The Rabbinical Council of America (RCA) is one of the world's largest organizations of Orthodox rabbis; it is affiliated with The Union of Orthodox Jewish Congregations of America, more commonly known as the Orthodox Union (OU). It is the main professional rabbinical association within Modern Orthodox in the United States.[1][2][3][4] Most rabbis of the RCA belong to Modern Orthodox Judaism.

History

The roots of the organization go back to 1923 when it was founded as the Rabbinical Council of the Union of Orthodox Jewish Congregations of America. Its purpose was to perpetuate and promote Orthodox Judaism in the United States of America.

Its members attempted on a number of occasions to merge with other Jewish groups, for the purpose of developing a unified traditional rabbinate for the American Jewish community. A number of attempts were made to join with groups, such as Agudat Israel, but all such attempts were rebuffed.

A merger took place in 1935 between the Rabbinical Council of the Union of Orthodox Jewish Congregations and another Orthodox rabbinical group, the Rabbinical Association of the Rabbi Isaac Elchanan Theological Seminary, a part of Yeshiva University. With this merger the combined group took the name Rabbinical Council of America (RCA). In 1942, the Hebrew Theological College alumni merged with the RCA. In later years, the RCA attempted to merge with another Orthodox rabbinical group, the Rabbinical Alliance of America, but this attempt failed. There was also a temporary adoption of the Orthodox Roundtable that was abandoned in 1991; RCA leadership tried to censor the group.

Most members of the Rabbinical Council of America are actively working as pulpit rabbis; a significant minority are working in Jewish education.

Rabbi Joseph B. Soloveitchik played an important role in the RCA until his death in 1993. For many years, the RCA was led by Rabbi Steven Dworkin, who served as executive vice-president until his death in January 2003. The RCA was then headed by Rabbi Basil Herring, who previously served as director of the Orthodox Forum. In September 2012 the RCA announced that Rabbi Herring was transitioning to the position of editor-in-chief of RCA Publications and that Rabbi Mark Dratch would take over as the new EVP.[5]

In recent years, complaints have surfaced within the Orthodox Jewish community about a lack of leadership and direction by the RCA and that the RCA has failed to meet the challenges posed by recent changes within the Orthodox Jewish community.

It publishes an English quarterly journal, Tradition: A Journal of Orthodox Jewish Thought, which began in 1958, and a Hebrew journal, HaDarom, which began in 1957.

The RCA was, for many years, affiliated with two yeshivas in Israel – Yeshivat HaDarom and the Gan Yavneh Youth Village. It severed its relations with both in 2009, pleading economic difficulties.

In 2009, it issued a protest against a USCCB statement on interfaith dialogue that was critical of dual-covenant theology.

As of 2010, there were close to 1,000 ordained rabbis in the RCA, spread throughout 14 countries.[6]

Geirus Policies and Standards committee

In 2007, the RCA established a Geirus Policies and Standards (GPS) committee, to strive for uniform conversion procedures by its affiliated rabbis and local rabbinical courts across the United States.[7][8][9]

The move was controversial, with some criticism that it would make conversion more difficult and intimidating, create onerous burdens for adopted children scheduled for conversion, and represented a capitulation to more conservative voices.[7][8][9] Supporters of the GPS maintain that it would establish certainty for converts—particularly those looking to move to Israel and have their conversion recognized, create definite benchmarks, ensure observance of Jewish law by converts, and squelch past practices of questionable conversions that stemmed from situational pressure on individual rabbis.[7][8]

Under the process created by the GPS, while individual rabbis mentor and educate potential converts, as was the case previously, a regional religious court (beth din) finalizes the conversion by examining the prospective convert and deciding whether to approving the application.[7][8]

A week after the arrest of Rabbi Barry Freundel, a prominent Washington, D.C. area RCA member on charges of voyeurism at a mikvah, the RCA sought to contain damage from negative publicity. It announced on October 20, 2014 that it would now require the appointment of ombudswomen to protect the interests and handle concerns of women undergoing conversion to Judaism, a process which requires disrobing in a ritual bath. The council announced it would also create a commission to identify ways that abuses of converts during the conversion process could be prevented. The council noted that the commission will include female members.[10] The crimes allegedly committed by Freundel sent shock waves through the American Jewish community and threatened to precipitate a crisis between the American and Israeli rabbinates. Initially, the spokesperson for the Chief Rabbinate of Israel, Ziv Maor, indicated that conversions Freundel had supervised would be reviewed, but after an emergency meeting the Rabbinate issued a statement that Freundel's conversions before his arrest would be viewed as valid.[11] In December 2014 the RCA was added as a defendant in a lawsuit prompted by Freundel's alleged voyeurism. The lawsuit was filed by a student at Georgetown University's law school who initially identified Kesher Israel Congregation, the synagogue where Freundel served as rabbi, the mikvah, and the law school as defendants for permitting Freundel’s alleged illegal activities to go unchecked.[12] Two more lawsuits were filed by the end of 2014, alleging RCA was aware of irregular behavior on Freundel's part but failed to remove him from positions of authority. Rabbi Marc D. Angel, a critic of the RCA's new conversion system, claimed that if the allegations are true, they reinforce concerns about the concentration of conversion powers. "This is a bad example of the fears we have had all along," Angel told The Jewish Daily Forward. "If you concentrate too much power in few hands, then there is bound to be abuse, and this just confirms our deepest fears." In response to the lawsuits, RCA issued the following statement: "The RCA has conducted itself appropriately and is taking important steps to improve its conversion protocols. We will defend ourselves vigorously in this matter."[13]

