Pompia
Pompia fruit
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Sapindales
Family: Rutaceae
Genus: Citrus
Species:
C. medica
Variety:
C. m. var. tuberosa
Trinomial name
Citrus medica var. tuberosa
Risso (1813)
Synonyms
  • Citrus medica tuberosa Risso & Poiteau
  • Citrus medica monstruosa Moris
  • Citrus monstruosa
  • Citrus × monstruosa
  • Citrus limon var. pompia Camarda
  • Citrus limon var. pompia var. nova Camarda
  • Citrus medica × aurantium

Pompia (Citrus medica var. tuberosa), also called pumpia, sa pompia, spompia, and China citron, is a Citrus hybrid cultivated for its edible fruit.[1] It is a taxonomical synonym of Citrus medica.[2]

Distribution

Pompia originated and is found only in Sardinia, especially the eastern half, where it can be found growing wild in citrus groves and cultivated in backyards and orchards.[3] The earliest descriptions of it date back to 1780 and it likely originated around 1760 in Milis.[4]

Description

Open pompia fruit

The fruit is moderately large (at least as large as a grapefruit), round and sometimes oblate or square in shape, and has a rough, warty, yellow (green when unripe), thick, and sometimes ribbed rind. It sometimes has a circular depression in the top or bottom. The inner pulp is acidic, yellow, and mostly dry and is generally considered inedible;[5] it has been described as bitter and chewy. It has a subtle fragrance and contains 13–14 wedges with large vesicles. It is usually seedless but may contain one to three polyembryonic seeds which measure 8 to 12 millimeters (0.31 to 0.47 inches) in length and are roughly triangular in shape. It weighs up to 1.5 pounds (0.7 kilograms). The tree is densely branched and grows 2 to 3 meters (6.6 to 9.8 feet) in height and has an expanded and erect posture. The petiole is unwinged and measures 6–10 millimeters in length. The leaves are elliptical in shape and are dark green in color; they are leathery and the apex is rounded in an ovate to lanceolate shape. The margin is entire and the midrib is very defined. The flowers are white in color and are either solitary or in clusters of two to eight; they usually have five petals. They have numerous stamens and dorsifixed anthers, and the stigma is round and green in color and irregularly lobed. The tree fruits from October to February or March.[4]

Uses

Sa pompia intrea, a traditional dessert of Siniscola consisting of the candied rind of the fruit covered in honey

The fruit has been grown and cultivated for at least two centuries in Sardinia; however, it did not gain international popularity until the 1990s, when a large orchard of pompia trees were planted as part of a social farming project. Since then, it has become a presidium of Slow Food.[6] It is most notably used in sa pompia intrea, a traditional dessert of Siniscola in which the rind of the fruit is candied and then covered with honey and served on an orange leaf. It is also used in various liquors[7] and is sometimes grafted onto sour orange.[4]

Genetics

Before the parentage was confirmed, the pompia was thought to be a hybrid of a citron and grapefruit or citron and lemon; however, recent studies have proven the pompia to be a hybrid of the citron (Citrus medica) and the sour orange (Citrus aurantium), with the citron being the pollen parent and the sour orange being the seed parent. The variety of the citron parent has not been confirmed, but it is likely a Diamante citron or a common poncire. The pompia is genetically synonymous with the Rhobs el Arsa and Poncire de Collioure citrons. The essential oil composition in the leaf is closer to that of a citron, while the essential oil composition in the zest is closer to that of a sour orange.[1] The major compound in the fruit is limonene at 94%, and it contains smaller amounts of sesquiterpenes and its derivatives.[8] The rind of the fruit contains antioxidant substances[9] and the leaves contain antimicrobial substances that kill Listeria bacteria on foods.[10]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 Luro, François; Viglietti, Grazia; Marchi, Elodie; Costantino, Gilles; Scarpa, Grazia Maria; Tomi, Felix; Paoli, Mathieu; Curk, Franck; Ollitrault, Patrick (1 December 2019). "Genetic, morphological and chemical investigations reveal the genetic origin of Pompia (C. medica tuberosa Risso & Poiteau) – An old endemic Sardinian citrus fruit". Phytochemistry. 168: 112083. doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2019.112083. PMID 31521382.
  2. ↑ "Citrus medica var. tuberosa Risso". www.gbif.org. Retrieved 23 September 2023.
  3. ↑ "Pompia - Presidi Slow Food". fondazioneslowfood.com. Retrieved 26 January 2021.
  4. 1 2 3 Viglietti, Grazia (2015–2016). "Morphological, chemical and genetic characterization of Citrus monstruosa, an endemism of Sardinia". Retrieved 14 February 2021. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  5. ↑ "Pompia - Presìdi Slow Food". Slow Food Foundation. Retrieved 26 January 2021.
  6. ↑ "Pompia Citron". Oscar Tintori - Nurseries Worldwide - Citrus Plants. Retrieved 26 January 2021.
  7. ↑ "pompia citrus monstruosa". sandalyon.eu. Retrieved 26 January 2021.
  8. ↑ "The origins of pompia: An Italian citrus delicacy". Wiley Analytical Science. doi:10.1002/sepspec.152124807a4 (inactive 1 August 2023). Retrieved 26 January 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of August 2023 (link)
  9. ↑ Manconi, Maria; Manca, Maria Letizia; Marongiu, Francesca; Caddeo, Carla; Castangia, Ines; Petretto, Giacomo Luigi; Pintore, Giorgio; Sarais, Giorgia; D'hallewin, Guy; Zaru, Marco; Bacchetta, Gianluigi; Fadda, Anna Maria (15 June 2016). "Chemical characterization of Citrus limon var. pompia and incorporation in phospholipid vesicles for skin delivery". International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 506 (1–2): 449–457. doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.04.014. PMID 27084291. Retrieved 26 January 2021.
  10. ↑ Fancello, Francesco; Petretto, Giacomo L.; Marceddu, Salvatore; Venditti, Tullio; Pintore, Giorgio; Zara, Giacomo; Mannazzu, Ilaria; Budroni, Marilena; Zara, Severino (May 2020). "Antimicrobial activity of gaseous Citrus limon var pompia leaf essential oil against Listeria monocytogenes on ricotta salata cheese". Food Microbiology. 87: 103386. doi:10.1016/j.fm.2019.103386. PMID 31948627. S2CID 210703054. Retrieved 26 January 2021.
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