Quantum technology is an emerging field of physics and engineering, encompassing technologies that rely on the properties of quantum mechanics,[1] especially quantum entanglement, quantum superposition, and quantum tunneling. Quantum computing, sensors, cryptography, simulation, measurement, imaging, quantum energy generators and space navigation are all examples of emerging quantum technologies. The development of quantum technologies also heavily impacts established fields such as space exploration,[2] the sustainable energy & cleantech sector, nanomanufacturing, semiconductors and laser technology.

Furthermore, some scientists are researching possible interconnections between quantum biology and quantum technology, for example to better understand immunology[3] and improve healthcare. Apart from its main roots in physics, some types of quantum technology may even involve chemistry or microbiology.

Colloidal quantum dots irradiated with a UV light. Different sized quantum dots emit different colour light due to quantum confinement.

Secure communications

Quantum secure communication is a method that is expected to be 'quantum safe' in the advent of quantum computing systems that could break current cryptography systems using methods such as Shor's algorithm. These methods include quantum key distribution (QKD), a method of transmitting information using entangled light in a way that makes any interception of the transmission obvious to the user. Another method is the quantum random number generator, which is capable of producing truly random numbers unlike non-quantum algorithms that merely imitate randomness.[4]

Computing

Quantum computers are expected to have a number of important uses in computing fields such as optimization and machine learning. They are perhaps best known for their expected ability to carry out Shor's algorithm, which can be used to factorize large numbers and is an important process in the securing of data transmissions.

Quantum simulators

Quantum simulators are types of quantum computers used to simulate a real world system and can be used to simulate chemical compounds or solve high energy physics problems.[5][6] Quantum simulators are simpler to build as opposed to general purpose quantum computers because complete control over every component is not necessary.[5] Current quantum simulators under development include ultracold atoms in optical lattices, trapped ions, arrays of superconducting qubits, and others.[5]

Sensors

Quantum sensors are expected to have a number of applications in a wide variety of fields including positioning systems, communication technology, electric and magnetic field sensors, gravimetry[7] as well as geophysical areas of research such as civil engineering[8] and seismology.

History

The field of quantum technology was first outlined in a 1997 book by Gerard J. Milburn,[9] which was then followed by a 2003 article by Jonathan P. Dowling and Gerard J. Milburn,[10][11] as well as a 2003 article by David Deutsch.[12]

Many devices already available are fundamentally reliant on the effects of quantum mechanics. These include laser systems, transistors and semiconductor devices, as well as other devices such as MRI imagers. The UK Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (DSTL) grouped these devices as 'quantum 1.0' to differentiate them from what it dubbed 'quantum 2.0', which it defined as a class of devices that actively create, manipulate, and read out quantum states of matter using the effects of superposition and entanglement.[13]

Research programmes

From 2010 onwards, multiple governments have established programmes to explore quantum technologies,[14] such as the UK National Quantum Technologies Programme,[15] which created four quantum 'hubs', the Centre for Quantum Technologies in Singapore, and QuTech, a Dutch center to develop a topological quantum computer.[16] In 2016, the European Union introduced the Quantum Technology Flagship,[17][18] a €1 Billion, 10-year-long megaproject, similar in size to earlier European Future and Emerging Technologies Flagship projects. [19][20] In December 2018, the United States passed the National Quantum Initiative Act, which provides a US$1 billion annual budget for quantum research.[21] China is building the world's largest quantum research facility with a planned investment of 76 billion Yuan (approx. €10 Billion).[22][23] Indian government has also invested 8000 crore Rupees (approx. US$1.02 Billion) over 5-years to boost quantum technologies under its National Quantum Mission.[24]

In the private sector, large companies have made multiple investments in quantum technologies. Organizations such as Google, D-wave systems, and University of California Santa Barbara[25] have formed partnerships and investments to develop quantum technology.

