A prison gang[1][2] is an inmate organization that operates within a prison system, that has a corporate entity, exists into perpetuity, and whose membership is restrictive, mutually exclusive, and often requires a lifetime commitment.[3] Political scientist David Skarbek argues the emergence of prison gangs are due to the dramatic increase in the prison population and inmate's demand for safety. Skarbek observes that in a small, homogeneous environment, people can use social norms to interpret what behavior is acceptable, but a large, heterogeneous setting undermines social norms and acceptable behavior is more difficult to determine. Prison gangs are geographically and racially divided, and about 70% of prison gang members are in California and Texas.[4] Skarbek suggests prison gangs function similar to a community responsibility system. Interactions between strangers are facilitated because you do not have to know an individual's reputation, only a gang's reputation. Some prison gangs are transplanted from the street. In some circumstances, prison gangs "outgrow" the internal world of life inside the penitentiary, and go on to engage in criminal activities on the outside.[5] Gang umbrella organizations like the Folk Nation and People Nation have originated in prisons.[6]

Prison gangs

Hispanic

  • La Eme or the Mexican Mafia: (Blue) "Eme" is the Spanish name of the letter "M," and it is the 13th letter in the alphabet. The Mexican Mafia is composed mostly of Hispanics, although there rarely are some White members (at least associates). The Mexican Mafia and the Aryan Brotherhood are allies. They work together to control prostitution, drug-running, weapons, and "hits" or murders. Eme was originally formed in 1956 in the Deuel Vocational Institute[7] by Hispanic prisoners from the southern part of that state. It has traditionally been composed of US-born and US-raised Hispanics with "Sureños" gangs of southern California paying tribute to it. During the 1970s and 1980s, Eme in California established the model of leveraging its power in prison to control and profit from criminal activity on the street. The gangs activities fall into two categories: conventional crimes - distributing drugs, robbery, and murder, and illicit market exchange - protecting property, enforcing agreements, and handling disputes.[7] Members of the Mexican Mafia are recognized by a "black hand" tattoo commonly found across their back, chest, leg, or neck. (photo) [8]
  • Nuestra Familia: (Red) ("Our family" in Spanish) "N," the 14th letter in the alphabet, along with the Roman numeral "XIV" is the symbol Nuestra Familia is another mostly Hispanic prison gang that is constantly at war with La Eme. It was originally formed by Northern-California- or rural-based Hispanic prisoners with "Norteños" gangs of Northern California paying tribute to it, opposing domination by La Eme which was started by and associated with Los Angeles gang members. Nuestra Familia was first established California's Soledad Prison in the 1960s.
  • The Texas Syndicate: A mostly Texas-based street and prison gang that includes mostly Hispanic members and does (albeit rarely) allow non-Hispanic Caucasian members. The Texas Syndicate, more than La Eme or Nuestra Familia, has been associated or allied with Mexican immigrant prisoners, while Eme and Familia tend to be composed of and associate with US-born or raised Hispanics.[9][10]
  • Mexikanemi: Also known as the Texas Mexican Mafia, is a Mexican-American prison and street gang established in the Texas Department of Criminal Justice in 1984.[11][12] It functions separately from the original California Mexican Mafia, and members consider themselves primarily tied to the area of Aztlán, formerly Mexican territories in the southwestern United States.[13][14] The group engages in a wide range of illegal activities including drug trafficking, loan sharking, and money laundering.[15][16]
  • Ñetas: a Hispanic (mainly Puerto Rican) gang, founded in Puerto Rico and on the eastern coast of the US. Originally formed in 1970 in the Río Piedras State Penitentiary, Puerto Rico.[17]
  • Fresno Bulldogs: Mexican American street and prison gang. Fresno Bulldogs are largely conflicted with other prison gangs and are the biggest Hispanic gang in California unaffiliated with Sureños and Norteños.[18][19][10]
  • Latin Kings: Hispanic street and prison gang established in Chicago in 1954.[20][21]
  • The Barrio Azteca (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈbarjo asˈteka]), or Los Aztecas (pronounced [los asˈtekas]), is a Mexican-American street, and prison gang originally based in El Paso, Texas.[22]
  • Puro Tango Blast, or Tango Blast, is a term used to collectively describe various regionally based street, and prison gangs of generally Hispanic men from major Texas cities.[23][24]

