D-27
Progress D-27 propfan engine installed on an Antonov An-70 military airlifter at the 1997 MAKS Air Show.
Type Propfan
National origin Ukraine
Manufacturer Ivchenko-Progress (design)
NPC Saljut and Motor Sich (manufacture)[1]
Aerosila (propeller and gearbox)[2]
First run 1988[3]: 48 
Major applications Antonov An-70
Antonov An-180
Beriev A-42
Number built 20 (2001)[4]
Developed from Lotarev D-36

The Progress D-27 is a three-shaft propfan engine developed by Ivchenko Progress, and manufactured by Motor Sich in Ukraine.[5] The gas generator was designed using experience from the Lotarev D-36 turbofan.[6] The D-27 engine was designed to power more-efficient passenger aircraft such as the abandoned Yakovlev Yak-46 project, and it was chosen for the Antonov An-70 military transport aircraft. As of 2019, the D-27 is the only contra-rotating propfan engine to enter service.

Design and development

The engine was launched in 1985 by the Ivchenko-Progress Design Bureau for commercial and military transport aircraft.[7] It was designed to meet the expected growth in demand for new aero engines for civil and military applications. It has a take-off rating of 13,240 horsepower (9,870 kilowatts) for the Antonov An-70.[8] Gunston[6] lists ratings between 13,880 and 16,250 hp (10,350 and 12,120 kW) for the engine.

In 1990, the D-27 engine was proposed for the 150-162 seat Yakovlev Yak-46 airliner. This twin-engined derivative of the three-engine Yakovlev Yak-42 would mount the two D-27 engines on the rear fuselage. At the time, the D-27 had a 3.8-metre diameter (12-foot-6-inch) fan, produced 13,000 hp (9,700 kW) at takeoff resulting in a thrust of 11,200 kilograms-force (24,700 pounds-force; 110 kilonewtons),[9] and had a thrust specific fuel consumption (SFC) of 13 g/(kN⋅s) (0.47 lb/(lbf⋅h)) at a cruise speed of 850 km/h (530 mph).[10]

The Progress D-27 engine on the Ilyushin Il-76LL flying testbed at the 1997 MAKS air show.

A single prototype of the D-27 engine was used for flight testing on an Ilyushin Il-76 modified as a testbed aircraft since at least 1992, in preparation for use on the Antonov An-70T military transport aircraft. The version of the D-27 for the An-70T produced 13,800 hp (10,290 kW)[11] and now had 4.5 m diameter (14 ft 9 in) propellers.[12] In 1993, the Il-76LL testbed with D-27 engine was put on static display at Moscow's MAKS Air Show, and the next year it flew at the ILA Berlin Air Show and the Farnborough Air Show. The testbed configuration made a final appearance at the MAKS Air Show in 1997.[13]

On December 16, 1994, four D-27 engines powered the first An-70 prototype on its maiden flight. This was the first aircraft flight ever to be completely powered by propfan engines.[14] However, the prototype suffered a crash during its fourth flight in February 1995, destroying the aircraft and leaving no survivors. Antonov constructed a second prototype, which made its maiden flight on April 24, 1997 with four new D-27 engines. During its test program, the prototype also flew to the 1997 MAKS Air Show and the 1998 ILA Berlin Air Show.[2]

The D-27's three-shaft gas turbine engine has an axial low-pressure compressor, a mixed-flow high-pressure compressor, an annular combustion chamber, a single-stage high-pressure turbine, and a single-stage low-pressure turbine. The SV-27 contra-rotating propfan, provided by SPE Aerosila, is driven by a four-stage turbine via a shaft connected to a planetary reduction gear which incorporates a thrust meter. The eight-bladed front propeller receives most of the engine power output and provides most of the thrust, while the back propeller has only six blades.[15] The propellers rotate at 1,000 revolutions per minute (rpm) at takeoff and 850 rpm at cruise.[16] The engine has an overall thermal efficiency of 37 percent.[17]

On December 23, 2005, Antonov announced that the An-70-100 was awarded a noise certificate stating that the D-27-powered aircraft met Stage 3 noise regulations, which permitted international airlines to fly the aircraft unrestricted.[18] In response to the US Stage 4 civil noise regulations adopted in 2006, the engine was modified in 2007 to reduce noise by increasing the separation between the front and back propellers.[19] A further noise-related change in propeller spacing was made in 2010–2012, resulting in a 50-percent increase in separation from 0.60 to 0.90 metres (2.0 to 3.0 ft; 600 to 900 mm; 24 to 35 in).[20][21]

