Prem Tinsulanonda
MPCh MWM PC NR RMK/SR PPh PC
เปรม ติณสูลานนท์
Tinsulanonda in 2010
Regent of Thailand
In office
13 October 2016 – 1 December 2016
MonarchVajiralongkorn
Prime MinisterPrayut Chan-o-cha
Preceded bySrinagarindra (1967)
6th President of the Privy Council
In office
4 September 1998 – 26 May 2019[note 1]
Monarchs
Preceded bySanya Dharmasakti
Succeeded bySurayud Chulanont
16th Prime Minister of Thailand
In office
3 March 1980 – 4 August 1988
MonarchBhumibol Adulyadej
Preceded byKriangsak Chamanan
Succeeded byChatichai Choonhavan
Minister of Defence
In office
24 May 1979 – 5 August 1986
Prime Minister
Preceded byKriangsak Chamanan
Succeeded byPanieng Karntarat
Commander-in-chief of the Royal Thai Army
In office
2 October 1978 – 26 August 1982
Preceded bySerm Na Nakhon
Succeeded byPrayuth Jarumanee
Personal details
Born(1920-08-26)26 August 1920
Nakhon Si Thammarat, Pak Tai, Siam (now Mueang Songkhla, Songkhla, Thailand)
Died26 May 2019(2019-05-26) (aged 98)
Phramongkutklao Hospital, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, Thailand
Political partyIndependent
Alma mater
Military service
Allegiance Thailand
Branch/service Royal Thai Army
Years of service1941–1986
Rank
Battles/wars

Prem Tinsulanonda (Thai: เปรม ติณสูลานนท์, RTGS: Prem Tinnasulanon, pronounced [prēːm tīn.nā.sǔː.lāː.nōn]; 26 August 1920[1] – 26 May 2019)[2] was a Thai military officer, politician, and statesman[3] who served as the Prime Minister of Thailand from 3 March 1980 to 4 August 1988, during which time he was credited with ending a communist insurgency and presiding over accelerating economic growth. As president of the Privy Council, he served as Regent of Thailand from the death of King Bhumibol Adulyadej on 13 October 2016 until 1 December 2016, when Vajiralongkorn was proclaimed King. At the age of 98, Prem was the longest-living Thai Prime Minister. He is also the oldest regent of any country, surpassing Bavarian Prince Regent Luitpold's record, when he became the regent for king Rama X.

During the Thai political crisis of the mid-2000s, he was accused by deposed prime minister Thaksin Shinawatra and his supporters of masterminding the 2006 coup,[4] as well as in the appointment of the post-coup legislature and interim government of Surayud Chulanont.[5] The military junta that ousted Thaksin denied that Prem had any important political role.[6] Prem, as the President of the Privy Council, promoted King Bhumibol's ideologies and royal projects, though he sometimes represented himself as being the voice of the king. He urged Thai society to follow the king's advice and himself founded several welfare projects related to education, drug suppression, poverty, and national unity. A southerner, Prem had also dealt personally with trying to resolve the South Thailand insurgency.[7]

Education, military, and political career

Prem in 1959

Born in Songkhla Province in south Thailand, Prem was the son of Luang Winittantagum (Bueng Tinsulanonda) and Odd Tinsulanonda and had seven siblings. His father was the warden of Songkhla prison, and Prem jokingly claimed to have spent most of his childhood in prison.[8] Prem attended Maha Vajiravudh Secondary School in Songkhla, followed by Suankularb Wittayalai School in Bangkok. He entered the Royal Thai Army Academy (now Chulachomklao Royal Military Academy) in 1941. A distinguished army officer, he entered politics in 1959, as a member of the Constitution Drafting Committee. From 1968 to 1971 he was a Senator, in 1972–73 was a Member of Parliament, and in 1976 was appointed to the Advisory Council of Prime Minister Thanin Kraivichien. Under Prime Minister Kriangsak Chamanan, he was Deputy Interior Minister in 1977–78 and Minister of Defence from 1979 to 1986.

General Prem is known for initiating the negotiations with the members of the Communist Party of Thailand. Consequently, an amnesty was declared and many communist members — including former student protesters — returned home. This helped end the fighting between the government and communist guerrillas in the 1980s.