On October 22, 2018, a $14.25 million class action settlement was reached over claims connected to Freundel.[14] The RCA, along with Kesher Israel, the National Capital Mikvah, and the Beth Din of America, were named as settling defendants.[15]

Controversy

Following the release of a resolution on gun usage and gun ownership in July 2014, a controversy arose where a group of 12 Orthodox rabbis—nine of them members of the RCA—issued a counterstatement disputing the resolution.[16] Subsequent dialogue focused on the alleged narrowness or breadth of the RCA statement in condemning "gun violence" and the "critique of elements of American culture that valorize weaponry and violence” that focus exclusively on guns rather than non-firearm related violence in the United States,[17] while the RCA maintained that the resolution was "not about particular laws and regulations but a critique of elements of American culture that valorize weaponry and violence. That is, it was a broader critique of American gun culture."[18] The original resolution was passed by a plurality in a vote that included less than ten percent of RCA members participating.[16]

Position on women's ordination

In 2015, the RCA passed a resolution which states, "RCA members with positions in Orthodox institutions may not ordain women into the Orthodox rabbinate, regardless of the title used; or hire or ratify the hiring of a woman into a rabbinic position at an Orthodox institution; or allow a title implying rabbinic ordination to be used by a teacher of Limudei Kodesh in an Orthodox institution."[19]

Rabbi Seth Farber, an RCA member, called the RCA’s resolution a “PR stunt by the right-wing membership of the RCA in order to further deepen the dividing lines among orthodoxy,” and said that he believed the RCA leadership did not support the resolution.[20] Rabbi Avi Weiss and Rabbi Asher Lopatin resigned in protest of the RCA resolution.[21]

Presidents

Presidents

  • Herbert S. Goldstein (1938–1940)
  • Simcha Levy (1940–1942)
  • Joseph Lookstein (1942–1944)
  • William Drazin (1944–1946)
  • Uri Miller (1946–1948)
  • Israel Tabak (1948–1950)
  • Samuel Berliant (1950–1952)
  • Theodore L. Adams (1952–1954)
  • David B. Hollander (1954–1956)
  • Solomon J. Sharfman (1956–1958)
  • Emanuel Rackman (1958–1960)
  • Charles Weinberg (1960–1962)
  • Abraham Avrutick (1962–1964)
  • Israel Miller (1964–1966)
  • Pesach Levovitz (1966–1968)
  • Zev Segal (1968–1970)
  • Bernard L. Berzon (1970–1972)
  • Louis Bernstein (1972–1974)
  • Fabian Schonfeld (1974–1976)
  • Walter Wurzburger (1976–1978)
  • Bernard Rosensweig (1978–1980)
  • Sol Roth (1980–1982)
  • Gilbert Klaperman (1982–1984)
  • Louis Bernstein (1984–1986)
  • Milton Polin (1986–1988)
  • Max Schreier (1988–1990)
  • Marc D. Angel (1990–1992)
  • Moshe Gorelik (1992–1994)
  • Louis Bernstein (1994–1995)
  • Rafael G. Grossman (1995–1997)
  • Jacob Rubenstein (1997–1999)
  • Kenneth Hain (1999–2001)
  • Heshie Billet (2001–2003)
  • Kenneth Auman (2003–2005)
  • Dale Polakoff (2005–2007)
  • Shlomo Hochberg (2007–2009)
  • Moshe Kletenik (2009–2011)
  • Shmuel Goldin (2011–2013)
  • Leonard Matanky (2013–2015)
  • Shalom Baum (2015–2017)
  • Elazar Muskin (2017–2019)
  • Daniel Korobkin (2019–Present)

[22][23]

President of Israel Regional

  • Rabbi Raymond Apple (2015–present)