The Ukrainian armed forces accepted the An-70 with D-27 engines into army service on January 19, 2015.[22]

On September 3, 2019, the Russian navy decided to order Beriev A-42 amphibious aircraft, the development of which had been suspended in 1993. The expectation was that the aircraft would probably use two D-27 propfans as the powerplant. The initial order was for three aircraft, but no timeline was announced.[23] Regardless, the Motor Sich engine manufacturing plant in Zaporizhzhia was destroyed by Russian forces in late May 2022 following the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.[24]

Variants

A front view of two Progress D-27 on the starboard wing of an Antonov An-70 aircraft at the 2013 Paris Air Show.

Ivchenko-Progress worked on derivatives based on the D-27 engine core, mostly within the 1988-1995 time frame.[25] Proposals included the following designs:

D-27A
designation of the 14,000 hp (10,000 kW) engines for the Beriev A-42PE jet-powered search and rescue (SAR) amphibious aircraft, which was proposed in 1994.[26]
D-27M
a 16,000 hp (12,000 kW) variant.[27][3]: 57 
D-127
a turboshaft engine with a rated power of 14,500 hp (10,800 kW);[25] intended to power the Mil Mi-26M heavy transport helicopter,[28]: 65  with production targeted for 1998.[29]
AI-127
a helicopter engine with an output rating of 14,500 hp (10,800 kW),[7] derived from the D-27.[30] The engine has a power SFC of 0.181 kg/(hp⋅h) (0.243 kg/kWh; 0.40 lb/(hp⋅h)) at takeoff and 0.210 kg/(hp⋅h) (0.282 kg/kWh; 0.46 lb/(hp⋅h)) at cruise.[31]
D-227
an unducted propfan that could be gearless (direct-drive) or geared,[25] with an output rating of 16,000 to 17,000 hp (12,000 to 13,000 kW). This engine was intended for the Antonov An-170, a derivative of the An-70,[32]: 68  and it was proposed for the Tupolev Tu-334.[33]
A back view of two Progress D-27 propfans. The aft propellers have only six blades each, while the front propellers each have eight blades.
D-527
an engine with an ultra-high bypass ratio of 18 that was considered for the Tupolev Tu-334. Nicknamed "super contrafan," the D-527 was ducted[33] and had direct-drive contra-rotating fans mounted at the rear of the engine,[25] like Rolls-Royce's proposed RB529 "Contrafan".[34]
D-627
a super-high bypass ratio turbofan engine with a takeoff thrust of up to 11,000 kgf (24,000 lbf; 110 kN). An alternative engine for the Yakovlev Yak-46, the D-627 was designed to have a specific fuel consumption not exceeding 14 g/(kN⋅s) (0.5 lb/(lbf⋅h)) at a cruise altitude of 11,000 m (36,000 ft) and a cruise speed of Mach 0.8 (461 kn; 854 km/h; 531 mph).[10] The D-627 had coaxial contra-rotating fans with a differential gearbox.[25]
D-727
a variant for the commercial version of the An-70,[35] called the An-70T. A high-bypass turbofan engine,[36] the D-727 has a bypass ratio of 12.85.[3]: 59  The D-727 was also the powerplant for the Yak-46-1, the high-bypass turbofan version of the Yakovlev Yak-46.[37]
AI-727
a range of ultra-high bypass ratio (of nearly 13), geared turbofan engines with a low-noise, wide-chord fan; and thrust between 10,000 and 11,500 kilograms-force (22,000 and 25,000 pounds-force; 98 and 113 kilonewtons).[30][38] This engine had a takeoff thrust SFC (TSFC) of 7.3 g/(kN⋅s) (0.257 lb/(lbf⋅h)) and a cruise TSFC of 15.3 g/(kN⋅s) (0.540 lb/(lbf⋅h)). The engine was offered to power the Antonov An-148T and the Irkut MS-21.[31]

Applications

A side view of a D-27 propfan on the Antonov An-70 at the 2013 Paris Air Show.[39]

