Proto-Northwest Caucasian
PNWC
Reconstruction ofNorthwest Caucasian languages
Lower-order reconstructions

Proto-Northwest Caucasian (sometimes abbreviated PNWC), also Proto-Adyghe-Abazgi or Proto-Adyghe-Abkhaz, is the reconstructed common ancestor of the Northwest Caucasian languages.

Phonology

Consonants

Proto-NWCProto-AbazgiUbykhProto-Circassian
*p
*pːbb
*b
*pʼ
*f
*w
*m
*pʲpt
*pʲːb(tʷ~dʷ)
*bʲbd
*pʼʲtʷʼ
*pʷpfp
*bʷffb
*pʷʲtsʲ
*bʷʲdzʲd
*pʷʲʼtsʲʼtʷʼ
*pˤpp
*pˤː
*bˤbb
*pˤʼpˤʼ
*mˤmm
*t
*tːt
*d
*tʼ
*rrd-,r~ʁtː-,r
*n
*rʲrɮdz
*tʷt
*tʷːd(ʷ)
*dʷd
*tʷʼ
*tʷʲts
*tʷʲʼtʷʼtʷʼtsʼ
*tss-c
*tsːtstsː
*dzdzdz~z
*tsʼ
*s
*zzdz~zz
*tsʲ(s)
*tsʲːdzʲ(?)tstsː
*dzʲdz~z
*tsʲʼtsʼ
*sʲs
*zʲzdzʲ~zʲz
*tsʷsʷ-
*tsʷːtsʷtsʷtsʷː
*dzʷdzʷ
*tsʷʼ
*sʷ
*zʷdzʷ~zʷ
*tsʷʲ(tʃ)tsʲ
*dzʷʲdʒ~ʒdʒʲdzʲ
*tsʷʲʼtʃʼtʃʲʼtsʲʼ
*sʷʲtʃʷ
*zʷʲdzʲ~zʲʒʷ
*tʃtsʲtss
*dʒdzʲdzdz~z
*tʃʼtsʲʼtsʼtsʲʼ(?)
*ʃ(~ʃː)ss
zz
*tɕ
*tɕːdzʲ(~tɕ)tɕː
*dʑdʑ~ʑ
*tɕʼ
ʃ(?)ɕʃ
*ɕːʃɕʃː
ʒʑʒ
*j
*tʃʷ
*tʃʷːtɕː
*dʒʷdzʷ~zʷdʑ~ʑ
*tʃʷʼtʃʼtʃʼtɕʼ
*ʃʷʃʃ
*ʃʷːʃʃʃː
*ʒʷzʲ(?)ʒʒ
*tɕʷ
*tɕʷːdʒ~ʒtʃː
*tɕʷʼtʃʼtɕʼtʃʼ
*ɕʷʃʷʃʷ
*ɕʷːʃʃː
*ʑʷʒʷʒʷ
*tɬxɕ
*tɬːts(sʲ)tɕː
*dɮlɮ
*tɬʼx/tsʼtsʲʼtɕʼ
ɕ
*ɬːxɕː
*lld-,Ø~jtħ-,ɮ
*tɬʲɕ
*dɮʲɣʲʁ(~zʲ)ɣ
*tɬʲʼɕtɬʼtɬʼ
*ɬʲ (~ɬʲʼː)ɕɬɬ
*ɮʲʑɮɮ
*lʲr-,l~ɣʲɮd-
*tɬʷtsʷtsʷ
*tɬʷːtsʷtsʷtʃː
*dɮʷlwħ
*tɬʷʼtsʼ(ʷ)tsʼ(ʷ)tʃʼ
*ɬʷʃx(ʷ)
*ɬʷːʃs(ʷ)ɕː
*tɬʷʲtʃʷfx
*tɬʷʲːʒʷtɕː
*dɮʷʲdʒʷɮ
*tɬʷʲʼtʃʷʼtsʼtɕʼ
*ɬʷʲ (~ɬʷː)ʃʃʷx(ʷ)
*ɮʷʲʒʒʷɣʲ
*kk
ɡɡʲɡʲ
*kʼkʲʼkʲʼ
*xxɕx
ɣɣ~ʁɣ
*kʲ
*ɡʲɡʲɡʲ
*xʲɕ
*ɣʲɣʲʑ
*kʷ
*kʷːɡʷɡʷkʷː
*ɡʷ
*kʷʼ
*xʷxx(ʷ)
*ɡʲʷɡʷɡʲ 1ɡʷ
*kʷʲʼkʷʼkʲʼkʷʲʼ
*xʷʲ
*ɣʷʲ(?)ʁʲʁʷ
*q(ħ)qq-
*qːqq
ɣʁʁ
*qʼ
ħχχ
ʕʁʁ
*qʲːq
*ɢʲɣʲʁʲ
*qʲʼqʲʼqʲʼʔ
*χʲħχʲ
*ʁʲʕʁʲʁ
*qʷħʷqʷ-,qʷː
*qʷːqʷː
*ɢʷɣʷʁʷʁʷ
*qʷʼqʷʼqʷʼqʷː
*χʷħʷχʷχʷ
*ʁʷʕʷʁʷʁʷ
*qʷʲħ(ʷ)qʷ-
*qʷʲːqʷː
*ɢʷʲɣ(ʷ)ʁʲʁʷ
*qʷʲʼʕʷ(qʷʼ?)qʲʼʔʷ
*χʷʲħ(ʷ)χʲχʷ
*ʁʷʲʕ(ʷ)ʁʲʁʷ
*qˤːʕ
*qˤʼħ(?)qˤʼ
*χˤχˤχ
*ʁˤʕʁˤʁ
*qˤʲqq(ˤ)ħ
*qˤʲːʔʔ
*qˤʲʼħʔ
*χˤʲħχ(ˤ)ħ
*ʁˤʲʕʁj
*qˤʷħʷχˤʷqʷ-
*qˤʷːʕʷqˤ(ʷ)qʷː
*qˤʷʼqʷʼ(qʷ)qˤʷʼqʷː
*χˤʷħʷχˤʷχʷ
*ʁˤʷ(ħʷ?)ʁˤʷʁʷ
*qˤʷʲχʷħ
*qˤʷʲːʕʷqʷʼʔʷ
*qˤʷʲʼħʷqʷʼʔʷ
*ʁˤʷʲʕʷww~ʁʷ
  1. In Circassian and Abkhaz, gʷǝ is heart and in Ubykh it's gʲǝ.