Country/Group Name of Center/ Project Government control (yes/no/partial) Type of Quantum Technology Research Established date Funding
Australia Australian Research Council Centres of Excellence Yes Computing 2017 US$94 million
Department of Defence's Next Generation Technologies Fund Yes Integrated intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance

Space capabilities

Enhanced human performance

Medical countermeasure products

Multi-disciplinary material sciences

Quantum technologies

Trusted autonomous systems

Cyber

Advanced sensors

Hypersonics

Directed energy capabilities[26]

 2016[27] US$4.5M
Sydney Quantum Academy Partial Quantum economy December 7, 2020 [28] US$15.0M[29]
Silicon Quantum Computing Partial Quantum computing May 2017 US$83M[30]
Canada Canadian Space Agency Quantum Encryption and Science Satellite Partial Quantum key distribution(QKD)[31] December 2017
National Research Council of Canada's Security and Disruptive Technologies Research Centre: Quantum Sensors and Security program Partial Longer-range emerging and disruptive technologies 2012 US$23M
Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council/UK Research and Innovation Partial Quantum technology development US$3.4M
Canada’s National Quantum Strategy Partial The Strategy will guide investments along three pillars − quantum research, talent and commercialization − toward achieving three key missions, in quantum computers and software, communications and sensors. 2023 US$267M
China Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics Yes General May 2015 US$10.0B
Quantum Experiments at Space Scale (QUESS) project (the Micius satellite) Yes Quantum key distribution May 2015
Beijing–Shanghai Quantum Secure Communication Backbone Yes Quantum Communications May 2015
National Quantum Laboratory Yes Quantum metrology and building a quantum computer May 2015 (opened in 2020)
European Union Quantum Technologies Flagship program Yes Quantum computing

Quantum simulation

Quantum communication

Quantum metrology and sensing[32]

