A racial hoax occurs when a person (usually the purported victim) falsely claims that a crime was committed by member of a specific race. The crime may be fictitious, or may be an actual crime.[1]

The term was popularised by Katheryn Russell-Brown in her book The Color of Crime: Racial Hoaxes, White Fear, Black Protectionism, Police Harassment and Other Macroaggressions (1998). A racial hoax can be performed by a person of any race, against a person of any race. According to Russell-Brown, racial hoaxes where whites falsely accuse African Americans are most likely to receive media attention and create a more acute social problem due to the criminal black man stereotype.[1]

Concept

Patricia L. Brougham argued that the common stereotype of criminal black men has enabled the use of racial hoaxes against this group. Brougham writes that these stereotypes cause law enforcement agencies to believe that a black perpetrator exists when in reality the allegation is false.[2]

Russell-Brown argues that racial hoaxes are devised, perpetrated, and successful because they take advantage of fears and stereotypes.[3] According to her, white-on-black hoaxes are the most likely to receive media attention and to cause social and economic problems.[1] She argues that anyone performing a racial hoax should face criminal charges, particularly if a black person is targeted,[4] and that hoaxes targeting black people create more severe problems than those against other racial groups.[3] Letha A. See in Violence as Seen Through a Prism of Color (2001) sees the hoax as a unique method used against specific racial groups, rather than against individuals.[5] Sally S. Simpson and Robert Agnew suggest that the unusual nature of some racial hoaxes can cause them to be dismissed.[6]

Between 1987 and 1996 in the United States, Russell-Brown documented 67 racial hoax cases, and notes the following: 70 percent were white-on-black hoaxes; more than half were exposed within a week; hoaxes are most frequently used to allege assault, rape, or murder; hoax perpetrators were charged with filing a false report in about 45 percent of cases.[7] These cases represent only a fraction of the total number of cases because racial hoaxes are not reported as such and most crimes are not covered in the media.[3] According to Russell-Brown, a high proportion of the white-on-black hoaxes were perpetrated by police and judicial officers; she documents seven such cases.[8] Historically the most common type of hoax perpetrated against black males was rape. Because of fears over the 'black rapist', Russell-Brown suggests "it is not surprising that so many White women have created Black male rapists as their fictional criminals".[9]

An alternative type of hoax occurs when a member of a disadvantaged group pretends to be a victim of a hate crime often in order to inflame societal racial tensions, gain social capital through legitimizing grievance and gaining victim status or to distract attention from their own misconduct in another activity.[10]

In the United States there has been little legislative response to racial hoaxes.[11] Russel-Brown wrote that (at the time of the book written) only New Jersey considered new laws to criminalize racial hoaxes.[12]

Cases

Scottsboro Boys

In 1931, two white women falsely accused nine African-American teenagers of raping them on a train in Alabama. All but one were convicted and sentenced to death by all-white juries.

Emmett Till

Emmett Till was a 14-year-old African-American who was accused of "offending" a white woman in Money, Mississippi, in 1955. He was abducted and lynched several days later. In 2017, author Timothy Tyson released details of a 2008 interview with Carolyn Bryant. He claimed that during the interview she had disclosed that she had fabricated parts of her testimony at the trial of his accused killers. Tyson said that during the interview, Bryant retracted her testimony that Till had grabbed her around her waist and uttered obscenities, saying "that part's not true".[13] However, the "recanting" claim made by Tyson was not on his tape-recording of the interview. "It is true that that part is not on tape because I was setting up the tape recorder" Tyson said. Donham's daughter-in-law, Marsha Bryant, who was present for the two interviews, said her mother-in-law "never recanted." The support Tyson provided to back up his claim was a handwritten note that he said had been made at the time.[14]

William Henry Hance

During the 1978 wave of murders of white women in Columbus, Georgia by the African-American Stocking Strangler, a letter was sent to the local police purporting to be from a group of white vigilantes calling themselves the "Forces of Evil" and claiming to be holding an African-American woman named Gail Jackson hostage with the intention of killing her unless the Stocking Strangler was apprehended. She had in fact been murdered five weeks earlier. After her body was found, the "Forces of Evil" claimed responsibility for her murder and that of another black woman, Irene Thirkield, threatening to keep killing black women until the killer was found.[15]