African American

  • Most African American prison gangs retain their street gang names and associations. These commonly include Rollin' sets (named after streets, i.e. Rollin' 30s, Rollin' 40s etc.) that can identify with either Blood or Crip affiliations.
  • The Black Guerrilla Family represents an exception, as an originally politically based group that has a significant presence in prisons and prison politics. It was founded in 1966 at San Quentin State Prison, California by former Black Panther member George L. Jackson.[25]
  • United Blood Nation: an African American street, and prison gang found on the east coast. They are rivals with the Ñetas and have ties with the Black Guerilla Family.
  • Folk Nation: Founded in Midwestern and Southern states, allied with Crips, bitter rivals with the People Nation.
  • People Nation: Founded in Midwestern and Southern states, allied with Bloods, bitter rivals with the Folk Nation.
  • D.C. Blacks: Founded in Washington D.C. by African American inmates, are allied with the Black Guerilla Family and United Blood Nation, and enemies to the Aryan Brotherhood and Mexican Mafia.
  • Almighty Vice Lord Nation (AVLN): African American street, and prison gang in Chicago.
  • Conservative Vice Lords (CVL): A primarily African American gang that originated in the St. Charles Illinois Youth Center outside Chicago.[26] In Chicago, CVL operated primarily in the Lawndale section and used drug sales profits to continue operation and used prisons to train and recruit new members.[27]
  • Gangster Disciples: An African American street, and prison gang.
  • KUMI 415: Generally referred to as 415 or Kumi 415, a predominantly African American prison gang that was originally formed in Folsom State Prison in the mid-1980s, and the founding members were mainly from the San Francisco Bay Area.

White

  • Aryan Brotherhood: A white prison gang that originated in California's San Quentin Prison amongst White American prisoners in 1964. Their emblem, "the brand", consists of a shamrock and the number 666. Other identifiers include the initials "AB", Swastikas and the sigrune.[17] Perhaps out of their ideology and the necessity of establishing a presence among the more numerous African American and Hispanic gang members, the AB has a particular reputation for ruthlessness and violence. Since the 1990s, in part because of this reputation, the AB has been targeted heavily by state and federal authorities. Many key AB members have been moved to "supermax" control-unit prisons at both the federal and state level or are under federal indictment.
  • Nazi Lowriders: A newer white prison gang that emerged after many Aryan Brotherhood members were sent to the Security Housing Unit at Pelican Bay or transferred to federal prisons. NLR is associated with members originally from the Antelope Valley and is known to accept some light-skinned or Caucasian-identified Hispanic members.
  • Public Enemy No. 1: A white street and prison gang based in Southern California. They have replaced the NLR in holding the "keys" for the Aryan Brotherhood on the mainline prison population.
  • Dirty White Boys: A white prison gang made up of inmates from Texas, and have a heavy presence in the federal system.
  • European Kindred: a white supremacist prison gang founded in Oregon that is affiliated with the Aryan Brotherhood (AB) and the Ku Klux Klan (KKK).
  • Aryan Circle: The Aryan Circle split from the Aryan Brotherhood to maintain criminal gang status and white supremacist beliefs, and to oppose black and Hispanic prison gangs.[28][29]
  • Dead Man Incorporated (DMI): a predominantly white prison gang founded in the Maryland Correctional System with branches in many other correctional facilities throughout the U.S.
  • Aryan Brotherhood of Texas: A white prison, and street gang. Despite the similarity of the name, the Aryan Brotherhood of Texas (ABT) does not have ties with the original Aryan Brotherhood. Founded in Texas in the 1980s, the ABT was created mainly as a criminal enterprise.[30]
  • 211 Crew[31]
  • Simon City Royals: A predominantly white street and prison gang, established in Chicago during the late 1950s.
  • Soldiers of Aryan Culture: A nationwide neo-Nazi prison gang composed exclusively of Caucasian inmates.
  • Universal Aryan Brotherhood: A white power prison gang primarily based out of Oklahoma. Despite its name, this gang had no relation to the original Aryan Brotherhood.

Latent prison management function

Christian Parenti argues in his book Lockdown America that prison gangs serve a convenient function for the prison establishment and officers. They help regulate rogue and rebellious elements within the prison population without intervention from prison authorities.[32]

Parenti sees the repression dished out by gangs on non-affiliated prisoners as a latent function of prison gangs. Thus, gangs are often more-or-less tolerated by prison administrators due to the side-benefits they afford.