 2018 Expected budget of €1 billion[32]
Coordination and support action for Quantum Technology Education (QTEdu) Yes Education[33] 2020
QuantERA Yes Quantum technologies 2016[34] €89 million[35]
Open European Quantum Key Distribution (OpenQKD) Yes Quantum-based cryptography[36] Sept. 2, 2019 (ended Sept. 1, 2022) [37] €17 974 246,25[37]
European Quantum Communication Infrastructure (EuroQCI) Yes Quantum communication infrastructure[38] June 2019[38] €90,000,000[39]
France National Strategy for Quantum Technologies Yes Quantum computing, quantum communications and quantum sensors [40] January 21, 2021[40] US$1.8B[40]
Germany Quantum Technologies — From Basic Research to Market Yes Quantum technologies September 26, 2018 €650M[41]
Agenda Quantensysteme 2030 Yes quantum computing, quantum simulation, quantum communication, quantum sensors, supporting technologies, public outreach March 23, 2021.[42]
Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft-IBM collaboration Yes Quantum computing[43] September, 2019[43] €40M[43]
QuNET Yes Quantum communication[44] 2018[44] €165M[44]
India National Mission on Quantum Technologies & Applications Yes Quantum communication, quantum simulation, quantum computation, Quantum sensing, and quantum metrology[45] 2020[45] Rs 8000 Crore [45]
Israel National Program for Quantum Science and Technology Yes National quantum development[46] 2019[46] US$360[46]
Japan Quantum Technology Innovation Strategy Yes Quantum technology 2020 US$470
Quantum Strategic Industry Alliance for Revolution (Q-STAR) Yes An industry council to promote quantum technologies September 1, 2021
Quantum Leap Flagship Program Yes Superconducting quantum computer, quantum simulation, quantum computing, solid state quantum sensors, lasers[47] 2018 [47] US$200M[47]
The Moonshot Research and Development Program (Goal 6) Yes Quantum computing 2019[48] US$963M for total program not just quantum[48]
Netherlands National Agenda for Quantum Technology: Quantum Delta NL Yes Quantum computing,quantum communication, and quantum sensing [49] 2020 [50] €615M[50]
Russia Rosatom Yes Quantum technologies and research infrastructure [51] 2021 [51] 23 billion rubles[51]
RZD (Russian Railways) Yes Quantum Communications[52] October 2021[52] 138M Russian rubles[52]
Singapore Quantum Engineering Program Yes Quantum technology[53] 2018[53] US$121.6M[53]
Centre for Quantum Technologies (CQT) Yes Quantum Technologies[54] 2007[54] US$194.9M[54]
SGInnovate- Quantum Technologies[55] Yes Digital financing 2015[56]
South Korea Quantum Computing Technology Development Project Yes Quantum technologies[57] 2019[57] US$39.8M[57]
United Kingdom National Quantum Technologies Programme Yes Funding UK quantum technologies[58] 2013[59] US$1B[58]
National Quantum Computing Centre Yes Quantum computing[60] Set to open in 2023[60] £93m[60]
Rigetti Computing Partial Quantum computing[61] 2013[62] US$268m[62]
United States Quantum Industry Consortium Yes General "quantum ecosystem" (quantum industry supply chain, federal R&D investment priorities, standards and regulation, industry interactions, etc.)[63] 2018 US$1.25B[64]
National Quantum Coordination Office Yes Quantum technology research and development[65] 2019[65]
The Department of Energy Office of Science[66] Yes Quantum computing, quantum algorithms, quantum sensors, quantum processors, quantum networks and quantum simulation[66][67] 2019 US$900M (US$300M in FY 2023)[68][69]
The National Science Foundation (Five Quantum Leap Challenges Institutes) Yes Quantum computing, quantum sensors, quantum processors, quantum biological sensing, and quantum simulation[70][71] 2020[71] US$125M[70][71]
National Quantum Initiative Act Yes Quantum information science and Quantum technology development[72] Dec. 21, 2018[72] US$1.275B[72]
MonArk Quantum Foundry Partial Development of quantum materials and devices[73] August 17, 2021[74] US$19,990,000[74]
Center for Quantum Networks Partial Quantum computing[75] 2020[75] US$26 m[75]