An investigation soon led police to William Henry Hance, a black man, who confessed to the "Forces of Evil" murders and the murder of a white woman the previous year. It was established that Hance had concocted a scheme to avoid suspicion for the Jackson and Thirkield murders by blaming them on white racist vigilantes outraged over the "Stocking Strangler" murders. Hance was executed for the murders in 1994.[16]

Tawana Brawley

Tawana Brawley, an African-American teenager, was found in a trash bag covered in faeces after being missing from her home in Wappingers Falls, New York for four days. She claimed that she had been abducted and raped by four white men, and her legal team subsequently claimed that the authorities were protecting the assailants because they were white, sparking a debate about systemic racism in New York.[17] A grand jury later concluded that Brawley had fabricated her story and had deliberately set things up to make it look like she had been assaulted.[18] Brawley's legal team - Al Sharpton, Alton Maddox and Vernon Mason - were accused of having exploited the story to trigger racial outrage and advance their careers,[17] and one of the men accused successfully sued Brawley, Sharpton, Maddox and Mason for defamation.[19]

Charles Stuart

The case of Charles Stuart is often cited as an example of a racial hoax.[1][20] On October 23, 1989, in Boston, Stuart and his pregnant wife Carol were driving when, according to Stuart, a black gunman forced his way into the car and shot them both, hitting Carol in the head and Stuart in the body. Still alive, Stuart drove away and called the police, who conducted a search of Mission Hill, Boston, a mostly black area. Carol died later that night; the baby, delivered by caesarean section, died 17 days later.

Stuart picked out Willie Bennett, a black man, from a photo lineup. The police shifted their attention onto Stuart when Stuart's brother Matthew told them that Stuart had committed the murder, and when they noted inconsistencies in Stuart's account. On January 4, 1990, Stuart committed suicide. The police later learned that Stuart had committed the murder to cash in on his wife's insurance policy.[1][21]

Jesse Anderson

In 1992, Jesse Anderson became infamous for stabbing his wife Barbara E. Anderson thirty-seven times while in the parking lot of a T.G.I. Friday's in Milwaukee. Anderson blamed two African-American men for attacking him and his wife, and even presented police with a Los Angeles Clippers basketball cap he claimed to have knocked off the head of one of the assailants.

When details of the crime were made public, a university student told police Anderson had purchased the hat from him a few days earlier. According to employees at a military surplus store, the red-handled fishing knife which was used to murder Barbara was sold to Anderson only a few weeks earlier. Police stated that the store was the only one in Milwaukee that sold that type of knife. Anderson was shortly thereafter charged with murder, found guilty, and sentenced to life imprisonment.[22]

Susan Smith

In October 1994, in South Carolina, Susan Smith drowned her sons by putting them in her car and letting it roll into John D. Long Lake. She called the police and stated that an armed black man had hijacked her car with her two sons inside. After an extensive manhunt, Smith confessed that she had killed her sons, and, in July 1995, was sentenced to life imprisonment.[23][24][25]

Sef Gonzales

In 2001, after killing his family, Sef Gonzales disposed of the murder weapons and the clothing and the size 7 running shoes he was wearing at the time of the murders. He showered, changed clothes, and spray painted the words "Fuck off Asians" on a wall in the house in an attempt to fool investigating police into believing that his family had been the victims of a hate crime. News stories in Australia and the Philippines at the time reported police were still establishing a motive for the killings and focused mostly on slain Teddy Gonzales's past business dealings.

Jennifer Wilbanks

Jennifer Wilbanks was a white woman who ran away from home on April 26, 2005, in order to avoid her upcoming wedding with John Mason, her fiancé. Her disappearance from Duluth, Georgia, sparked a nationwide search and intensive media coverage, including media speculation that Mason had killed her. On April 29, Wilbanks called Mason from Albuquerque, New Mexico, and falsely claimed that she had been kidnapped and sexually assaulted by a Hispanic man and a white woman.[26] Wilbanks told investigators that she was abducted while running, and tied-up with rope in the back of a van, and was raped by a Hispanic man and forced to perform sexual acts with a white woman.[27] Wilbanks pled no contest to a felony charge of providing false information to law enforcement, and served no time in jail.[28]