Prime Minister of Thailand (1980–88)

After Kriangsak retired in 1980, Prem was chosen as Prime Minister. Prem led three administrations and often shifted coalition partners.[9]

  • 42nd Administration (13 March 1980 – 19 March 1983)
    • 1st Cabinet (3 March 1980 – 11 March 1981)
      • Coalition partners: Social Action Party, Chart Thai, Democrat, Chart Prachachon and Siam Democrat
      • Major opposition: Thai Citizens' Party
    • 2nd Prem Cabinet (11 March 1981 – 8 December 1981)
      • Coalition Partners: Democrat, Chart Thai and a number of smaller parties including Siam Democrat, Ruam Thai and Social Democrat
      • Major opposition: Social Action and Prachakorn Thai
    • 3rd Prem Cabinet (9 Dec 1981 – 30 April 1983)
      • Coalition Partners: Social Action, Democrat, Chart Thai and a number of smaller parties
      • Major opposition: Prachakorn Thai
  • 43rd Administration (30 April 1983 – 5 August 1986)
    • 4th Prem Cabinet (30 April 1983 – 11 August 1986)
      • Coalition partners: Social Action, Democrat, Prachakorn Thai and National Democrat (replaced by the Progressive party in Sept. 1985)
      • Major opposition: Chart Thai
  • 44th Administration (5 August 1986 – 28 April 1988)
    • 5th Prem Cabinet (11 August 1986 – 28 April 1988)
      • Coalition partners: Democrat, Chart Thai, Social Action, Rasadorn
      • Major opposition: Prachakorn Thai, United Democratic, Ruam Thai, Community Action, Progressive

Overcoming coup attempts

From 1–3 April 1981, a group of army colonels known as "The Young Turks" launched a coup attempt in Bangkok. Prem escorted the King and Queen to Nakhon Ratchasima, and began negotiating with the coup leaders. On 3 April, major leaders agreed to end their "April Fool's Day" coup attempt. Some were allowed to take refuge abroad.

Another coup attempt took place on 9 September 1985. Its leaders had been involved in the previous coup four years earlier. The attempt became violent when rebel soldiers fired at the government's information centres, killing an Australian journalist and his American sound man. The coup attempt was supported by Ekkayuth Anchanbutr, a businessman who had fled the country after Prem's government issued new legislation against financial crime. By late afternoon of the same day, the rebels surrendered to the government. Most of its leaders, including Ekayuth, fled abroad.

Assassination attempts

Prem was the target of at least four assassination attempts in 1982. The investigation implicated military officers who were among the 1981 coup's leaders and former communists who opposed Prem's amnesty policy. This became one of the pretexts claimed by the coup leaders of 1991.

Negotiation with communist insurgents

US President Ronald Reagan during a working visit of Prime Minister Prem Tinsulanonda in the Oval Office in 1984
Prem with Dutch Prime Minister Ruud Lubbers, 10 March 1987

Communist insurgents in Thailand, mainly led by the Communist Party of Thailand, began their armed struggle in the 1960s. After the crackdown of a students' rally at Thammasat University in October 1976, many students fled to Thailand's northeastern region to join the party. In the 1980s, Prem began changing his policy towards the communist insurgents. Previously Prem sent his men to China, persuading it to stop supporting the Communist Party of Thailand. China agreed. Prem's new policy offered amnesty to all insurgents, legally called "the communist terrorists". As a result, thousands of former students who had fled to the jungle left the communist strongholds.[10]

Privy councillor and statesman (1988–2019)

Prem as the President of Privy Council in 2002

Due to political unrest in 1988, Prem dissolved parliament and called for a general election. Following the election, leaders of the winning political parties asked Prem to continue his premiership, but Prem stepped down.[11] Consequently, Chatichai Choonhavan, head of Chart Thai Party, was chosen to be the new prime minister.

On 29 August 1988, Prem received honored as a statesman by being the second person from Pridi Banomyong.[12]

On 4 September 1998, Prem was appointed to head King Bhumibol Adulyadej's Privy Council, becoming the successor to Sanya Dharmasakti.

