Rangla Punjab. Punjabi Ghagra
Punjabi Dance 2

The Punjabi ghagra (Punjabi: ਘੱਗਰਾ) is a four-piece outfit[1] known as tewar or 'ti-or' which was traditionally worn by Punjabi women throughout the Punjab region with the outfit comprising a head scarf (Phulkari), kurta or kurti,[2] ghagra (long skirt) and either a suthan (baggy trousers with a tight band around the ankles) or the Punjabi salwar (trousers).[3] In modern times, the ghagra is worn by women in parts of Haryana, rural parts of south West Punjab,[4] parts of Himachal Pradesh[5] and during performances of Giddha in East Punjab.[6]

History

The ghagra has its origin in the candataka, which had become a popular garment in the Gupta period.[7] The candataka was a men's half trousers[8] which eventually developed into the ghagra. The intermediate formation has been described as a shirt like dress for men and women from the neck to the thighs.[9][10] Candataka continued as a popular female dress in the seventh century.[11]

Outfit

The Punjabi ghagra is part of a four-piece ensemble: Phulkari, kurta/kurti, ghagra and suthan/salwar. The term tewar or ti-or suggests that the outfit was originally a three-piece ensemble[12] which would have comprised the head scarf, kurta/kurti/angi and the ghagra. However, when preparing clothes to give to the bride, the suthan/kurta or salwar kameez outfit is counted as bewar, comprising two articles, with the head scarf not being included. Randhawa (1960) suggests that the only difference between the ghagra ensemble and the Punjabi suit outfit is the addition of the ghagra in the ghagra outfit. Accordingly, even though the Punjabi ghagra is referred to as tewar/ti-or, it is a four-piece outfit and the Punjabi suit, a three-piece ensemble.

Phulkari

The head scarf generally consists of a large Phulkari embroidered using local designs.

Kurta/kurti/angi/choli

Kurta/kurti

The upper garment is traditionally either a long kurta or a kurti which is a short coat.[13] The kurta is a remnant of the kurtaka which was short and had side slits. It was in use in the 11th century C.E.and provides a link to the kurta of the Punjab region.[14]

The kurti is a short cotton coat[15] or a mini anga (dress)[16] without side slits which is believed to have descended from the tunic of the Shunga period (2nd century B.C.).[17] The kurti during the early 1700s buttoned to the right[18] but later versions buttoned down the centre.

Angi/Choli

The angi is the Punjabi name for the bodice which is a short sleeved vest which covers the breast but leaves the chest partly bare and the abdomen wholly exposed.[19] The angi can be worn with the kurti. The angi when worn on its own is called the choli, which covers the chest[20] and has a slip running further down in front. It has short sleeves and is tied behind.[21] The angi differs from the choli only in having no front slip.

One design of the choli is made of strips (or patches)[22] of many coloured silk or other material. The arms are generally bare and the stomach is left uncovered.[23] The choli is tied at the back with strings.[24] In the middle of the choli, a kubba is dangled which is a hollow knobby ornament with a pendant fixed onto the centre of the choli. The item used is the tukma which is a silver pendant fixed on to the ends of the choli.[25] The choli was a popular alternative to the kurta in the 20th century,[26][27][28][29] and was in use in the Punjab region since at least the 16th century.[30] It is still popular in Multan where the Multani choli is embroidered in different colours or hand printed, tied at the front or the back.[31] Modern versions of the choli are also worn.

Ghagra

Saraiki Tradition women wearing ghagra west Punjab

The ghagra is a long full skirt which can vary from 9 to 25 yards[32] The picture on the right shows the styles worn by Saraiki speaking women in west Punjab. The ghagra is traditionally worn by women of all communities.[33]

In Lahore[34] and East Punjab, the ghagra however was only worn when going outdoors[35] or in some areas, when going to another village in which case the kurta/kurti would be replaced by a choli.[36][37] Women were expected to continue to wear the ghagra over the suthan[38] or the salwar until old age or until at least the eldest child got married.[39] It was also customary to wear the ghagra on festive occasions and when attending funerals. It is still used by elderly ladies and is worn on special occasions.[40] Older Punjabi women living in the United Kingdom recall wearing the ghagra over the salwar.[41]