Duke lacrosse case

The Duke lacrosse case was a criminal investigation into a 2006 false accusation of rape made against three white members of the men's lacrosse team at Duke University in Durham, North Carolina by Crystal Mangum, an African American student at North Carolina Central University[29][30] who worked as a stripper,[31] dancer and escort.[32]

Many people involved in, or commenting on the case, including Durham prosecutor Mike Nifong (who was later disbarred), called or suggested that the alleged assault was a hate crime.[33][34][35]

Ashley Todd mugging hoax

In October 2008, Ashley Todd, a volunteer for the U.S. presidential campaign of Republican John McCain, falsely claimed to have been the victim of robbery and politically motivated physical assault by a supporter of McCain's Democratic opponent Barack Obama.[36][37]

The story broke less than two weeks before the 2008 United States presidential election on November 4. Todd later confessed to inventing the story after surveillance photos and a polygraph test were presented. She was charged with filing a false police report, and entered a probation program for first-time offenders.

State University of New York at Albany bus attack hoax

In January 2016, two black and one Hispanic female University at Albany (SUNY) students (Alexis Briggs, Asha Burwell and Ariel Agudio) gained national attention[38][39] when they accused 10 to 12 white men and women of harassment and assault and that "racial slurs were used by the perpetrators"[40] while riding a public CDTA bus. Hillary Clinton tweeted her support for them, asserting "There's no excuse for racism and violence on a college campus."[41]

The three were eventually indicted by a grand jury and arraigned for "10 misdemeanor charges, including assault, attempted assault and false reporting, along with a violation for harassment." Furthermore, the university expelled Agudio and Burwell and suspended Briggs for two years.[42]

Agudio and Burwell faced up to two years in jail for false reporting conviction but were sentenced to three years' probation, 200 hours of community service and a $1,000 fine when they were found guilty of two charges out of the original eleven. Briggs accepted a plea deal from the district attorney's office of community service in exchange for a public apology.[43]

Officer Sherry Hall shooting hoax

In September 2016, Georgia police officer Sherry Hall claimed "a 6-foot, 230-pound African American man" had shot her, and that only her protective vest saved her life. The Georgia Bureau of Investigation determined that she fabricated the whole incident and charged her with four felonies, including evidence tampering and giving false statements to investigators.[44] Hall was convicted of 11 criminal charges, including "making false statements, violating her oath and tampering with evidence," and sentenced to 15 years in prison and 23 years on probation.[45]

Maria Daly BLM burglary hoax

In October 2016, Maria Daly, the wife of a police officer, reported a burglary at her family home. She stated that jewelry and money had been stolen, and that her house was tagged with graffiti referencing the Black Lives Matter movement.[46] Police determined that the entire account was false, and charged Daly with filing a false police report and misleading a police investigation.[46] Daly eventually pleaded guilty, essentially confirming that she had staged the burglary and spray-painted the house herself.[47]

Sherri Papini disappearance hoax

Sherri Papini disappeared from her husband and family on November 2, 2016, reportedly while out jogging a mile from her home in Redding, California.[48] Papini was 34 years old at the time. She reappeared three weeks later on Thanksgiving Day, November 24, claiming that she was freed by her captors at 4:30 that morning still wearing restraints.[49] According to Shasta County Sheriff Tom Bosenko,[50] in interviews Papini said she was held by two Hispanic women who took steps to keep their faces hidden from her, either by wearing masks or by keeping Papini's head covered.[51] On March 3, 2022, Sherri Papini was arrested by the FBI, accused of lying to federal agents and faking her kidnapping to spend time with her ex-boyfriend away from her husband and family.[52][53] In September 2022 Papini pled guilty to making false statements and was sentenced to 18 months in prison.[54]

Yasmin Seweid Trump fans subway harassment

During December 2016, 18-year-old Yasmin Seweid claimed that a group of white men approached her on a New York City subway and stated "Donald Trump! Donald Trump! Fucking terrorist, get out of this country, you don't belong here, terrorist, get out of this country." She also claimed one of the men grabbed her bag and broke the strap.[55] Seweid later admitted that she lied about the incident because she did not want her strict father to find out that she was out past her curfew drinking alcohol.[56] Seweid was arrested and pleaded guilty to falsely reporting an incident and disorderly conduct.[57]

