Pterophorus monospilalis
Specimen from the New Zealand Arthropod Collection
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Arthropoda
Class:
Insecta
Order:
Lepidoptera
Family:
Pterophoridae
Genus:
Pterophorus
Species:
P. monospilalis
Binomial name
Pterophorus monospilalis
(Walker, 1864)
Synonyms
  • Aciptilus monospilalis Walker, 1864
  • Aciptilus furcatalis var. β Walker, 1864
  • Aciptilus furcatalis var. γ Walker, 1864
  • Aciptila monospilalis Walker, 1864
  • Aciptilia patruelis Felder & Rogenhofer, 1875
  • Aciptilia lycosema Meyrick, 1885
  • Alucita monospilalis (Walker, 1864)
  • Alucita lycosema (Meyrick, 1885)

Pterophorus monospilalis, the white plume moth, is a moth of the family Pterophoridae. It is endemic to New Zealand and occurs throughout the country. It inhabits native forest, parks and domestic gardens. Larvae are active during the day, are slow moving, and feed exposed. They feed on Araliaceae species as well as on Hedera helix, Meryta sinclairii, and Schefflera digitata. There are several broods in a year. Adult moths are on the wing from November until May and are attracted to light.

Taxonomy

Illustration of female by George Hudson.

This species was first described by Francis Walker in 1864 and named Aciptilus monospilalis.[1] In 1875 Cajetan von Felder and Alois Friedrich Rogenhofer, thinking they were describing a new species, named it Aciptilia patruelis.[2] In 1885 Meyrick synonymised A. patruelis with A. monospilalis.[3] In the same publication Meyrick, thinking he was describing a new species, also named this species as Aciptilia lycosema.[3] Merick described both A. monospilalis and the newly named A. lycosema in greater detail in a later 1885 publication.[4] In 1913 Meyrick placed both A. monospilalis and A. lycosema into the genus Alucita.[5] This placement was followed by George Hudson in his 1928 book The butterflies and moths of New Zealand.[6] In the same publication Hudson continued to treated A. lycosema as a separate species.[6] In 1934 A. V. Chappell, while discussing the work Alfred Philpott had undertaken examining the genitalia of both A. monospilalis and A. lycosema,[7] argued that the morphological similarities as well as the life histories of the two were sufficient to show that A. lycosema was a synonym of A. monospilalis.[8] In 1988 John S. Dugdale synonymised the two varieties of the species Aciptilus furcatalis originally described by Walker in his 1864 publication into Pterophorus monospilalis.[1][9] In 1993 Cees Gielis discussed this species under the name Pterophorus monospilalis but placed it in a list where the species were regarded as having an uncertain status.[10] The male lectotype specimen, collected by D. Bolton in Auckland, is held at the Natural History Museum, London.[9]

Description

Egg

The egg of this species is elliptical shaped and coloured a very pale green with a faint honeycomb pattern on the flattened upper surface.[8]

Larva

The mature larva was described by Chappell as follows:

13 mm. long ; gradually tapering posteriorly ; dorso-ventrally compressed, the ventral surface flat ; 14 apparent segments ; 16 legs ; spiracles borne at ends of short protuberances. Head whitish with pale ochreous-brown markings on crown and sides, mouth-parts pale brown, ocelli brownish or reddish. Body semi-transparent, of a pale slightly yellowish delicate green through which the darker green alimentary canal is visible ; the ventral surface much paler than the dorsal, being rather whitish. Variation in the intensity of green is but slight; some specimens slightly marked with black on anterior dorsal region, and flecked with pinkish or pale mauve. Setae numerous, arising from regular series of small verrucae; dorsal setae red-brown, the others white.[8]

Pupa

The pupa is described by Chappell as being 10 mm long and coloured a very pale green with whitish shades on the wings and ventral portions. There is a noticeable black dorsal mark frequently present on lower thorax. The pupa often has pinkish-mauve marks. There are numerous setae with those on dorsal and lateral surfaces coloured a golden-brown, while those on ventral surface are white.[8]

Adult

The wingspan of the adult moth is between 21–23 mm. The head, palpi, antennae, thorax, abdomen, and legs are white. The forewings are snow-white with a few brownish-ochreous scales, a blackish dot before the cleft and a minute one on the inner margin before the middle. The hindwings and cilia are snow-white.[11]

This species has a form that has a brown streak on its forewing.[12] This form can be confused with P. furcatalis but can be distinguished as the second plume is white where as with P. furcatalis that second plume is brown.[12]

Distribution

This species is endemic to New Zealand and can be found throughout the country.[12] However it tends to be scarce in the northern parts of the North Island as well as in the southern parts of the South Island.[12]

Habitat and hosts

Larval host Pseudopanax arboreus.

