Racah's W-coefficients were introduced by Giulio Racah in 1942.^[1] These coefficients have a purely mathematical definition. In physics they are used in calculations involving the quantum mechanical description of angular momentum, for example in atomic theory.

The coefficients appear when there are three sources of angular momentum in the problem. For example, consider an atom with one electron in an s orbital and one electron in a p orbital. Each electron has electron spin angular momentum and in addition the p orbital has orbital angular momentum (an s orbital has zero orbital angular momentum). The atom may be described by LS coupling or by jj coupling as explained in the article on angular momentum coupling. The transformation between the wave functions that correspond to these two couplings involves a Racah W-coefficient.

Apart from a phase factor, Racah's W-coefficients are equal to Wigner's 6-j symbols, so any equation involving Racah's W-coefficients may be rewritten using 6-j symbols. This is often advantageous because the symmetry properties of 6-j symbols are easier to remember.

Angular momenta in the Racah W coefficients. The top is a 2d plane projection as a quadrilateral, the bottom is a 3d tetrahedral arrangement.

Racah coefficients are related to recoupling coefficients by

${\displaystyle W(j_{1}j_{2}Jj_{3};J_{12}J_{23})\equiv {\frac {\langle (j_{1},(j_{2}j_{3})J_{23})J|((j_{1}j_{2})J_{12},j_{3})J\rangle }{\sqrt {(2J_{12}+1)(2J_{23}+1)}}}.}$

Recoupling coefficients are elements of a unitary transformation and their definition is given in the next section. Racah coefficients have more convenient symmetry properties than the recoupling coefficients (but less convenient than the 6-j symbols).^[2]

Recoupling coefficients

Coupling of two angular momenta ${\displaystyle \mathbf {j} _{1}}$ and ${\displaystyle \mathbf {j} _{2}}$ is the construction of simultaneous eigenfunctions of ${\displaystyle \mathbf {J} ^{2}}$ and ${\displaystyle J_{z}}$, where ${\displaystyle \mathbf {J} =\mathbf {j} _{1}+\mathbf {j} _{2}}$, as explained in the article on Clebsch–Gordan coefficients. The result is

${\displaystyle |(j_{1}j_{2})JM\rangle =\sum _{m_{1}=-j_{1}}^{j_{1}}\sum _{m_{2}=-j_{2}}^{j_{2}}|j_{1}m_{1}\rangle |j_{2}m_{2}\rangle \langle j_{1}m_{1}j_{2}m_{2}|JM\rangle ,}$

where ${\displaystyle J=|j_{1}-j_{2}|,\ldots ,j_{1}+j_{2}}$ and ${\displaystyle M=-J,\ldots ,J}$.

Coupling of three angular momenta ${\displaystyle \mathbf {j} _{1}}$, ${\displaystyle \mathbf {j} _{2}}$, and ${\displaystyle \mathbf {j} _{3}}$, may be done by first coupling ${\displaystyle \mathbf {j} _{1}}$ and ${\displaystyle \mathbf {j} _{2}}$ to ${\displaystyle \mathbf {J} _{12}}$ and next coupling ${\displaystyle \mathbf {J} _{12}}$ and ${\displaystyle \mathbf {j} _{3}}$ to total angular momentum ${\displaystyle \mathbf {J} }$:

${\displaystyle |((j_{1}j_{2})J_{12}j_{3})JM\rangle =\sum _{M_{12}=-J_{12}}^{J_{12}}\sum _{m_{3}=-j_{3}}^{j_{3}}|(j_{1}j_{2})J_{12}M_{12}\rangle |j_{3}m_{3}\rangle \langle J_{12}M_{12}j_{3}m_{3}|JM\rangle }$

Alternatively, one may first couple ${\displaystyle \mathbf {j} _{2}}$ and ${\displaystyle \mathbf {j} _{3}}$ to ${\displaystyle \mathbf {J} _{23}}$ and next couple ${\displaystyle \mathbf {j} _{1}}$ and ${\displaystyle \mathbf {J} _{23}}$ to ${\displaystyle \mathbf {J} }$:

${\displaystyle |(j_{1},(j_{2}j_{3})J_{23})JM\rangle =\sum _{m_{1}=-j_{1}}^{j_{1}}\sum _{M_{23}=-J_{23}}^{J_{23}}|j_{1}m_{1}\rangle |(j_{2}j_{3})J_{23}M_{23}\rangle \langle j_{1}m_{1}J_{23}M_{23}|JM\rangle }$

Both coupling schemes result in complete orthonormal bases for the ${\displaystyle (2j_{1}+1)(2j_{2}+1)(2j_{3}+1)}$ dimensional space spanned by