During the Black May, bloody political crisis in May 1992, Prem was said to have played a crucial role in ending the military suppression of the demonstrations, consulting with King Bhumibol to end the violence and bloodshed.

March 2006 blast: Prem-Thaksin antagonism

Prem's conflicts with Thaksin's government were apparent from 2005, although he had never mentioned Thaksin. Prem, still influential with the armed forces, became a critic of Thaksin's choice of military commanders, especially when Thaksin named his first cousin, general Chaiyasith Shinawatra, as army chief. Thaksin and his supporters immediately reacted against what they called an "out of constitutional" individual (Prem) "meddling" in Thai politics.

Amid the tensions between Thaksin and an "unconstitutional figure", on 9 March 2006, a small bomb exploded outside Prem's residence in Bangkok. Two people were slightly injured, including a passing British tourist. Police said the device had been hidden beneath a stone bench near an unoccupied security booth at the entrance to the residence. The guards were inside the residence at the time. Three cars parked nearby were damaged by the blast. Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra denied being involved in the attack.[13][14]

Role in political crisis and 2006 coup

Prem found himself a leading player in the Thailand political crisis of 2005-2006. In a number of public lectures, he had criticised the attempts of politicians to tighten their grip on the army, urging the public to resist corruption and vested interests. Some commentators inferred that Prem was criticizing Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra and his administration.

In June 2006, Thaksin gave a controversial speech to officials claiming "the intervention of an extra-constitutional power, or figure" was seeking to damage his government. Thaksin's supporters presumed Prem was that figure, though Thaksin himself mentioned no names.

Following the September 2006 military coup, Thaksin's supporters blamed Prem, whom they decided must have been the mastermind behind the coup against Thaksin.[4] Prem did help secure the appointment of Surayud Chulanont, another member of the King's Privy Council, as Premier, and allegedly had a say in the appointment of Surayud's Cabinet. Critics claimed the cabinet was full of "Prem's boys".[15][16][17]

In an interview published in early-2006, Prem explained his vision of a distinctive Thai-style democracy in which the monarch remains the ultimate defender of the public interest and retains control of the armed forces. Prem used an equestrian metaphor to describe the relative roles of monarch, prime minister, and the army: "In horse racing they have the stable and the owner of the stable owns the horse. The jockey comes and rides the horse during the race, but the jockey does not own the horse. It's very easy [to comprehend]."[18]

The issue of Prem's responsibility for the coup and the subsequent junta has been hotly contested. A ruling Military Council spokesman stated that Prem was not behind the coup.[19] Thai police Lieutenant-General Theeradech Rodphot-hong, head of the Special Branch, cautioned that any legal proceedings would be improper as these could involve the king in a political conflict. He also urged the activists to drop their campaign as it could create conflict within the country.[20]

Prem with Thai PM Abhisit Vejjajiva in 2009

On 22 July 2007, thousands of protesters, mostly Thaksin supporters, demonstrated in front of Prem's house, calling for him to resign. When the demonstration exploded into violence, police cracked down and arrested several protest leaders, including an interim National Human Rights Commissioner and a former judge, both being former members of deposed prime minister Thaksin's political party.[21] Afterwards, junta chief Sonthi Boonyaratklin visited Prem to apologize for the protests on behalf of the government. A day later, Prime Minister Surayud Chulanont, along with 34 members of his Cabinet, went to Prem's house to apologize to Prem for failing to ensure peace. Surayud accused the protestors of trying to bring down the highest institution of the country.[22] Government spokesman Yongyuth Mayalap said Prem categorically denied the protestors' allegations that he was behind the military coup. According to Yongyuth, Prem said that the charges were repetitive, baseless and provocative.[23]

Prem considered taking legal action against the pro-Thai Rak Thai United Front for Democracy against Dictatorship for defamation. A source close to him said Gen Prem compiled evidence and might file defamation charges against nine key anti-coup figures.[24] Prem continued to wield considerable influence over the military. Interior Minister Aree Wongarya and his deputy, Banyat Chansena, held talks with Prem at his residence on 1 August 2007. During the meeting, Prem gave advice on resolving the South Thailand insurgency and on providing assistance for family members of the victims in accordance with the government's Sarn Jai Thai Su Jai Tai campaign.[25]