Concord Fortress of Hope arson attack

In October 2017, the predominantly black Concord Fortress of Hope church in Kansas City was set on fire, with racist graffiti referencing the Ku Klux Klan found at the scene.[58] However, a black church employee named Nathaniel Nelson eventually admitted to starting the fire to cover up his theft of money from the church's cultural center,[59] before writing the graffiti to throw suspicion onto white supremacists.[60] Nelson pleaded guilty to arson in 2018.[61]

Breana Harmon abduction hoax

In 2017, 19 year-old white woman Breana Harmon from Denison, Texas, falsely claimed she was abducted and gang-raped by three black men. She initially was in an argument with her boyfriend, then ran away and intentionally cut herself to give the appearance of an assault. She then stripped-down to a T-shirt and underwear, and went into a church and told the people there that she had been raped by three masked black men.[62] She later pled guilty to charges of filing a false police report.[63]

Sherita Dixon-Cole Rape hoax

In May 2018 Sherita Dixon-Cole, a black human resources professional falsely accused a white Texas state trooper of kidnapping and sexually assaulting her during a DUI arrest.[64]

Jussie Smollett hate crime hoax

In 2019, Jussie Smollett, an American actor and singer on the Fox drama series Empire, made national news for fabricating a racially-motivated attack. On January, 22, a letter arrived at the Chicago studio of Smollett's employer that was addressed to Smollett and depicted a stick figure hanging from a tree with a gun pointing towards it. It read "Smollett, Jussie you will die" and "MAGA" and contained a white powder determined to be Tylenol.[65] On January 29, 2019, Smollett told police that he was attacked in the early morning of that day in the 300 block of East Lower North Water Street in Chicago's Streeterville neighborhood by two men in ski masks who called him racial and homophobic slurs in what was initially investigated as a hate crime.[66] Smollett was indicted on February 20, 2019, for disorderly conduct consisting of paying two Nigerian-American brothers to stage a fake hate crime assault on him and filing a false police report.[67] Smollett's defense team reached a deal with prosecutors on March 26, 2019, in which all charges were dropped in return for Smollett performing community service and forfeiting his $10,000 bond.[68] On March 27, 2019, it was announced that the FBI would be investigating as to why the charges were dismissed.[69][70] On February 11, 2020, Smollett was re-indicted by Special Prosecutor Dan Webb on six counts of disorderly conduct for lying to the police.[71] A jury delivered its verdict on December 9, 2021, finding Smollett guilty on five of the six counts.[72]

Amari Allen dreadlock cutting hoax

In September 2019, Amari Allen, a black middle school student in Virginia, claimed that three male white classmates pinned her down on the playground and cut off "chunks" of her dreadlocks. According to Allen, the boys called her "ugly" and her hair "nappy." Her grandmother asked on national TV for the boys to be dismissed from the school. However, security camera footage did not corroborate her story and eventually Allen confessed that she had cut her hair herself.[73][74]

Petaluma attempted kidnapping hoax

In December 2020 white "mom influencer" Katie Sorensen posted a video claiming that a Latino couple attempted to kidnap her two children at a Michaels store in Petaluma, California, claiming they had followed her inside and made comments regarding her children. After police determined the allegations were false Sorensen was charged with filing a false crime report. She was found guilty in 2023.[75]