National Q-12 Education Partnership Yes Education[76] 2020[76] US$1M[76]
Quantum Wellness Technologies No Quantum information science and Quantum technology development[77] 2023[77]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Chen, Rajasekar; Velusamy, R. (2014). Bridge Engineering Handbook, Five Volume Set, Second Edition. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. p. 263. ISBN 9781482263459.
  2. ↑ Belenchia, Alessio; Carlesso, Matteo; Bayraktar, Ömer; Dequal, Daniele; Derkach, Ivan; Gasbarri, Giulio; Herr, Waldemar; Li, Ying Lia; Rademacher, Markus; Sidhu, Jasminder; Oi, Daniel K. L. (March 11, 2022). "Quantum physics in space". Physics Reports. 951: 1–70. arXiv:2108.01435. Bibcode:2022PhR...951....1B. doi:10.1016/j.physrep.2021.11.004. ISSN 0370-1573. S2CID 236881667.
  3. ↑ A.E. Germenis, M.N. Manoussakis, G.S.E. Antipas (January 2016). "The Dawn of Quantum Immunology".{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  4. ↑ Love, Dylan (July 31, 2017). "'Quantum' technology is the future, and it's already here — here's what that means for you". Business Insider. Retrieved November 12, 2019.
  5. 1 2 3 "Quantum Technologies in a nutshell". Quantum Technology. Retrieved November 27, 2022.
  6. ↑ Johnson, Tomi H.; Clark, Stephen R.; Jaksch, Dieter (December 2014). "What is a quantum simulator?". EPJ Quantum Technology. 1 (1): 1–12. arXiv:1405.2831. doi:10.1140/epjqt10. ISSN 2196-0763.
  7. ↑ Rademacher, Markus; Millen, James; Li, Ying Lia (October 1, 2020). "Quantum sensing with nanoparticles for gravimetry: when bigger is better". Advanced Optical Technologies. 9 (5): 227–239. arXiv:2005.14642. Bibcode:2020AdOT....9..227R. doi:10.1515/aot-2020-0019. ISSN 2192-8584. S2CID 219124060.
  8. ↑ Stray, Ben; Lamb, Andrew; Kaushik, Aisha; Vovrosh, Jamie; Rodgers, Anthony; Winch, Jonathan; Hayati, Farzad; Boddice, Daniel; Stabrawa, Artur; Niggebaum, Alexander; Langlois, Mehdi; Lien, Yu-Hung; Lellouch, Samuel; Roshanmanesh, Sanaz; Ridley, Kevin; de Villiers, Geoffrey; Brown, Gareth; Cross, Trevor; Tuckwell, George; Faramarzi, Asaad; Metje, Nicole; Bongs, Kai; Holynski, Michael (2020). "Quantum sensing for gravity cartography". Nature. 602 (7898): 590–594. Bibcode:2022Natur.602..590S. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-04315-3. PMC 8866129. PMID 35197616.
  9. ↑ Schrödinger's Machines, G.J.Milburn, W H Freeman & Co. (1997) Archived August 30, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  10. ↑ "Quantum Technology: The Second Quantum Revolution ,"J.P.Dowling and G.J.Milburn, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 361, 3655 (2003)
  11. ↑ "Quantum Technology: The Second Quantum Revolution," J.P.Dowling and G.J.Milburn, arXiv:quant-ph/0206091v1
  12. ↑ "Physics, Philosophy, and Quantum Technology," D.Deutsch in the Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Quantum Communication, Measurement and Computing, Shapiro, J.H. and Hirota, O., Eds. (Rinton Press, Princeton, NJ. 2003)
  13. ↑ J. Pritchard and S. Till. "UK Quantum Technology Landscape 2014"
  14. ↑ Focus on Quantum Science and Technology Initiatives Around the World, Edited by Rob Thew, Thomas Jennewein and Masahide Sasaki, Quantum Science and Technology (2019)
  15. ↑ Knight, Peter; Walmsley, Ian (2019). "UK national quantum technology programme". Quantum Science and Technology. 4 (4): 040502. Bibcode:2019QS&T....4d0502K. doi:10.1088/2058-9565/ab4346. hdl:10044/1/75584.
  16. ↑ 'A little bit, better' The Economist, 18th June 2015
  17. ↑ Riedel, Max F.; Binosi, Daniele; Thew, Rob; Calarco, Tommaso (2017). "The European quantum technologies flagship programme". Quantum Science and Technology. 2 (3): 030501. Bibcode:2017QS&T....2c0501R. doi:10.1088/2058-9565/aa6aca.
  18. ↑ Riedel, Max; Kovacs, Matyas; Zoller, Peter; Mlynek, Jürgen; Calarco, Tommaso (2019). "Europe's Quantum Flagship initiative". Quantum Science and Technology. 4 (2): 020501. Bibcode:2019QS&T....4b0501R. doi:10.1088/2058-9565/ab042d.