The materials used for making ghagras can either be chiffon or cotton. The edge is finished with either a row of pin tucks, embroidery, gota or by putting a border of daryai (stiffened cloth). The soft cotton ghagra is traditionally starched (maandi) along with mica or vark which shines in the sun. Vark is similar to thin layers of stiff paper which is crushed and added to maandi (starch).[32] Other materials used for ghagras are hari-shael, latha,[39] saatan (satin), embroidered phulkari, parachute cloth etc. Parachute cloth is a silky material and perhaps similar to the textile used to make parachutes. For formal occasions the ghagra is made of expensive material with some embellishments like gota or embroidery.

Suthan/Salwar

It is traditional to wear either a suthan or a salwar under the ghagra.

Usage

The Punjabi ghagra was envogue in West Punjab[42] and East Punjab on a wide scale during the 1960s.[43] However, during this time, the Punjabi ghagra began to decrease in popularity and the Punjabi Salwar Suit came to be worn on its own,[32] albeit in some villages in East Punjab the Punjabi ghagra is still worn at funerals.[44] Further, the ghagra is still worn in parts of Haryana,[45] parts of Himachal Pradesh and West Punjab.

Lehnga

A variation of the ghagra is the lehenga which is traditionally made of finer material than the ghagra as noted in 1878.[46] The lehenga was traditionally popular in urban areas and it is still customary for Punjabi brides to wear the lehngha.

Ghagri

A shorter version of the ghagra is the ghagri which does not drop to the ankles. This version is traditionally worn in Haryana and Himachal Pradesh but began to lose popularity during the 1960s.[43] In the plains of Punjab, the ghagri was an indoor item.[47]