Specifications

General characteristics

  • Type: Three-shaft geared tractor-configuration propfan engine[15]
  • Length: 4.205 m (13.80 ft; 4,205 mm; 165.6 in)[40]
  • Width: 1.259 m (4.131 ft; 1,259 mm; 49.6 in)[41]
  • Height: 1.37 m (4.49 ft; 1,370 mm; 54 in)[41]
  • Propeller diameter: 4.5 m (14.8 ft; 4,500 mm; 177 in)[42]
  • Diameter: 0.97 m (3.2 ft; 970 mm; 38 in)[43]
  • Dry weight: 1,650 kilograms (3,638 lb)[44]
  • Propeller weight: 1,100 kg (2,400 lb) (without the propeller governor)[45]

Components

Performance

See also

Related development

Comparable engines

Related lists

References

Citations

  1. ↑ Natalya, Pechorina Natalya (May 21, 2014). ""Мотор Сич" – обнял и задушил: Российские вертолеты без украинских двигателей далеко не улетят" ['Motor Sich' - hugged and strangled: Russian helicopters without Ukrainian engines will not fly far]. Voyenno-promyshlennyy kur'yer (Military Industrial Courier) (in Russian). Vol. 18, no. 536.
  2. 1 2 Duffy, Paul (June 16, 1999). "Antonov's phoenix". Flight International. Vol. 155, no. 4681. Kiev, Ukraine. pp. 74+. ISSN 0015-3710.
  3. 1 2 3 Zrelov, V. A. (2002). Отечественные ГТД. Основные параметры и конструктивные схемы (Часть 1) [Domestic engines. Basic parameters and construction diagrams. (Part 1) Study guide] (PDF) (Report) (in Russian). Samara State Aerospace University. ISBN 5-7883-0210-2. OCLC 1020674498.
  4. ↑ Air Transport Intelligence (May 8–14, 2001). "Military engine directory". Flight International. Vol. 159, no. 4779. pp. 54–61. ISSN 0015-3710.
  5. ↑ "D-27". Motor Sich. Retrieved June 15, 2023.
  6. 1 2 Gunston, Bill (2006). The development of jet and turbine aero engines (4th ed.). Patrick Stephens. p. 211. ISBN 0-7509-4477-3. OCLC 71163102.
  7. 1 2 Dmytriyev, Sergiy (October 12–14, 2015). Ivchenko-Progress innovations for turboprop engines (PDF). 5th Symposium on Collaboration in Aircraft Design. Naples, Italy. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 19, 2019.
  8. 1 2 UkrOboronProm: Ukrainian defence industry. Your reliable partner in the world of defence. Aviation industry catalogue (PDF). 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 4, 2019. Retrieved November 4, 2019. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  9. ↑ Postlethwaite, Alan (May 9–15, 1990). "Yakovlev strikes back: Propfan and other high-technology derivatives of the Yak-42 airliner (NATO codename Clobber) are planned". Flight International. Vol. 137, no. 4215. pp. 61–62, 65–66. ISSN 0015-3710.
  10. 1 2 Yak-46 airliner profiled. Transportation. Central Eurasia: Baltic and Eurasian States: Interstate affairs (Report). FBIS Report. Translated by Foreign Broadcast Information Service. Grazhdanskaya Aviatsiya (Civil Aviation). March 5, 1992. pp. 94–96. hdl:2027/inu.30000028648115.
  11. ↑ Moxon, Julian (April 15–21, 1992). "Antonov plans An-70T" (PDF). Headlines. Flight International. Vol. 141, no. 4314. Moscow, Russia. p. 5. ISSN 0015-3710.
  12. ↑ Lenorovitz, Jeffrey M. (May 18, 1992). "Russians retiring venerable badger after years of engine testbed service". Aeronautical Engineering. Aviation Week & Space Technology. Vol. 136, no. 20. Moscow, Russia. p. 79. ISSN 0005-2175.
  13. ↑ Komissarov, Dmitriy; Gordon, Yefim (2001). Ilyushin IL-76: Russia's versatile airlifter. Aerofax. pp. 43–45. ISBN 9781857801064. OCLC 47676935.
  14. ↑ Velovich, Alexander (January 4–10, 1995). "An-70 has maiden flight" (PDF). Headlines. Flight International. Vol. 147, no. 4453. Moscow, Russia. p. 5. ISSN 0015-3710.