The species inhabits native forest as well as domestic gardens and parks.[12] The larvae feed on young new tips of Araliaceae species including Neopanax arboreus,[13] Neopanax colensoi, and Pseudopanax lessonii as well as on Hedera helix, Meryta sinclairii, and Schefflera digitata.[14][15]

Life history and behaviour

The larvae of this species are diurnal, slow moving, and feed exposed without external protection.[12][8] When they pupate the cocoon-less pupa is attached to the host plant leaf via a thread of silk.[12] There are several broods in year.[8] Adults are on the wing from November to May.[12] It has been hypothesised that some adults from the autumn brood hibernate through winter.[15] However it is more likely that the species exists in pupa through winter.[15] They are nocturnal and are attracted to light.[12]

References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pterophorus monospilalis.
  1. 1 2 Francis Walker (1864), List of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. XXX: Tineites, London, pp. 950–951, Wikidata Q108264250{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  2. ↑ von Wüllerstorf-Urbair, Bernhard Freiherr (1864). Reise der österreichischen Fregatte Novara um die Erde in den Jahren 1857, 1858, 1859 unter den Befehlen des Commodore B. von Wüllerstorf-Urbair. Vol. 2. Wien: Kaiserlich-Königliche Hof- und Staatsdruckerei; in Commission bei K. Gerold's Sohn. p. Tab. CXL.
  3. 1 2 Edward Meyrick (January 1885). "Description of New Zealand Microlepidoptera. V. Pyralidina". New Zealand Journal of Science. 2: 347. Wikidata Q115123797.
  4. ↑ Edward Meyrick (May 1885). "Art. XII. — Descriptions of New Zealand Micro-Lepidoptera". Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute. 17: 125. ISSN 1176-6158. Wikidata Q110063611.
  5. ↑ Edward Meyrick (1913). "A revision of New Zealand Pyralidina". Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute. 45: 47. ISSN 1176-6158. Wikidata Q113379622.
  6. 1 2 George Vernon Hudson (1928), The butterflies and moths of New Zealand, Illustrator: George Hudson, Wellington: Ferguson and Osborn Limited, p. 209, LCCN 88133764, OCLC 25449322, Wikidata Q58593286
  7. ↑ Alfred Philpott (May 1928). "The Male Genitalia of the New Zealand Pterophoridae". Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute. 59: 645–649. ISSN 1176-6158. Wikidata Q110071198.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 A. V. Chappell (July 1934). "LIFE-HISTORIES OF SOME NEW ZEALAND LEPIDOPTERA, WITH NOTES ON THE MALE GENITALIA AND LARVAL CHAETOTAXY". Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London. Series B, Taxonomy. 3 (7): 163–168. doi:10.1111/J.1365-3113.1934.TB01571.X. ISSN 0375-0434. Wikidata Q115123172.
  9. 1 2 John Stewart Dugdale (23 September 1988). "Lepidoptera - annotated catalogue, and keys to family-group taxa". Fauna of New Zealand. Department of Scientific and Industrial Research. 14: 133. doi:10.7931/J2/FNZ.14. ISSN 0111-5383. Wikidata Q45083134.
  10. ↑ Cees Gielis (1993). "Generic revision of the superfamily Pterophoroidea (Lepidoptera)". Zoologische Verhandelingen. 290 (1): 76. ISSN 0024-1652. Wikidata Q93258703.
  11. ↑ Transactions and proceedings of the New Zealand Institute
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Hoare, Robert J. B. (2014). A photographic guide to moths & butterflies of New Zealand. Olivier Ball. Auckland. p. 41. ISBN 978-1-86966-399-5. OCLC 891672034.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  13. ↑ T. H. Davies (January 1973). "LIST OF LEPIDOPTERA COLLECTED IN AREAS SURROUNDING HASTINGS AND NAPIER" (PDF). New Zealand Entomologist. 5 (2): 204–216. doi:10.1080/00779962.1973.9723002. ISSN 0077-9962. Wikidata Q54755566. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 February 2013.
  14. ↑ "Pterophorus monospilalis (Walker, 1864)". plant-synz.landcareresearch.co.nz. Retrieved 2022-05-31.
  15. 1 2 3 David Edward Gaskin (1966). "The butterflies and common moths of New Zealand". New Zealand: 172. Wikidata Q115000559.
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