Luanchari

Luanchari is a full-dress made of two parts stitched together: the upper part is the choli and the lower is the lehanga.[48] It is traditional garment worn by Gaddis of Himachal Pradesh.[48]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Punjab District Gazetteers: Ibbetson series, 1883-1884]". Compiled and published under the authority of the Punjab government. 27 February 1883. Retrieved 27 February 2019 – via Google Books.
  2. ↑ Biswas, Arabinda; Division, India Ministry of Information and Broadcasting Publications (27 February 1985). "Indian Costumes". Publ. Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting. Retrieved 27 February 2019 – via Google Books.
  3. ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-05-01. Retrieved 2014-11-20.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  4. ↑ Chaudhry, Nazir Ahmad (27 February 2019). Multan Glimpses: With an Account of Siege and Surrender. Sang-e-Meel Publications. ISBN 9789693513516. Retrieved 27 February 2019 – via Google Books.
  5. ↑ Mehta, Parkash; Kumari, Anjala (1 January 1990). Poverty and Farm Size in India: A Case Study. Mittal Publications. ISBN 9788170991991. Retrieved 27 February 2019 – via Google Books.
  6. ↑ "Nrityabhakti Dance Academy - Supriya Puranik - Indian Classical Dance". Nrityabhakti.com. Archived from the original on 24 September 2017. Retrieved 27 February 2019.
  7. ↑ Subbarayappa, B. V. (27 February 1985). "Indo-Soviet Seminar on Scientific and Technological Exchanges Between India and Soviet Central Asia in Medieval Period, Bombay, November 7-12, 1981: Proceedings". Indian National Science Academy. Retrieved 27 February 2019 – via Google Books.
  8. ↑ Bose, Mainak Kumar (27 February 1988). "Late Classical India". A. Mukherjee & Company. Retrieved 27 February 2019 – via Google Books.
  9. ↑ Gupta, Dharmendra Kumar (27 February 1972). "Society and Culture in the Time of Daṇḍin". Meharchand Lachhmandas. Retrieved 27 February 2019 – via Google Books.
  10. ↑ Chandra, Moti (27 February 1973). "Costumes, Textiles, Cosmetics & Coiffure in Ancient and Mediaeval India". Delhi : Oriental Publishers. Retrieved 27 February 2019 – via Google Books.
  11. ↑ Thapliyal, Uma Prasad (27 February 1978). Foreign elements in ancient Indian society, 2nd century BC to 7th century AD. Munshiram Manoharlal. ISBN 9788121502368. Retrieved 27 February 2019 – via Google Books.
  12. ↑ Ghurye, Govind Sadashiv (27 February 1966). Indian Costume. Popular Prakashan. ISBN 9788171544035. Retrieved 27 February 2019 – via Google Books.
  13. ↑ Gazetteer of the Hoshiarpur District: 1883-84. Sang-e-Meel Publications. 27 February 2019. ISBN 9789693511154. Retrieved 27 February 2019 – via Google Books.
  14. ↑ Sharma, Brij Narain (27 February 1966). Social Life in Northern India, A.D. 600-1000. Munshiram Manoharlal. ISBN 9780842615167. Retrieved 27 February 2019 – via Google Books.
  15. ↑ "Punjab District Gazetteers: Rawalpindi District (v. 28A)". Haideri Press. 27 February 2019. Retrieved 27 February 2019 – via Google Books.
  16. ↑ "Punjab District and State Gazetteers: Part A]". Compiled and published under the authority of the Punjab government. 27 February 2019. Retrieved 27 February 2019 – via Google Books.
  17. ↑ "Panjab University Research Bulletin: Arts". The University. 27 February 1982. Retrieved 27 February 2019 – via Google Books.
  18. ↑ Nijjar, Bakhshish Singh (27 February 1972). "Panjab Under the Later Mughals, 1707-1759". New Academic Publishing Company. Retrieved 27 February 2019 – via Google Books.
  19. ↑ Punjab (27 February 1883). "Punjab gazetteers, 1883, bound in 10 vols., without title-leaves". Retrieved 27 February 2019 – via Google Books.
  20. ↑ "Gazetteer of the Jalandhar District". Punjab Government Press. 27 February 1884. Retrieved 27 February 2019 – via Google Books.
  21. ↑ Purser, C. A. Roe and W. E. (27 February 1878). "REPORT ON THE REVISED LAND REVENUE SETTLEMENT OF THE MONTGOMERY DISTRICT IN THE MOOLITAN DIVISIONB OF THE PUNJAB". Retrieved 27 February 2019 – via Google Books.
  22. ↑ "Gazetteer of the Muzaffargarh District". Punjab Government Press. 27 February 1884. Retrieved 27 February 2019 – via Google Books.
  23. ↑ Baden-Powell, Baden Henry (27 February 1872). "Hand-book of the Manufactures & Arts of the Punjab: With a Combined Glossary & Index of Vernacular Trades & Technical Terms ... Forming Vol. Ii to the "Hand-book of the Economic Products of the Punjab" Prepared Under the Orders of Government". Punjab printing Company. Retrieved 27 February 2019 – via Google Books.