Gil Ofarim Star of David hoax

In October 2021, Gil Ofarim, a German-Israeli singer-songwriter, posted a video on Instagram stating that staff at the Leipzig Westin hotel told him he'd only be admitted if he didn't wear his Star of David pendant. After dissemination of the video and protests outside the hotel, security footage showed Ofraim without such a pendant during the confrontation, and employees regarded him as antagonistic. Charges were filed against Ofraim for libel and false suspicion.[76][77] These charges were dropped in November 2023 after Ofarim admitted in court that he had made up the allegations against the hotel and agreed to pay 10, 000 euros to the Jewish Community of Leipzig.[78][79]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 Russell-Brown, p. 70 defines a racial hoax as "when someone fabricates a crime and blames it on another person because of [their] race or when an actual crime has been committed and the perpetrator falsely blames someone because of [their] race".
  2. ↑ Greene, Helen Taylor; Gabbidon, Shaun L. (2009). Encyclopedia of Race and Crime (volume 1). SAGE Publications. p. 166; ISBN 978-1-4129-5085-5
  3. 1 2 3 Russell-Brown, p. 71.
  4. ↑ Russell-Brown, pp. 70–71.
  5. ↑ See, p. 13.
  6. ↑ Simpson and Agnew, p. 56.
  7. ↑ Russell-Brown, pp. 71–76.
  8. ↑ Russell-Brown, pp. 77–78.
  9. ↑ Russell-Brown, pg. 79.
  10. ↑ Schmidt, Samantha (8 November 2017). "Racist messages at Air Force Academy were written by student who claimed to be targeted". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 8 November 2017. It's unclear exactly what prompts people to commit these hoaxes, stunts and false reports. But such revelations have become a major concern for civil rights activists who document racist and anti-Semitic incidents, particularly amid a rise in reported hate crimes since the election.
  11. ↑ Simpson and Agnew, p. 5.
  12. ↑ Russell-Brown, pg. 70.
  13. ↑ "Full Interview with Timothy Tyson, Author of The Blood of Emmett Till". Matter of Fact TV. 11 February 2017. Retrieved 21 September 2020.
  14. ↑ Mitchell, Jerry, Jerry. "NEWS Bombshell quote missing from Emmett Till tape. So did Carolyn Bryant Donham really recant?". Mississippi Clarion Ledger. Retrieved 21 August 2018.
  15. ↑ Ressler, Robert K.; Schactman, Tom (1992). Whoever Fights Monsters: My Twenty Years Hunting Serial Killers for the FBI. New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 157-161. ISBN 0-312-95044-6.
  16. ↑ "Georgia Inmate Executed for Murdering Prostitute", Associated Press report April 4, 1994. Retrieved from Logansport Pharos-Tribune via NewspaperArchive.Com. November 30, 2008.
  17. 1 2 Blumenthal, Ralph (1998). "Abrams Considers a Possible Hoax In Brawley Case". The New York Times. Retrieved May 21, 2018.
  18. ↑ Tawana Brawley Grand Jury Report, October 1988
  19. ↑ Rosenblatt, Albert M. (2015). "County Legal History" (PDF). The Historical Society of the New York Courts: 39.
  20. ↑ Henry and Lanier, p. 158.
  21. ↑ Willis, Jim (2010). 100 Media Moments That Changed America, ABC-CLIO. pp. 146–47; ISBN 978-0-313-35517-2
  22. ↑ Once A Victim, Now A Suspect, ChicagoTribune.com; accessed 16 June 2016.
  23. ↑ Russell-Brown, p. 69.
  24. ↑ Markovitz, p. 85.
  25. ↑ Dance, Lory Janelle (2002). Tough Fronts: The Impact of Street Culture on Schooling, Routledge. pg. 132; ISBN 0-415-93300-5
  26. ↑ Robinson, Eugene (2005-06-28). "Runaway Racism". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2023-06-13.
  27. ↑ "Runaway Bride's Sordid Sex Tale". www.cbsnews.com. 13 May 2005. Retrieved 2023-03-02.
  28. ↑ Hart, Ariel (2005-06-03). "In Plea Deal, Runaway Bride Gets Probation". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-03-02.
  29. ↑ "Crystal Gail Mangum: Profile of the Duke Rape Accuser" Fox News, April 11, 2007.
  30. ↑ Katz, Neil (February 18, 2010). "Crystal Mangum, Stripper Who Falsely Accused Duke Lacrosse Players, Charged with Attempted Murder". CBS News. CBS. Retrieved May 6, 2010. In 2006, Mangum, then a North Carolina Central University student earning money as a stripper, said that three Duke lacrosse players raped her