The most noticeable changes are:

Grammar

Numbers

EnglishProto-NWC SchulzeProto-NWC ColarussoProto-AbazgiAbkhazAbazaUbykhProto-CircassianAdygheKabardian
Onezaza-kʼəakʼəzakʼəza
Twotʼqʷʼatʼqʼoʕʷ-baɥ-baʕʷ-batʼqʷʼatʷʼətʷʼətʷʼə
Threeλ:ə(y-)x̂ə/aχ-baχ-ba/x-baχ-baʂaɕəɕəɕə
Fourpʼλʼapɕ-bapɕ-bapɕ-bapʼɬʼət͡ɬəpɬʼəpɬʼə
Fivesx̂ʷə(w-/y-)ćx̂əχʷ-baχʷ-ba/xʷ-baχʷ-baɕxətxʷətfətxʷə
Sixɬʷə(w-)x̂cətʃʷba?f-bat͡s-ba
Sevenbδəɣə́bəʑ-babəʑ-babəʑ-babləbɮəbləbɮə
Eight(w-/y-)ɣə/aaʕ-baaa-baaʕ-baʁʷa
Ninebğʷʲəɣə́ʑʷ-baʒʷ-babʁʲəbʁʷəbʁʷəbʁʷə
Tenbćʼʷə(p-/w-)źə́/źáʑʷa-baʒʷa-baʑʷəpʃʼəpʃʼəpɕʼə

Words

EnglishProto-NWCProto-AbazgiAbkhazAbazaUbykhProto-CircassianAdygheKabardian
Isa/sarˈasa/sarˈasa/sarˈasəsansasasa
Heartɡʲʷəɡʷəɡʷəɡʷəɡʲəɡʷəɡʷəɡʷə
Seaɕʷa
They sell itaːɕanjaːɕanjaːɕan
I goskʲʼanskʷʼanskʷʼanskʷʼan
I saysqʼansʔʷansʔʷan
Language/tonguebǝźAbzǝaːbzbzǝbzabzabzabza
Redpɬəpɬəʑpɬəʑpɬəʑ
Book, Lettertxəɬtxəɬtxəɬtxəɬ
top of the backtxətxətxətxə
Oxc:ʷǝt͡sʷəá-ć̌t͡ʃʷət͡sʷət͡sʷːət͡sʷə, t͡ʃʷə
Bloodɬaɬəɬəɬə
Month/Moonaːmzaməzəməʒamaːzamaːzamaːza
Beardʒaːkʼʲaʒaːkʼʲaʒaːt͡ʃʼaʒaːt͡ʃʼa
Dustsaːpasaːpasaːpasaːba
Barefootɬapsʼəɬapsʼaɬapt͡sʼaɬapt͡sʼa
Donkeyt͡ʃədəʃədəʃədəʃədə
Hedgehogpəzʲəpəʐpəʐ
Waterbzəpsəpsəpsə
Faultlaːʑalaːʑalaːʑalaːʑa
Houseʁ́Iʷǝnaʕʷnawənawənawəna
Mother(a)nǝ(a)nǝá-nanǝnaaːnaaːna
Father(a)ṕ:ǝabababatʷǝat:aaːda
heavyanǝTaxanǝtaá-χ́antaχ́antawant:aʁʷwantaʁʷwandaʁʷ
cattle-shedanǝTabawǝ-raboraa-bóra, -bówrabowbow
guestpč̣́aħa-č̣́áħaṣ́aħāč̣́a
mountain / hillbǝɣAbʁabɣǝbɣǝbɣǝ
measles / scarlet fever / navelbǝč̣́ǝbǝč̣́ǝa-bč̣́ǝ́bč̣́ǝbǝč̣́ǝ́nǝbǝǯ́bǝnža
dust / bubble / blisterbǝbǝá-bǝbpsǝ-bǝbpsǝ-bǝbpsǝ-bǝb

See also

References

    • STAROSTIN, Sergei A.; NIKOLAYEV, Sergei L. (1994). A North Caucasian Etymological Dictionary: Preface.
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