Pseudo-Orpheus is the name of a poetic text, preserved only in quotations by various Christian writers, which has a complex history.[1][2] Pseudo-Orpheus appears in multiple recensions (versions created over time). The poem presents the legendary Greek figure Orpheus as giving a poetic speech to his son, Musaeus, identified as the biblical Moses, passing on to him hidden wisdom he learned in Egypt.[3] It presents a monotheistic view of God, whom, according to the poem, no one has seen, except for Abraham, who was able to see God due to his skill at astrology.[2]

Although preserved in Christian writers, most scholars believe that it is "of Jewish authorship."[3] Over time, a number of Christian and Jewish authors reworked Greek traditions about Orpheus and used them to support their monotheistic views and to assert the religious supremacy of Moses and monotheism over Greek polytheistic views.[4] The rhetorical device of using legendary non-monotheistic figures to endorse Judaism is likewise found in the Sibylline Oracles.[5]

"Pseudo-Orpheus" is also sometimes applied to the unknown writer of other works falsely attributed to Orpheus.

Preserved versions

The following are the primary forms of Pseudo-Orpheus that have survived to the present.[6] The exact dating of the various recensions is disputed.[2]

The first extant writer who quotes the work is Clement of Alexandria, who lived about 150–215 AD.[7][8] Clement provides "numerous short quotations" from Pseudo-Orpheus; one (abbreviated C2) matching the edition of Eusebius, and the rest, collectively known as C1, mostly but not exclusively in agreement with the version of the poem known as J (see below).[6]

The recension which appears in Eusebius (abbreviated E) seems to have been produced in the second or first century BC.[9][10] Eusebius claims to have taken the poem from the writings of Aristobulus of Alexandria, a Hellenistic Jewish philosopher who lived in the second century BC.[2] This version is known as the Mosaic recension because of its focus on Moses.[9] This version is variously counted at either forty one[1] or forty-six[3] lines of hexameter verse.

A shorter recension appears in the works of an author referred to as Pseudo-Justin[1] (approximately[1] or at some unknown point before[11] 300 AD) who is so called because his original name is not known, although he was for a time confused with the second-century writer Justin Martyr.[12] This version contains 21 lines and is referred to as J.[6]

Another recension, known as T, or the "Theosophical" recension, contains all the lines found in the other versions of the poem, and mostly agrees with E.[6] This version is found in the Tübingen Theosophy[1] or Theosophy of Tübingen, "an epitome of a late-fifth century collection of oracles".[13]

The recension in Eusebius (E) can be found in Book XIII of Eusebius' Praeparatio Evangelica (Preparation for the Gospel), as translated in 1903 by E. H. Gifford. Within the HTML file, Pseudo-Orpheus is found in chapter 12, and consists of the first indented section of the chapter, from the words "I speak to those who lawfully may hear" to the words "store this doctrine in thine heart."

The recension in Pseudo-Justin (J) can be found chapter 2 of Pseudo-Justin's De Monarchia in the poetic section which begins with the words, "I'll speak to those who lawfully may hear" and ending with the words, "The depths, too, of the blue and hoary sea." The translation is by G. Reith, as found in volume I of The Anti-Nicene Fathers, edited by Alexander Roberts and James Donaldson in 1885.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 Carl R. Holladay (1998). "Pseudo-Orpheus: Tracking a Tradition". In Everett Ferguson; Abraham Johannes Malherbe; Frederick W. Norris; James W. Thompson (eds.). The Early Church in Its Context: Essays in Honor of Everett Ferguson. BRILL. p. 192. ISBN 90-04-10832-7.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Craig A. Evans; Stanley E. Porter Jr. (11 June 2010). Dictionary of New Testament Background: A Compendium of Contemporary Biblical Scholarship. InterVarsity Press. p. 1294. ISBN 978-0-8308-6734-9.
  3. 1 2 3 Louis H. Feldman (17 January 2008). Philo's Portrayal of Moses in the Context of Ancient Judaism. University of Notre Dame Press. p. 376. ISBN 978-0-268-15952-8.
  4. ↑ Radcliffe G. Edmonds III (7 November 2013). Redefining Ancient Orphism: A Study in Greek Religion. Cambridge University Press. pp. 22–25. ISBN 978-1-107-51260-3.
  5. ↑ Everett Ferguson (2003). Backgrounds of Early Christianity. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 440. ISBN 978-0-8028-2221-5.
  6. 1 2 3 4 M. Lafargue (2011) [1983]. "Orphica: A New Translation and Introduction". In James H. Charlesworth (ed.). The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha. Vol. II. Hendrickson Publishers. p. 795. ISBN 978-1-59856-490-7.
  7. ↑ On Clement as the first to quote it, see Carl R. Holladay (1998). "Pseudo-Orpheus: Tracking a Tradition". In Everett Ferguson; Abraham Johannes Malherbe; Frederick W. Norris; James W. Thompson (eds.). The Early Church in Its Context: Essays in Honor of Everett Ferguson. BRILL. p. 192. ISBN 90-04-10832-7.
  8. ↑ On the birth and death dates for Clement, see Denise Kimber Buell (1999). Making Christians: Clement of Alexandria and the Rhetoric of Legitimacy. Princeton University Press. p. 10. ISBN 0-691-05980-2.
  9. 1 2 On the recension in general, John Lierman (2004). The New Testament Moses: Christian Perceptions of Moses and Israel in the Setting of Jewish Religion. Mohr Siebeck. p. 233. ISBN 978-3-16-148202-1.
  10. ↑ On the name "E", M. Lafargue (2011) [1983]. "Orphica: A New Translation and Introduction". In James H. Charlesworth (ed.). The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha. Vol. II. Hendrickson Publishers. p. 795. ISBN 978-1-59856-490-7.
  11. ↑ Louis H. Feldman; John R. Levison (1996). Josephus' Contra Apionem. BRILL. p. 379. ISBN 90-04-10325-2.
  12. ↑ Taylor Petrey (3 July 2015). Resurrecting Parts: Early Christians on Desire, Reproduction, and Sexual Difference. Routledge. p. 19. ISBN 978-1-317-44297-4.
  13. ↑ Rangar Cline (5 March 2011). Ancient Angels: Conceptualizing Angeloi in the Roman Empire. BRILL. p. 21. ISBN 90-04-19453-3.
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