In summing up Prem's legacy, a Nation editorial entitled "Prem was no friend of the people", wrote that "Prem's legacy will be to inspire military top brass to maintain their strong influence in politics, to the diminishment of democracy in Thailand."[26]

Prem and April 2009 protest of Thaksin's supporters

Prem in 2010

Before and during the mass protests of Thaksin's supporters, the UDD, Thaksin started mentioning Prem's name publicly. UDD leaders harshly blasted Prem for meddling in politics, calling him an ammatya, or 'royal puppet', or 'aristocrat', and a threat to democracy as he had never been democratically elected but had been appointed by the king. Prem did not respond to these attacks.

Regency (2016)

Upon the death of King Bhumibol Adulyadej, Prem, at age 96, became regent of Thailand as Crown Prince Maha Vajiralongkorn asked for period of mourning before being proclaimed king.[27] For the duration of Prem's regency the Privy Council appointed Thanin Kraivichien as its interim president.[28] At the age of 96, Prem was the oldest regent in the history of any nation.

Personal life

Prem never married and once declared himself to be "married" to the army.[29] Prem's adoptive godson is the commander-in-chief of the Myanmar Armed Forces Min Aung Hlaing, whose father personally knew Prem.[30]

Educational activities

Prem was actively involved in many charities, including the Prem Foundation. He established the Prem Tinsulanonda International School, which opened in August 2001 in Chiang Mai Province. The campus covers 90 acres (360,000 m2); the student body numbers over 400, with more than 36 nationalities represented.

Death and funeral

Prem Tinsulanonda Public Library at Khon Kaen
Tinsulanonda Library at Songkhla
Tinsulanonda Bridge as seen from Koh Yoh Island

Prem died of heart failure at Phramongkutklao Hospital on 26 May 2019, aged 98.[31][32]

King Vajiralongkorn ordered a period of mourning at the royal court for 21 days from 27 May to 17 June 2019, except for 3 June, which is the birthday of Queen Suthida.[33][34]

On 8 December 2019, after the corpse was kept in the Song Tham Thorne Hall, Wat Benchamabophit, for 100 days, it was cremated at Wat Debsirindrawas Ratchaworawiharn. King Vajiralongkorn held[35][36] a royal funeral procession by the Cavalry Division[37] towards Wat Debsirindrawas. King Vajiralongkorn and Queen Suthida, along with Princess Royal Sirindhorn and Princess Bajrakitiyabha,[38] went to the cremation and presided over the funeral ceremony.[39] On 9 December 2019, King Vajiralongkorn sent the acting President of the Privy Council, Surayud Chulanont, as a royal representative to collect the crematory relics at Wat Debsirindrawas.[40][41]

Tributes and legacy

The Tinsulanonda Bridge, located in Mueang Songkhla District and Singhanakhon District, was built in honour of Prem, connecting Koh Yo on both sides between Mueang Songkhla District and Singhanakhon District. The length of the bridges is 940 meters and 1,700 meters, respectively, for a total of 2,640 meters. People in Songkhla province favor this bridge as "Pa Prem Bridge" "Tin Bridge" or "Prem Bridge" and is considered as one of the famous tourist attractions of the province.[42][43]

Prem offered to build Prem Tinsulanonda Public Library in front of the 3rd Cavalry Brigade, Prem Tinsulanonda Camp at Nam Phong District, Khon Kaen Province to provide services to people and officers in the 3rd Cavalry Brigade, Prem Tinsulanonda Camp and interested people.

A statue of Prem is located in front of the 2nd Army Military Museum, beside the 2nd Army Headquarters, in Suranaree Camp, Muang District, Nakhon Ratchasima Province. The area beneath the statue has a message that says "Born to repay the land". The signature is written in gold of General Prem Tinsulanonda.[44] Another statue of Prem located at General Prem Tinsulanonda Historical Park, Muang District, Songkhla Province which is his birthplace.[45]

Honours

Prem has received the following decorations and awards in the Honours System of Thailand:

