Purple glove syndrome
SpecialtyDermatology

Purple glove syndrome (PGS) is a poorly understood skin disease in which the extremities become swollen, discoloured and painful.[1] PGS is potentially serious and may require amputation. PGS is most common among elderly patients and those receiving multiple large intravenous doses of the epilepsy drug phenytoin.[2] Compartment syndrome is a complication of PGS.

Cause

Purple glove syndrome is caused by the intravenous anticonvulsant phenytoin.[3] This medication has many already established neurological side effects. However, glove syndrome is a rare, with prevalence ranging from 1.7% to 5.9%, but has very serious adverse effect that may lead to limb amputations. This may occur due to the administration of phenytoin with or without extravasation. The defining characteristic is a purplish to black discoloration of the extremity followed by peripheral edema and pain distal to the site of infusion. Onset is generally seen within the first few hours of administration. The true pathology of purple glove syndrome is not fully elucidated, however it is believed to be due to the crystallization of phenytoin within the blood and extravasates into the surrounding interstitium. Another mechanism may be due to the disruption of endothelial transcellular junctions followed by leaking of phenytoin into the surround soft tissues.

Diagnosis

A diagnosis is usually made if symptoms of PSG appear after a dosage of phenytoin, especially if symptoms such as edema are near the injection site.[1]

Treatment

Doctors recommend discontinuing the use of phenytoin. The application of heat can help to relieve pain. Limb elevation, compression, and massage are also often used to relieve symptoms. Oral phenytoin can also result in development of purple glove syndrome.[4]

References

  1. 1 2 Chokshi R, Openshaw J, Mehta NN, Mohler E (February 2007). "Purple glove syndrome following intravenous phenytoin administration". Vasc Med. 12 (1): 29–31. doi:10.1177/1358863X07076551. PMID 17451091. S2CID 1747432.
  2. ↑ O'Brien TJ, Cascino GD, So EL, Hanna DR (October 1998). "Incidence and clinical consequence of the purple glove syndrome in patients receiving intravenous phenytoin". Neurology. 51 (4): 1034–9. doi:10.1212/wnl.51.4.1034. PMID 9781525. S2CID 7977404.
  3. ↑ SenthilKumaran, S; Balamurgan, N; Suresh, P; Thirumalaikolundusubramanian, P (July 2010). "Purple glove syndrome: A looming threat". Journal of Neurosciences in Rural Practice. 01 (02): 121–122. doi:10.4103/0976-3147.71732. ISSN 0976-3147. PMC 3139342.
  4. ↑ Jain, Rajendra Singh; Nagpal, Kadam; Kumar, Sunil; Prakash, Swayam; Handa, Rahul (2015). "Purple glove syndrome occurring after oral administration of phenytoin in therapeutic doses: Mechanism still a dilemma". The American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 33 (1): 123.e5–123.e6. doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2014.05.039. PMID 25064142.
  • FDA: Potential Signals of Serious Risks/New Safety Information Identified by the Adverse Event Reporting System (AERS) -- January - March 2008
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