US prison gangs in fiction

See also

References

  1. ↑ "We spoke to hundreds of prison gang members – here's what they said about life behind bars | Colorado Arts and Sciences Magazine | University of Colorado Boulder". April 3, 2020.
  2. ↑ "White Supremacist Prison Gangs in the United States: A Preliminary Inventory" (PDF). adl.org. Retrieved March 27, 2022.
  3. ↑ Skarbek, David (2014). The Social Order of the Underworld: How Prison Gangs Govern the American Penal System. Oxford University Press (published July 24, 2014). ISBN 978-0199328505. LCCN 2013041577.
  4. ↑ "David Skarbek on Prison Gangs and the Social Order of the Underworld | EconTalk | Library of Economics and Liberty". Retrieved April 12, 2017.
  5. ↑ Skarbek, David (November 2011). "Governance and Prison Gangs" (PDF). American Political Science Review. 105 (4): 702–216. doi:10.1017/S0003055411000335. JSTOR 23275348. S2CID 48293373. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 27, 2019.
  6. ↑ "Street Gangs — Chicago Based or Influenced, People Nation and Folk Nation". Florida Department of Corrections. Archived from the original on November 28, 1999. Retrieved March 27, 2022.
  7. 1 2 Skarbek, David (2011). "Governance and prison gangs". American Political Science Review. 105 (4): 702–716. doi:10.1017/S0003055411000335. S2CID 48293373.
  8. ↑ "Gladiator School: Stories from Inside YTS". December 13, 2020.
  9. ↑ "Texas Syndicate - Law Essays". April 5, 2020.
  10. 1 2 "Appendix B. National-Level Street, Prison, and Outlaw Motorcycle Gang Profiles - Attorney General's Report to Congress on the Growth of Violent Street Gangs in Suburban Areas (UNCLASSIFIED)".
  11. ↑ "www.justice.gov".
  12. ↑ Prison Gangs justice.gov (May 11, 2015)
  13. ↑ Lyman, Michael D. (2010). Drugs in Society: Causes, Concepts and Control. Elsevier. p. 496. ISBN 9781437744514.
  14. ↑ "Texas Gangs: An Overview of Security Threat Groups and Other Major Gangs in Texas" (PDF). Texas Department of Public Safety. Retrieved November 12, 2013.
  15. ↑ "www.prisonoffenders.com". www.prisonoffenders.com.
  16. ↑ "FBI arrests man in Texas suspected of being gang hit man". Reuters. November 26, 2014. Retrieved August 2, 2015.
  17. 1 2 "Major Prison Gangs". Florida Department of Corrections. Archived from the original on November 27, 1999. Retrieved March 27, 2022.
  18. ↑ "www.policemag.com". August 6, 2007.
  19. ↑ "California Halts Prison Gang Peacemaking Effort – CBS Sacramento". September 24, 2019.
  20. ↑ "Gang Profile: The Latin Kings | Office of Justice Programs".
  21. ↑ "Almighty Latin King and Queen Nation of New York and Environs | Office of Justice Programs".
  22. ↑ Gundur, R. V. (2020). "Negotiating Violence and Protection in Prison and on the Outside: The Organizational Evolution of the Transnational Prison Gang Barrio Azteca - R. V. Gundur, 2020". International Criminal Justice Review. 30: 30–60. doi:10.1177/1057567719836466. S2CID 150955479.
  23. ↑ "What you need to know about Tango Blast, Houston's most dangerous gang". August 3, 2017.
  24. ↑ "DPS gang assessment includes Tango Blast, MS-13 as top threats". July 26, 2017.
  25. ↑ "Major Prison Gangs: Black Guerrilla Family (BGF)". Florida Department of Corrections. Archived from the original on December 21, 2001. Retrieved March 27, 2022.
  26. ↑ Hagedorn 2008, p. 12
  27. ↑ Hagedorn 2008, pp. 80–81
  28. ↑ Mock, Brentin (December 1, 2007). "Aryan Circle Blamed for Two Cop Killings". Intelligence Report. Southern Poverty Law Center. Retrieved April 1, 2018.
  29. ↑ "The Aryan Circle: Crime in the Name of Hate" (PDF). Anti-Defamation League. December 2009. pp. 9–10. Retrieved April 1, 2018.
  30. ↑ "The Aryan Brotherhood of Texas". Anti-Defamation League. April 4, 2013. Archived from the original on April 23, 2015.
  31. ↑ "White supremacist linked to Texas car chase, Colo. slaying". CBS News. March 21, 2013. Archived from the original on March 25, 2013. Retrieved March 27, 2022.
  32. ↑ Wright, Paul (December 15, 1999). "Lockdown America: Police and Prisons in the Age of Crisis, by Christian Parenti (Review)". Prison Legal News. Vol. 10, no. 12. p. 6. Archived from the original on August 5, 2020.
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