  31. ↑ Siemaszko, Corky (February 18, 2010). "Crystal Gail Mangum, stripper in Duke lacrosse rape case, charged with arson and attempted murder". nydailynews.com. New York. Archived from the original on February 21, 2010. Retrieved September 11, 2010.
  32. ↑ Alexandria Harper, "Woman behind Duke lacrosse scandal speaks out", The A&T Register, April 28, 2008 Archived 2009-05-16
  33. ↑ Melissa McNamara (March 30, 2006). "DA Stands Behind Duke Rape Charge – The Early Show". CBS News. Retrieved April 16, 2010.
  34. ↑ Nancy Grace: Was Young Woman Assaulted by Duke Lacrosse Team?, cnn.com, March 31, 2006.
  35. ↑ "'Rita Cosby Live & Direct'". NBC News. April 11, 2006. Retrieved June 16, 2016.
  36. ↑ "John McCain volunteer admits mugging story is lie". Boston Herald. Pittsburgh, USA. October 25, 2008. Retrieved May 12, 2011.
  37. ↑ "McCain Campaign Volunteer Admits Alleged Attack Was a Hoax". Fox News. October 24, 2008. Archived from the original on October 26, 2008. Retrieved October 26, 2008.
  38. ↑ "UAlbany women who claimed bus attack kicked out of school". Times Union. Their accusations gained national attention, but they have since been charged for making the story up and in fact starting the fight.
  39. ↑ Chasmar, Jessica (May 6, 2016). "UAlbany expels students indicted in hate crime hoax". Washington Times. Archived from the original on May 7, 2016. Retrieved May 8, 2016. The women grabbed national headlines
  40. ↑ Helsel, Phil (May 5, 2016). "University Expels 2, Suspends 1 Accused of Lying About 'Racial Attack'". NBC News. Retrieved May 8, 2016. The women, who are African American, claimed they were harassed and assaulted by 10 to 12 white men and women on a city bus just after 1 a.m. on Jan. 30 and that racial slurs were used by the perpetrators.
  41. ↑ Yee, Vivian (2016-03-01). "Racism Charges in Bus Incident, and Their Unraveling, Upset University at Albany". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-06-15.
  42. ↑ "College students punished after claiming racial attack". Cbsnews.com. 7 May 2016. Retrieved January 19, 2018.
  43. ↑ "Expelled UAlbany students get probation in hate crime case". Timesunion.com. 16 June 2017. Retrieved 19 January 2018.
  44. ↑ Eldridge, Ellen (September 23, 2016). "GBI: Cop lied about being shot by black man". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Retrieved March 4, 2019.
  45. ↑ "Former Georgia Cop Who Lied About Black Man Shooting Her Sentenced to 15 Years in Prison". Inside Edition. October 3, 2018. Retrieved March 4, 2019.
  46. 1 2 "Police: Wife Of Millbury Cop Faked Robbery, Vandalism Of Own Home". WBZ-TV. October 28, 2016. Retrieved March 4, 2019. We woke up to not only our house being robbed while we were sleeping, but to see this hatred for no reason.
  47. ↑ Spencer, Susan (June 7, 2017). "Millbury police officer's wife admits to filing false burglary report". Telegram & Gazette. Retrieved March 4, 2019.
  48. ↑ "Missing California 'Super Mom' Found Alive, Bound by Road, Sheriff Says". ABC News. November 24, 2016. Retrieved November 30, 2016.
  49. ↑ "Sheriff: Sherri Papini Was Kidnapped; Captors Still At Large « CBS Sacramento". Sacramento.cbslocal.com. November 24, 2016. Retrieved November 30, 2016.
  50. ↑ "Full Text Of Nov 30 Press Conference About Sherri Papini's Abduction". November 30, 2016. Retrieved November 30, 2016.
  51. ↑ Heise, Sarah (November 7, 2017). "New video shows Sherri Papini moments before she was found". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved November 8, 2017.
  52. ↑ "Sherri Papini, accused of faking 2016 kidnapping, injured herself to further her hoax, feds say". Yahoo! News. 4 March 2022. Retrieved 2022-03-04.
  53. ↑ "Sherri Papini's alleged kidnapping hoax is a 'slap in the face' to Latinos: advocate". 2022-03-04. Retrieved 2023-06-13.