Medals

  • 1941 - Victory Medal - Franco-Thai War
  • 1962 - Victory Medal - World War II
  • 1978 - Freemen Safeguarding Medal (First Class)
  • 1933 - Safeguarding the Constitution Medal ()
  • 1955 - Chakra Mala Medal (15 years military/police service)
  • 1982 - King Rama IX Royal Cypher Medal, 1st Class
  • 2019 - King Rama X Royal Cypher Medal, 1st Class[46]
  • 1980 - Red Cross Medal of Appreciation ()
  • 1950 - King Rama IX Coronation Medal
  • 1957 - 25th Buddhist Century Celebration Medal

Foreign honours

Notes

  1. ↑ Acting by Thanin Kraivichien during his regency from 13 October 2016 to 1 December 2016

References

  1. ↑ Mishra, Patit Paban (2010). "Notable People in the History of Thailand". The History of Thailand. ABC-CLIO. p. 164. ISBN 978-0313340918.
  2. ↑ "Gen Prem dies of heart failure at 98".
  3. ↑ https://www.thaipost.net/main/detail/36832 เปิดประวัติ 99 ปีรัฐบุรุษชาติไทย 'พล.อ. เปรม ติณสูลานนท์'
  4. 1 2 "Could Thailand be Getting Ready to Repeat History?". Asia Sentinel. 2 April 2007. Archived from the original on 25 August 2014. Retrieved 5 April 2007.
  5. ↑ "Former Thai PM Prem Tinsulanonda had key role in coup - analysts". Forbes. Archived from the original on 19 February 2007. Retrieved 15 August 2008.
  6. ↑ "UDD aims to damage monarchy". Bangkok Post. 25 July 2007. Retrieved 15 August 2008.
  7. ↑ "นโยบายแก้ปัญหาจว.ชายแดนใต้ของรัฐ(2524-2545)".
  8. ↑ Warren (1997). Prem Tinsulanonda. p. 26.
  9. ↑ Suchit Bunbongkarn, "The Military in Thai Politics, 1981-1986", published by the Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1987.
  10. ↑ "Thailand Communist Insurgency 1959-Present". Archived from the original on 5 July 2008. Retrieved 20 October 2016.
  11. ↑ McCargo, Duncan; Pathmanand, Ukrist (2005). The Thaksinization of Thailand (PDF) (Hardcopy ed.). Copenhagen: NIAS Press. p. 130. ISBN 87-91114-45-4. Retrieved 31 December 2018.
  12. ↑ "พลเอก เปรม ติณสูลานนท์ องคมนตรี และรัฐบุรุษถึงแก่อสัญกรรมแล้ว". Archived from the original on 26 May 2019.
  13. ↑ "British tourist injured in Bangkok bomb blast". The Telegraph. 10 March 2006. Retrieved 2 January 2007.
  14. ↑ Simon Freeman (9 March 2006). "Thailand tourist alert after Bangkok bomb". Times Online. Retrieved 2 January 2007.
  15. ↑ "Thailand's post-coup cabinet unveiled". The Australian. 9 October 2006. Archived from the original on 12 March 2007. Retrieved 16 October 2006.
  16. ↑ "NLA 'doesn't represent' all of the people". The Nation. 14 October 2006. Archived from the original on 2 November 2006. Retrieved 16 October 2006.
  17. ↑ "Assembly will not play a major role". The Nation. 14 October 2006. Archived from the original on 16 January 2007. Retrieved 16 October 2006.
  18. ↑ Far Eastern Economic Review
  19. ↑ "CNS to take action against Prem's critics". Bangkok Post. April 2007. Retrieved 11 April 2007.
  20. ↑ Asia Media Post, Petitioners cautioned that appeal improper Archived 20 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine, April 2007
  21. ↑ "Six protesters held". Bangkok Post. 23 July 2007. Archived from the original on 23 July 2012. Retrieved 26 July 2007.