  19. ↑ Alexander Hellemans. Europe Bets €1 Billion on Quantum Tech: A 10-year-long megaproject will go beyond quantum computing and cryptography to advance other emerging technologies". July 2016. IEEE Spectrum.
  20. ↑ Elizabeth Gibney. "Europe plans giant billion-euro quantum technologies project: Third European Union flagship will be similar in size and ambition to graphene and human brain initiatives." April 2016. Nature.
  21. ↑ Raymer, Michael G.; Monroe, Christopher (2019). "The US National Quantum Initiative". Quantum Science and Technology. 4 (2): 020504. Bibcode:2019QS&T....4b0504R. doi:10.1088/2058-9565/ab0441.
  22. ↑ "China building world's biggest quantum research facility". September 11, 2017. Retrieved May 17, 2018.
  23. ↑ Zhang, Qiang; Xu, Feihu; Li, Li; Liu, Nai-Le; Pan, Jian-Wei (2019). "Quantum information research in China". Quantum Science and Technology. 4 (4): 040503. Bibcode:2019QS&T....4d0503Z. doi:10.1088/2058-9565/ab4bea.
  24. ↑ Padma, T. V. (February 3, 2020). "India bets big on quantum technology". Nature. doi:10.1038/d41586-020-00288-x. PMID 33526896. S2CID 212809353.
  25. ↑ The man who will build Google's elusive quantum computer; Wired, 09.05.14
  26. ↑ Group, Defence Science and Technology (February 20, 2017). "Next Generation Technologies Fund". www.dst.defence.gov.au. Retrieved November 30, 2022.
  27. ↑ "Next Generation Technologies Fund". www.uq.edu.au. September 11, 2017. Retrieved November 30, 2022.
  28. ↑ Swayne, Matt (December 7, 2020). "Sydney Quantum Academy Officially Launched". The Quantum Insider. Retrieved November 30, 2022.
  29. ↑ "Sydney Quantum Academy – ANFF". Retrieved November 29, 2022.
  30. ↑ "About". Silicon Quantum Computing. Retrieved November 30, 2022.
  31. ↑ Agency, Canadian Space (December 19, 2017). "Quantum Encryption and Science Satellite (QEYSSat)". Canadian Space Agency. Retrieved November 30, 2022.
  32. 1 2 "Quantum Technologies Flagship | Shaping Europe's digital future". digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu. Retrieved November 30, 2022.
  33. ↑ "QTEdu Open Master – An open initiative for fostering quantum technologies in Master's programmes all across Europe". Retrieved November 30, 2022.
  34. ↑ "About QuantERA". QuantERA. Retrieved November 30, 2022.
  35. ↑ "Funding". QuantERA. Retrieved November 30, 2022.
  36. ↑ Rella, Matthias. "OpenQKD in Action". OpenQKD. Retrieved November 30, 2022.
  37. 1 2 European Commission (August 9, 2019). "Open European Quantum Key Distribution Testbed". cordis.europa.eu. Retrieved November 30, 2022.
  38. 1 2 "The European Quantum Communication Infrastructure (EuroQCI) Initiative | Shaping Europe's digital future". digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu. Retrieved November 30, 2022.
  39. ↑ "DevelopmentAid". DevelopmentAid. Retrieved November 30, 2022.
  40. 1 2 3 Pelé, Anne-Françoise (January 22, 2021). "French President Details €1.8b Quantum Plan". Retrieved November 30, 2022.
  41. ↑ "StackPath". www.laserfocusworld.com. September 28, 2018. Retrieved November 30, 2022.
  42. ↑ "Program Committee delivers "Agenda Quantum Systems 2030"". QAR-Lab | Quantum Applications and Research Laboratory. April 1, 2021. Retrieved November 30, 2022.
  43. 1 2 3 "IBM and Fraunhofer bring Quantum Computing to Germany". Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft. Retrieved November 30, 2022.
  44. 1 2 3 "Inside Quantum Technology". Inside Quantum Technology. Retrieved December 1, 2022.
  45. 1 2 3 "Quantum Technologies | Principal Scientific Adviser". www.psa.gov.in. Retrieved December 1, 2022.
  46. 1 2 3 "Israel joins the quantum club". Globes. February 12, 2019. Retrieved December 1, 2022.
  47. 1 2 3 Yamamoto, Yoshihisa; Sasaki, Masahide; Takesue, Hiroki (February 22, 2019). "Quantum information science and technology in Japan". Quantum Science and Technology. 4 (2): 020502. Bibcode:2019QS&T....4b0502Y. doi:10.1088/2058-9565/ab0077. ISSN 2058-9565. S2CID 117731628.