  54. ↑ "Sherri Papini: US woman who staged her own disappearance sentenced to 18 months". BBC News. 19 September 2022. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  55. ↑ "Muslim Woman Harassed on Subway by 3 Men Who Call Her 'Terrorist,' Chant Trump's Name: NYPD". www.nbcnewyork.com. December 3, 2016. Retrieved December 10, 2021.
  56. ↑ "'My Family Did Not Want This': Yasmin Seweid's Sister Says Sending Her to Jail for Lying Would be 'Violent and Abhorrent,' Accuses NYPD of Leaking Private Info". www.nbcnewyork.com. December 15, 2016. Retrieved December 10, 2021.
  57. ↑ "Muslim college student who lied about Trump supporter subway attack pleads guilty". www.nydailynews.com. September 8, 2017. Retrieved December 10, 2021.
  58. ↑ Cronkleton, Robert (October 29, 2017). "Fire and racist graffiti damage predominately black church in Kansas City". The Wichita Eagle.
  59. ↑ Rice, Glenn (August 24, 2017). "Feds: Racist graffiti, arson at south KC church were cover-up for theft by employee". Kansas City Star.
  60. ↑ "Church Employee Charged with Arson". United States Department of Justice. October 30, 2017.
  61. ↑ "Worker admits racist graffiti, fire at Kansas City church". KMBC News. August 24, 2018.
  62. ↑ "Teenager admits lying about being raped by three black men in ski masks, say police". The Independent. 2017-03-24. Retrieved 2023-06-13.
  63. ↑ "Breana Harmon pleads guilty" Drew Smith, Feb 22, 2018, Herald Democrat https://www.heralddemocrat.com/news/20180222/breana-harmon-pleads-guilty
  64. ↑ "Woman who falsely accused Texas state trooper of sexual assault could face charges". ABC News.
  65. ↑ "Jussie Smollett case: FBI investigates whether actor had any role in threatening letter". USA Today. McLean, Virginia: Gannett Company. Retrieved February 21, 2019.
  66. ↑ Gonzalez, Sandra (January 29, 2019). "Empire star Jussie Smollett attacked in possible hate crime". CNN. Atlanta: Turner Broadcasting System. Retrieved January 29, 2019.
  67. ↑ Nemetz, Dave (February 20, 2019). "Jussie Smollett Indicted, Charged With Felony for Filing False Police Report". TVLine. United States: TVLine Media, LLC (Penske Media Corporation). Retrieved February 20, 2019.
  68. ↑ Crepeau, Megan; Buckley, Madeline (March 26, 2019). "Cook County prosecutors drop all charges against Empire actor Jussie Smollett". Chicago Tribune. United States: Tribune Publishing. Retrieved March 26, 2019.
  69. ↑ "Jussie Smollett update: FBI reviewing circumstances of Jussie Smollett's charges being dropped, sources confirm". ABC7 Chicago. Retrieved 2023-03-13.
  70. ↑ "The FBI Is Looking Into Why Charges Against Jussie Smollett Were Dropped". BuzzFeed News. 28 March 2019.
  71. ↑ "Actor Jussie Smollett faces six new charges". BBC News. 2020-02-12. Retrieved 2020-02-12.
  72. ↑ Jacobs, Julia; Guarino, Mark (2021-12-09). "Jussie Smollett Trial Live Updates: Actor Found Guilty in Fake Hate Crime Case". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2021-12-09.
  73. ↑ "Black girl who said 3 white boys cut her dreadlocks at school now says she was lying". NBC News. 30 September 2019. Retrieved 2019-10-03.
  74. ↑ "6th-grader lied about white students attacking her and cutting hair, family admits". ABC News. Retrieved 2019-10-03.
  75. ↑ Burke, Minyvonne (April 28, 2023). "'Mom influencer' found guilty of lying about Latino couple trying to kidnap her kids at California store". NBC News. Retrieved April 28, 2023.
  76. ↑ "Ofarim trug bei Hotelvorfall laut Medien womöglich keinen Davidstern" [During hotel incident, media report that Ofarim possibly did not wear a Star of David]. Die Zeit. 2021-10-17. Retrieved 17 June 2023.
  77. ↑ LTO. "Staatsanwaltschaft erhebt Anklage gegen Gil Ofarim". Legal Tribune Online (in German). Retrieved 2023-06-17.
  78. ↑ LTO. "Gil Ofarim legt vor Gericht Geständnis ab". Spiegel (in German). Retrieved 2023-11-28.
  79. ↑ mdr.de. "Wende im Prozess: Ofarim gesteht Falschaussage und entschuldigt sich | MDR.DE". www.mdr.de (in German). Retrieved 2023-11-28.

Sources

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