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "More detailed information about D-27 engine". SE Ivchenko-Progress. Archived from the original on 2013-01-26. Retrieved 2012-06-29.
  16. ↑ Butterworth-Hayes, Philip (March 1995). "World's first propfan, by Antonov". International Beat. Aerospace America. p. 7. ISSN 0740-722X – via Nexis Uni.
  17. ↑ "Ivchenko-Progress D-27 (Ukraine), Aero-engines - Propfan". Jane's Information Group. April 1, 2010. Archived from the original on January 1, 2011.
  18. ↑ "An-70-100 aircraft received a certificate for noise on the ground". Antonov (Press release) (in Russian). December 23, 2005 – via AviaPort.
  19. ↑ Karnozov, Vladimir (May 1, 2007). "Military engines: Development thrusts". Flight International. Moscow, Russia. ISSN 0015-3710. Archived from the original on April 2, 2016.
  20. 1 2 Braybrook, Roy; Biass, Eric H. (April–May 2013). "New-tech military airlifters: New-generation turbine engines with substantially improved thermodynamic and propulsive efficiencies are making possible transport aircraft that combine relatively short airfield performance with economical (and comparatively high-speed) cruise". Transport Aircraft. Armada International. Vol. 37, no. 2. pp. 54–58, 60. ISSN 0252-9793. Archived from the original on June 27, 2019.
  21. ↑ Tkach, Volodymyr (April–June 2013). "Sharp turns of friendship: The current status of Ukraine-Russia project to set up production of An-70 military transport aircraft". hot topic. UDR: Ukrainian Defense Review. No. 2. Defense Express. pp. 12–17.
  22. ↑ "An-70 military transport aircraft enters Ukrainian Armed Forces service". Kyiv Post. Interfax-Ukraine. January 20, 2015. ISSN 1563-6429. Retrieved November 6, 2019.
  23. ↑ "Russia to resume A-42 amphibious aircraft production". Izvestia. September 3, 2019. Archived from the original on September 3, 2019 – via Navy Recognition.
  24. ↑ "Russia Says It Destroyed Ukrainian Military Engine Plant". Newsweek, May 26, 2022. Retrieved September 19, 2022.
  25. 1 2 3 4 5 Kravchenko, Igor Fedorovich; Stepanov, Igor Yuvenalievich; Khustochka, Alexander Nikolaevich (2010). "ГП 'Ивченко-Прогресс': на пороге создания двигателей нового поколения" [SE 'Ivchenko-Progress': On the threshold of creating engines of new generation]. Dvigatel (Engine) (in Russian). Vol. 5, no. 71. pp. 20–22.
  26. ↑ "Albatross to get second wind?". Industry – In brief. Take-off: Russia's National Aerospace Magazine. November 2006. p. 34.
  27. ↑ Fulton, Ken (July 6, 1998). "Progress, Klimov detail engine programs". Propulsion Technology. Aviation Week & Space Technology. Vol. 149, no. 1. Moscow, Russia. pp. 57–58. ISSN 0005-2175.
  28. ↑ Taylor, John W. R. (March 1995). "Gallery of Russian aerospace weapons". Air Force Magazine. Vol. 78, no. 3. Air Force Association. pp. 59–73. hdl:2027/osu.32435057142333. ISSN 0730-6784.
  29. ↑ Gordon, Yefim; Komissarov, Dmitriy; Komissarov, Sergey (2005). "Mi-26M heavy transport helicopter (project)". Mil's heavylift helicopters. Red Star. Vol. 22. Hinckley, England, UK: Midland Publishing. p. 86. ISBN 1-85780-206-3.
  30. 1 2 "Advanced aeroengines designed at SE Ivchenko Progress". Ukraine Aviation. Image.UA. No. 2 (published March 27, 2009). 2009. pp. 65–67.
  31. 1 2 Muravchenko, Fyodor (February 2009). "Ivchenko-Progress advanced aero engines". Industry – Company. Take-off: Russia's National Aerospace Magazine. pp. 46–47.
  32. ↑ Drozdov, Sergey Valerievich (2014). "Ан-70: строить нельзя закрыть программу" [An-70: You can't close the program] (PDF). Kryl'ia Rodiny (in Russian). No. 9–10. pp. 54–72. ISSN 0130-2701. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 4, 2019.