  48. 1 2 "Japan BrandVoice: Japan's Moonshot Research Program Is Taking On The Biggest Challenges". Forbes. Retrieved December 1, 2022.
  49. ↑ Swayne, Matt (May 10, 2021). "Quantum Delta NL Plans to Put 615 Million Euro Investment to Good Use". The Quantum Insider. Retrieved December 1, 2022.
  50. 1 2 "Quantum Delta NL Awarded 228 Million Euro For Second Phase Of Its Programme To Accelerate Quantum Technology | Quantum.Amsterdam". April 14, 2022. Retrieved December 1, 2022.
  51. 1 2 3 "Rosatom planning to build universal quantum computer with cloud access by end-2024". interfax.com. Retrieved December 1, 2022.
  52. 1 2 3 "Russian Railways begins to create a quantum communication system for 138 million rubles". TAdviser.ru. Retrieved December 1, 2022.
  53. 1 2 3 "Quantum Engineering Programme - FAQs". qepsg.org. Retrieved December 4, 2022.
  54. 1 2 3 "Singapore's National Research Foundation awards CQT $36.9 million funding". www.quantumlah.org. Retrieved December 4, 2022.
  55. ↑ "Quantum Technologies". SGInnovate. Retrieved December 4, 2022.
  56. ↑ "Funding Societies". SGInnovate. July 23, 2020. Retrieved December 4, 2022.
  57. 1 2 3 "Inside Quantum Technology". Inside Quantum Technology. Retrieved December 4, 2022.
  58. 1 2 "UK National Quantum Technologies Programme". uknqt.ukri.org. Retrieved December 4, 2022.
  59. ↑ Knight, Peter; Walmsley, Ian (October 1, 2019). "UK national quantum technology programme". Quantum Science and Technology. 4 (4): 040502. Bibcode:2019QS&T....4d0502K. doi:10.1088/2058-9565/ab4346. hdl:10044/1/75584. ISSN 2058-9565. S2CID 208844772.
  60. 1 2 3 "National Quantum Computing Centre". www.ukri.org. Retrieved December 4, 2022.
  61. ↑ LLC, Rigetti & Co (June 21, 2022). "Rigetti Computing Expands Global Presence with UK Quantum Computer Launch". GlobeNewswire News Room (Press release). Retrieved December 4, 2022.
  62. 1 2 "Rigetti Computing". app.dealroom.co. Retrieved December 6, 2022.
  63. ↑ "Purposes". QED-C. Retrieved November 30, 2022.
  64. ↑ quantumstrategyinstitute (April 28, 2022). "Exploring Quantum Industry Consortiums Series: #1. Quantum Economic Development Consortium". Quantum Strategy Institute. Retrieved November 30, 2022.
  65. 1 2 "OSTP Leads Implementation of the National Quantum Initiative Act". Energy.gov. Retrieved December 4, 2022.
  66. 1 2 "Quantum Information Science". U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science. Retrieved March 6, 2023.
  67. ↑ "Program Offices QIS Pages". U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science. Retrieved March 6, 2023.
  68. ↑ "DOE FY2023 Budget Volume 5 "Science"" (PDF). U.S. Department of Energy. Retrieved March 6, 2023.
  69. ↑ Hemsoth, Nicole (July 29, 2021). "U.S. DOE Pumps Another $73M Into Quantum Future". The Next Platform.
  70. 1 2 "NSF Announces Quantum Leap Challenge Institutes for biological sensing and quantum simulation". www.nsf.gov. Retrieved December 4, 2022.
  71. 1 2 3 "NSF establishes 3 new institutes to address critical challenges in quantum information science". www.nsf.gov. Retrieved December 4, 2022.
  72. 1 2 3 "National Quantum Initiative Act - H.R.6227 / S.3143". www.aip.org. July 24, 2018. Retrieved December 4, 2022.
  73. ↑ "MSU awarded $20M grant for quantum technology development". Montana State University. Retrieved December 4, 2022.
  74. 1 2 "NSF Award Search: Award # 1906383 - Enabling Quantum Leap: Q-AMASE-i: MonArk Quantum Foundry: Rapidly Incubating Translational Advances in QISE with a 2D-Quantum Materials Pipeline (2D-QMaP)". www.nsf.gov. Retrieved December 4, 2022.
  75. 1 2 3 Jess, Steve. "UA to lead Center for Quantum Networks". news.azpm.org. Retrieved December 4, 2022.
  76. 1 2 3 "Trump Administration Launches National Q-12 Education Partnership with Industry, Academic Leaders". HPCwire. Retrieved December 4, 2022.
  77. 1 2 "Filling in the Landscape of the Future". www.providermagazine.com. Retrieved November 6, 2023.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.