Executive Vice Presidents

  • Israel Klavan (1950-1979)
  • Binyamin Walfish (1979-1994)
  • Steven Dworken (1994–2003)
  • Basil Herring (2003–2011)
  • Mark Dratch (2012-)

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Rabbi Barry Freundel Arrested — Suspected of Peeping on Women in Mikvah". The Jewish Daily Forward. 14 October 2014. Retrieved 17 November 2014.
  2. ↑ "The Jewish Press » » Rabbinical Council of America Issues Guidelines on Sexual Abuse". The Jewish Press. Retrieved 17 November 2014.
  3. ↑ "Opposition slate challenges Orthodox Rabbinical Council". Jstandard.com. Retrieved 17 November 2014.
  4. ↑ Levenson, Alan T. (12 March 2012). The Wiley-Blackwell History of Jews and Judaism. ISBN 9781118232934. Retrieved 17 November 2014.
  5. ↑ "RCA Appoints Rabbi Mark Dratch as its New Executive Vice President". Faithrustinstitute.org. Retrieved 17 November 2014.
  6. ↑ "Rabbinical Council of America (RCA) - About Us". Rabbis.org. Retrieved 17 November 2014.
  7. 1 2 3 4 Nussbaum Cohen, Debra (March 5, 2008). "A Conversion Critique From Within". New York Jewish Week. Archived from the original on December 4, 2013. Rabbi Lookstein was part of the Rabbinical Council of America committee that drafted new guidelines for conversion, which are being called the GPS system, for Geirus [conversion] Policies and Standards.
  8. 1 2 3 4 Pruzansky, Steven (March 12, 2008). "The Truth About RCA Geirus". The Jewish Press. Archived from the original on December 5, 2013. And so goes the overheated, misleading, and at times blatantly false reaction by several of my distinguished RCA colleagues to the RCA's recent promulgation of the Geirus Policies and Standards (GPS).
  9. 1 2 Lowenfeld, Jonah (July 13, 2010). "Courting Controversy, Orthodox Rabbis Address Women's Leadership, Conversion". Los Angeles Jewish Journal. Archived from the original on December 5, 2013. The IRF also established a Va'ad Giur (conversion committee), apparently in response to the RCA's Geirus (conversion) Policies and Standards (GPS) system of conversion, which it has promoted since 2007 as the most effective way to ensure uniform standards among Orthodox rabbis.
  10. ↑ Paulson, Michael (20 October 2014). "Rabbinical Council To Add A Role For Women In Wake Of Voyeurism Scandal". The New York Times. Retrieved 17 November 2014.
  11. ↑ "Conversions Performed By Barry Freundel, Rabbi Arrested For Voyeurism, Still Legitimate: Israel Rabbinate". The Huffington Post. 22 October 2014. Retrieved 17 November 2014.
  12. ↑ "JTA 'Freundel-related lawsuit adds RCA as defendant' (19 Dec 2014)"http://www.timesofisrael.com/freundel-related-lawsuit-adds-rca-as-defendant/
  13. ↑ Nathan-Kazis, Josh (December 24, 2014). "Did Rabbi Barry Freundel Treat Mikveh Like 'Car Wash' To Peep on Women? Lawsuits Blame RCA and Synagogue Over Scandal". The Jewish Daily Forward. Retrieved February 2, 2015.
  14. ↑ "Rabbi Freundel Class Action Settlement | CSCS".
  15. ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-11-17. Retrieved 2018-11-19.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  16. 1 2 "Orthodox rabbis on guns". Washington Post. 2014-09-16. Retrieved 2014-11-15.
  17. ↑ "Reply by the Golani Rifle & Pistol Club to Rabbi Elli Fischer" (PDF). Golani Rifle and Gun Club. 2014-10-06. Retrieved 2014-11-15.
  18. ↑ "Response from Rabbi Elli Fischer, chairman of the committee that drafted the Rabbinical Council of America resolution on gun violence". The Washington Post. 2014-10-03. Retrieved 2014-11-15.
  19. ↑ "Rabbinical Council of America officially bans ordination and hiring of women rabbis | Jewish Telegraphic Agency". Jta.org. 2015. Retrieved 2015-11-01.
  20. ↑ "Breach in US Orthodox Judaism grows as haredi body rejects 'Open Orthodoxy' institutions". The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com. Retrieved 2021-03-26.
  21. ↑ "YCT President Asher Lopatin Announces Resignation from RCA for Rejecting Open Orthodox Rabbis | Matzav.com". Retrieved 2021-03-26.
  22. ↑ "RABBINICAL COUNCIL OF AMERICA PAST PRESIDENTS" (PDF). Rabbis.org. Retrieved 17 November 2014.
  23. ↑ "About Us – Rabbinical Council of America".
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