done to examine the way that profanity is used in everyday life situations as well as online. No studies give a definite answer as to whether vulgarity is more common online or not and has proved to be a difficult topic to study as it can change with time as well.[25] One such study looked at different internet forums: one that was an open discussion, a closed discussion, and a social networking site. An open discussion allowed for the most anonymity while the other two conditions required some form of the users identifying themselves. The study found that users often used vulgar expressions criticized other users arguments in the discussions, attacked the users directly or used that language to insult a larger group. At times it is also just used as a way for users to express their general frustrations.[25]

It is said that profanity started being used in songs around the late 1970s and into the 1980s in Poland. It was a response to the state of the country at the time. The youth used vulgar expressions to show their frustrations.[26] Though songs that used such language would not be presented in the mass media, works with profanities more often circulated within communities.[26] This censorship caused for more creative ways of expressing frustrations which lead to a faster development of Polish rock in the 1980s, which became quite popular and influential. Nowadays profanity is also used in more mainstream media at times. Polish pop music does not appear to have as much use of profanity as Polish rap music does. Movies of different genres also use profanity at times.

Word borrowing

A number of words in the Polish lexicon have been borrowed from foreign languages and used with similar meanings. There are several profane words or expressions that have been borrowed from other languages. One such word would be MILF. Borrowed from the English language, it means exactly what it does in its original context. The use of the abbreviation "WTF", as in "what the fuck" can also be used in Polish profanity. The noun "swołocz" is a borrowing from the Russian "сволочь". Some profanities have been borrowed from German and transcribed phonetically according to their pronunciation, e.g. "szajs" was derived from the German "Scheiße" which carries the same meaning as the Polish word. The appearance of this word in the Polish lexicon could be attributed to the historical partition of Poland where the country was occupied by its neighbors which tended to suppress the use of Polish language and enforce the use of theirs.

References

  1. ↑ Grochowski, Maciej (1948- ). (2008). Słownik polskich przekleństw i wulgaryzmów. Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN. ISBN 9788301156534. OCLC 297671369.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  2. ↑ janKomunikant (Organization) (2011). Słownik polszczyzny rzeczywistej (siłą rzeczy-fragment). Primum Verbum. ISBN 9788362157174. OCLC 767863631.
  3. ↑ Dokowicz, Agnieszka. (2015). Wulgaryzmy w języku kibiców polskich, czyli "Polska grać, k... mać!". Wydawnictwo Naukowe Silva Rerum. ISBN 9788364447532. OCLC 939912647.
  4. ↑ University of Rzeszów, Poland; Mormol, Paulina (2016). "The correlation between the high offensiveness of swear words and their productivity: A comparison of selected Polish and English examples". Studia Anglica Resoviensia. 13: 44–54. doi:10.15584/sar.2016.13.5.
  5. ↑ "Profanity", Wikipedia, 2019-06-09, retrieved 2019-06-09
  6. ↑ Pinker, Steven, 1954- (2007). The stuff of thought : language as a window into human nature. New York: Viking. ISBN 9780670063277. OCLC 154308853.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  7. 1 2 Zbróg, Piotr; Zbróg, Zuzanna (2017-12-01). "Reprezentacja społeczna wulgaryzmów w świetle wypowiedzi polskich internautów". Socjolingwistyka. 31: 205–230. doi:10.17651/SOCJOLING.31.13.
  8. ↑ Fundacja Centrum Badania Opinii Społecznej (October 2013). "Wulgaryzmy w Życiu Codziennym" (PDF). Komunikat Z Badań.
  9. ↑ Polen curse as like Rej
  10. ↑ A dictionary of real Polish language, as the Polish street says. All vulgarisms.
  11. ↑ "WSJP, certolić się". www.wsjp.pl. Retrieved 2019-06-11.
  12. ↑ "WSJP, wypierdalać". www.wsjp.pl. Retrieved 2019-06-11.
  13. ↑ "ciota – Wikisłownik, wolny słownik wielojęzyczny". pl.wiktionary.org. Retrieved 2019-05-12.
  14. ↑ "cwel – Wikisłownik, wolny słownik wielojęzyczny". pl.wiktionary.org. Retrieved 2019-05-12.
  15. ↑ "WSJP, kiblować". www.wsjp.pl. Retrieved 2019-06-11.
  16. ↑ "kurwa – Wikisłownik, wolny słownik wielojęzyczny". pl.wiktionary.org. Retrieved 2019-05-12.
  17. ↑ "WSJP, kurwa". www.wsjp.pl. Retrieved 2019-06-11.
  18. ↑ "mieć nasrane w głowie – Wikisłownik, wolny słownik wielojęzyczny". pl.wiktionary.org. Retrieved 2019-05-12.
  19. ↑ "obesrać – Wikisłownik, wolny słownik wielojęzyczny". pl.wiktionary.org. Retrieved 2019-05-12.
  20. ↑ "WSJP, obsrać". www.wsjp.pl. Retrieved 2019-06-11.
  21. ↑ "wyglądać jak pół dupy zza krzaka – Wikisłownik, wolny słownik wielojęzyczny". pl.wiktionary.org. Retrieved 2019-05-12.
  22. ↑ "zabrać dupę w troki – Wikisłownik, wolny słownik wielojęzyczny". pl.wiktionary.org. Retrieved 2019-05-12.
  23. ↑ "zapieprzać – Wikisłownik, wolny słownik wielojęzyczny". pl.wiktionary.org. Retrieved 2019-05-12.
  24. ↑ "zapierdalać – Wikisłownik, wolny słownik wielojęzyczny". pl.wiktionary.org. Retrieved 2019-05-12.
  25. 1 2 Tereszkiewicz, Anna (January 2013), Do Poles flame? Aggressiveness on Polish discussion groups and social networking sites (PDF), vol. 1, pp. 221–236, doi:10.7592/ep.1.tereszkiewicz, ISBN 9789949490226, retrieved 2019-06-09
  26. 1 2 Gajda, Krzysztof (2017). "Profanity in songs. Seeking the limits of freedom of speech, and the reproduction and sanctioning of contemporary linguistic tendencies". Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Litteraria Polonica. 45 (7). doi:10.18778/1505-9057.45.14. hdl:11089/24801.
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