${\displaystyle |j_{1}m_{1}\rangle |j_{2}m_{2}\rangle |j_{3}m_{3}\rangle ,\;\;m_{1}=-j_{1},\ldots ,j_{1};\;\;m_{2}=-j_{2},\ldots ,j_{2};\;\;m_{3}=-j_{3},\ldots ,j_{3}.}$

Hence, the two total angular momentum bases are related by a unitary transformation. The matrix elements of this unitary transformation are given by a scalar product and are known as recoupling coefficients. The coefficients are independent of ${\displaystyle M}$ and so we have

${\displaystyle |((j_{1}j_{2})J_{12}j_{3})JM\rangle =\sum _{J_{23}}|(j_{1},(j_{2}j_{3})J_{23})JM\rangle \langle (j_{1},(j_{2}j_{3})J_{23})J|((j_{1}j_{2})J_{12}j_{3})J\rangle .}$

The independence of ${\displaystyle M}$ follows readily by writing this equation for ${\displaystyle M=J}$ and applying the lowering operator ${\displaystyle J_{-}}$ to both sides of the equation. The definition of Racah W-coefficients lets us write this final expression as

${\displaystyle |((j_{1}j_{2})J_{12}j_{3})JM\rangle =\sum _{J_{23}}|(j_{1},(j_{2}j_{3})J_{23})JM\rangle W(j_{1}j_{2}Jj_{3};J_{12}J_{23}){\sqrt {(2J_{12}+1)(2J_{23}+1)}}.}$

Algebra

Let

${\displaystyle \Delta (a,b,c)=[(a+b-c)!(a-b+c)!(-a+b+c)!/(a+b+c+1)!]^{1/2}}$

be the usual triangular factor, then the Racah coefficient is a product of four of these by a sum over factorials,

${\displaystyle W(abcd;ef)=\Delta (a,b,e)\Delta (c,d,e)\Delta (a,c,f)\Delta (b,d,f)w(abcd;ef)}$

where

${\displaystyle w(abcd;ef)\equiv \sum _{z}{\frac {(-1)^{z+\beta _{1}}(z+1)!}{(z-\alpha _{1})!(z-\alpha _{2})!(z-\alpha _{3})!(z-\alpha _{4})!(\beta _{1}-z)!(\beta _{2}-z)!(\beta _{3}-z)!}}}$

and

${\displaystyle \alpha _{1}=a+b+e;\quad \beta _{1}=a+b+c+d;}$

${\displaystyle \alpha _{2}=c+d+e;\quad \beta _{2}=a+d+e+f;}$

${\displaystyle \alpha _{3}=a+c+f;\quad \beta _{3}=b+c+e+f;}$

${\displaystyle \alpha _{4}=b+d+f.}$

The sum over ${\displaystyle z}$ is finite over the range^[3]

${\displaystyle \max(\alpha _{1},\alpha _{2},\alpha _{3},\alpha _{4})\leq z\leq \min(\beta _{1},\beta _{2},\beta _{3}).}$

Relation to Wigner's 6-j symbol

Racah's W-coefficients are related to Wigner's 6-j symbols, which have even more convenient symmetry properties

${\displaystyle W(abcd;ef)(-1)^{a+b+c+d}={\begin{Bmatrix}a&b&e\\d&c&f\end{Bmatrix}}.}$

Cf.^[4] or

${\displaystyle W(j_{1}j_{2}Jj_{3};J_{12}J_{23})=(-1)^{j_{1}+j_{2}+j_{3}+J}{\begin{Bmatrix}j_{1}&j_{2}&J_{12}\\j_{3}&J&J_{23}\end{Bmatrix}}.}$

See also

• Clebsch–Gordan coefficients
• 3-j symbol
• 6-j symbol
• Pandya theorem

Notes

Further reading

• Edmonds, A. R. (1957). Angular Momentum in Quantum Mechanics. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-07912-9.
• Condon, Edward U.; Shortley, G. H. (1970). "Chapter 3". The Theory of Atomic Spectra. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-09209-4.
• Messiah, Albert (1981). Quantum Mechanics (Volume II) (12th ed.). New York: North Holland Publishing. ISBN 0-7204-0045-7.
• Sato, Masachiyo (1955). "General formula of the Racah coefficient". Progress of Theoretical Physics. 13 (4): 405–414. Bibcode:1955PThPh..13..405S. doi:10.1143/PTP.13.405.
• Brink, D. M.; Satchler, G. R. (1993). "Chapter 2". Angular Momentum (3rd ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-851759-9.
• Zare, Richard N. (1988). "Chapter 2". Angular Momentum. New York: John Wiley. ISBN 0-471-85892-7.
• Biedenharn, L. C.; Louck, J. D. (1981). Angular Momentum in Quantum Physics. Reading, Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley. ISBN 0-201-13507-8.

External links

• "Racah-Wigner coefficients", Encyclopedia of Mathematics, EMS Press, 2001 [1994]