  22. ↑ "PM says sorry to Prem over mob violence". The Nation. July 2007. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 26 July 2007.
  23. ↑ "PM: UDD aims to damage monarchy". Bangkok Post. 25 July 2007. Retrieved 27 July 2007.
  24. ↑ "Prem may take UDD to court". Bangkok Post. 26 July 2007. Archived from the original on 17 April 2009.
  25. ↑ "Ministers talk to Prem on southern unrest". Bangkok Post. 1 August 2007. Retrieved 1 August 2007.
  26. ↑ "Prem was no friend of the people" (Opinion). The Nation. 29 May 2019. Retrieved 30 May 2019.
  27. ↑ "Prem becomes Regent pro tempore". Bangkok Post. 14 October 2016. Retrieved 24 October 2016.
  28. ↑ "Former PM Thanin appointed president of Privy Council". The Nation. 20 October 2016. Retrieved 24 October 2016.
  29. ↑ Frederick A. Moritz (4 March 1980). "Thailand's new strong man is also nation's Mr. Clean". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 4 March 2015.
  30. ↑ Ghosh, Nirmal (14 July 2014). "Thailand and Myanmar: Traditional rivals now brothers in arms". The Straits Times. Retrieved 3 March 2023.
  31. ↑ "Prem Tinsulanonda, King's Advisor and Statesman, Dies at 98". Khaosod. 26 May 2019. Retrieved 26 May 2019.
  32. ↑ "Thailand's influential ex-Pm Prem Tinsulanonda dies at 98". BBC News. 26 May 2019. Retrieved 26 May 2019.
  33. ↑ "ในหลวง พระราชินี พระบรมวงศานุวงศ์ เสด็จฯ พระราชทานเพลิงศพ พล.อ.เปรม". 8 December 2019.
  34. ↑ ""ในหลวง-พระราชินี"เสด็จฯพระราชทานเพลิงศพ "พล.อ.เปรม"". 8 December 2019.
  35. ↑ "ในหลวง โปรดเกล้าฯ พระราชทานเพลิงศพ "พล.อ.เปรม" อดีตปธ.องคมนตรี 8 ธ.ค.นี้".
  36. ↑ "รำลึก'ป๋าเปรม'ครั้งสุดท้าย พระราชทานเพลิงศพ8ธ.ค." 8 December 2019.
  37. ↑ "ประมวลภาพขบวนอิสริยยศแห่เชิญโกศศพ "พล.อ.เปรม"". 8 December 2019.
  38. ↑ "พระราชทานเพลิงศพ "พล.อ.เปรม ติณสูลานนท์" วันนี้". 8 December 2019.
  39. ↑ ""ในหลวง-พระราชินี" เสด็จฯ พระราชทานเพลิงศพ "พล.อ.เปรม ติณสูลานนท์"". 8 December 2019.
  40. ↑ "'ในหลวง' โปรดเกล้าฯ ผู้แทนพระองค์ในการเก็บอัฐิ 'พล.อ.เปรม ติณสูลานนท์' - the Bangkok Insight". 9 December 2019.
  41. ↑ "ในหลวง โปรดเกล้าฯ พล.อ.สุรยุทธ์ เก็บอัฐิ พล.อ.เปรม". 9 December 2019.
  42. ↑ "สะพานติณสูลานนท์ >> สถานที่ท่องเที่ยว >> สงขลา >> City Yellowpages.co.th". Archived from the original on 12 September 2013.
  43. ↑ "สะพานติณสูลานนท์ จังหวัดสงขลา". Archived from the original on 6 August 2020.
  44. ↑ "ทภ.2 ทำพิธีสดุดีรูปปั้นรัฐบุรุษ "หมอภาคย์"ยกให้เป็นปูชนียบุคคลต้นแบบ". 28 May 2019.
  45. ↑ สงขลา จัดพิธีรำลึกครบรอบ 1 ปี การอสัญกรรม "พล.อ.เปรม ติณสูลานนท์"
  46. ↑ King bestows new title upon princess
  47. 1 2 "Commander Grand Cross of the Royal Order of the Polar Star" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 October 2013.
  48. ↑ "Senarai Penuh Penerima Darjah Kebesaran, Bintang dan Pingat Persekutuan Tahun 1984" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 15 June 2016.
  49. ↑ "แจ้งความสำนักนายกรัฐมนตรี เรื่อง พระราชทานพระบรมราชานุญาต ประดับเครื่องอิสริยาภรณ์ต่างประเทศ" (PDF). ราชกิจจานุเบกษา. 102 (60ง ฉบับพิเศษ): 12. 16 May 1985. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 5 March 2021.

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