  33. 1 2 "Tupolev plans for super contrafan" (PDF). News: Technical. Flight International. Vol. 137, no. 4218. May 30 – June 5, 1990. p. 15. ISSN 0015-3710.
  34. ↑ "Rolls-Royce UHB advances" (PDF). Technical: Air Transport. Flight International. Vol. 136, no. 4192. November 22–28, 1989. p. 16. ISSN 0015-3710.
  35. ↑ "Motor Sich CEO: Ukraine creating engine for civilian version of An-70". Kyiv Post. Interfax-Ukraine. August 5, 2013. ISSN 1563-6429. Retrieved November 7, 2019.
  36. ↑ Braybrook, Roy (December 2013 – January 2014). "Change of air: A massive logistic operation is now ramping up, as most elements of the 49-nation International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) are to be withdrawn from remote, landlocked Afghanistan by the end of 2014. The US Army alone is estimated to have $ 27 billion of hardware in the country, including 25,000 vehicles and 100,000 shipping containers". Compendium: Air, Sea, and Land Mobility Supplement. Armada International. Vol. 37, no. 6. pp. 3–13. ISSN 0252-9793. Archived from the original on November 7, 2019.
  37. ↑ "Airliners of the world". Flight International. Vol. 150, no. 4552. December 4–10, 1996. p. 70. ISSN 0015-3710.
  38. ↑ Zaitsev, Tom (August 20 – September 2, 2013). "Propulsion: An-70 freighter plans are spurred by new propfans". Air Transport. Flight International. Vol. 184, no. 5404. Moscow, Russia. p. 16. ISSN 0015-3710.
  39. ↑ Hoyle, Craig (June 17, 2013). "PARIS: Antonov seeks customers for new-look An-70". Flight Daily News. London, England, UK. ISSN 0015-3710.
  40. 1 2 "ZMKB Ivchenko Progress". Engine Directory. Flight International. Vol. 152, no. 4593. September 24–30, 1997. p. 50. ISSN 0015-3710.
  41. 1 2 "Propulsion systems: D-27". deagel.com. Archived from the original on April 29, 2017. Retrieved June 8, 2019.
  42. 1 2 Velovich, Alexander (February 9–15, 1994). "Against all odds: Despite having to toil in a cold economic climate, Antonov has rolled out the first of what it hopes will be many of its An-70 four-engine transport aircraft". Antonov An-70. Flight International. Vol. 145, no. 4407. pp. 34–35. ISSN 0015-3710.
  43. 1 2 Air Transport Intelligence (June 3–9, 1998). "Engine directory". Flight International. Vol. 153, no. 4628. pp. 42–48. ISSN 0015-3710.
  44. ↑ Norris, Guy (April 16–22, 2002). "Directory: Military engines". Flight International. Vol. 161, no. 4827. Air Transport Intelligence. pp. 38–46. ISSN 0015-3710.
  45. ↑ "Propfans: Thrust class > 10000 kgf: Technical characteristics". Aerosila. Archived from the original on October 15, 2017.
  46. 1 2 Abidin, Vadim (March 2008). "Eagle eye fleet: Yak-44E radar patrol and guidance aircraft" (PDF). A.S. Yakovlev design bureau, Kryl'ia Rodiny (Wings of the Motherland) magazine (in Russian) (published October 2009). Oboronnyy Zakaz (Defense Order). pp. 30–41. Archived from the original on January 18, 2017.
  47. 1 2 Coniglio, Sergio (July 2003). "A400M, An-70, C-130J, C-17: How do they stand? A comparative report of military transport aircraft programmes". Military Technology (MILTECH). Vol. 27, no. 7. Mönch Publishing Group. pp. 51–60. ISSN 0722-3226. OCLC 95643375.
  48. ↑ Fricker, John (October 6, 1997). "Russia, Ukraine back An-70 transport". Aeronautical Engineering. Aviation Week & Space Technology. Vol. 147, no. 14. Moscow, Russia. pp. 58–60. ISSN 0005-2175.

Bibliography

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