  24. ↑ Singh, Dr Daljit (1 January 2004). Punjab Socio-Economic Condition (1501-1700 A.D.). Commonwealth Publishers. ISBN 9788171698554. Retrieved 27 February 2019 – via Google Books.
  25. ↑ "Punjab District Gazetteers: Mianwali district (v. 30A)". Haideri Press. 27 February 2019. Retrieved 27 February 2019 – via Google Books.
  26. ↑ "Punjab District Gazetteers". Compiled and published under the authority of the Punjab government. 27 February 2019. Retrieved 27 February 2019 – via Google Books.
  27. ↑ Punjab (India) (27 February 2019). "Punjab District Gazetteers: Jhang district, 1929". Superintendent, Government Printing. Retrieved 27 February 2019 – via Google Books.
  28. ↑ Rajasthan (India) (27 February 1972). "Rajasthan [district Gazetteers].: Ganganagar". Printed at Government Central Press. Retrieved 27 February 2019 – via Google Books.
  29. ↑ Saini, B. S. (27 February 1975). "The Social & Economic History of the Punjab, 1901-1939, Including Haryana & Himachal Pradesh". Ess Ess Publications. Retrieved 27 February 2019 – via Google Books.
  30. ↑ Schomer, Karine; McLeod, W. H. (27 February 1987). The Sants: Studies in a Devotional Tradition of India. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. ISBN 9788120802773. Retrieved 27 February 2019 – via Google Books.
  31. ↑ "United States Treaties and Other International Agreements". Department of State. 27 February 1988. Retrieved 27 February 2019 – via Google Books.
  32. 1 2 3 "Clothes of Culture..." Ehmerapunjab.timblr.com. Retrieved 27 February 2019.
  33. ↑ Punjab District Gazetteers Volume VII Part A Multan District 1923-1924
  34. ↑ Walker, Sir George Casson (27 February 2019). Gazetteer of the Lahore District, 1893-94. Sang-e-Meel Publications. ISBN 9789693518665. Retrieved 27 February 2019 – via Google Books.
  35. ↑ Brard, Gurnam Singh Sidhu (27 February 2019). East of Indus: My Memories of Old Punjab. Hemkunt Press. ISBN 9788170103608. Retrieved 27 February 2019 – via Google Books.
  36. ↑ Thomas Gordon Walker (27 February 1884). "Final report on the revision of settlement, 1878-83, of the Ludhiána district in the Panjáb ..." Retrieved 27 February 2019 – via Internet Archive.
  37. ↑ Walker, Sir George Casson (27 February 2019). Gazetteer of the Lahore District, 1893-94. Sang-e-Meel Publications. ISBN 9789693518665. Retrieved 27 February 2019 – via Google Books.
  38. ↑ Wilson, Sir James (27 February 1884). Final Report on the Revision of Settlement of the Sirsá District in the Punjáb. Calcutta Central Press Company. Retrieved 27 February 2019 – via Internet Archive. suthan.
  39. 1 2 Punjabi Sabhiachaar barey by Jit Singh Joshi Waris Shah Foundation
  40. ↑ Punjab (India) (27 February 1987). "Punjab District Gazetteers: Rupnagar". Controller of Print. and Stationery. Retrieved 27 February 2019 – via Google Books.
  41. ↑ Rait, S. K. (27 February 2019). Sikh Women in England: Their Religious and Cultural Beliefs and Social Practices. Trentham Books. ISBN 9781858563534. Retrieved 27 February 2019 – via Google Books.
  42. ↑ Slocum, Walter L.; Akhtar, Jamila; Sahi, Abrar Fatima (27 February 1960). "Village life in Lahore District: a study of selected sociological aspects". Social Sciences Research Centre, University of the Panjab. Retrieved 27 February 2019 – via Google Books.
  43. 1 2 Mohinder Singh Randhawa. (1960) Punjab: Itihas, Kala, Sahit, te Sabiachar aad.Bhasha Vibhag, Punjab, Patiala.
  44. ↑ "Gurmukhi Book - Alop Ho Reha Virsa; Pure". Apnaorg.com. Retrieved 27 February 2019.
  45. ↑ Sr.Bimcy; Sr.Sisily; Charlotte. Spotlight Social Studies 3. Scholar Publishing House. ISBN 9788171725151. Retrieved 27 February 2019 – via Google Books.
  46. ↑ Purser, C. A. Roe and W. E. (27 February 1878). "REPORT ON THE REVISED LAND REVENUE SETTLEMENT OF THE MONTGOMERY DISTRICT IN THE MOOLITAN DIVISIONB OF THE PUNJAB". Retrieved 27 February 2019 – via Google Books.
  47. ↑ Brard, Gurnam Singh Sidhu (27 February 2019). East of Indus: My Memories of Old Punjab. Hemkunt Press. ISBN 9788170103608. Retrieved 27 February 2019 – via Google Books.
  48. 1 2 Handa, O. C.; Hāṇḍā, Omacanda (1998). Textiles, Costumes, and Ornaments of the Western Himalaya - Omacanda Hāṇḍā. ISBN 9788173870767. Retrieved 2013-10-25.
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