Religious Conflicts in Nigeria
Part of Communal conflicts in Nigeria
Date1953-present
Location
Nigeria
Status Ongoing
Belligerents
Christians Muslims  Nigeria
Adara, Atyap, Berom, Jukun, Tiv and Tarok farmers

Fulani and Hausa herders
Boko Haram (partially aligned with ISIL from 2015)[lower-alpha 1]

  • Shekau faction[6][7]
  • Several minor factions[1]

Islamic State ISWAP (originally Barnawi faction of Boko Haram; from 2016)[8][9]
Ansaru[lower-alpha 2]
Supported by:
al-Qaeda[14]

Taliban[19]
 ISIL (from 2015)[3]		 Nigeria Nigerian Armed Forces
Nigeria Police Force

Multinational Joint Task Force (from 1994)

Local militias and vigilantes[24]

Foreign mercenaries[29]

Supported by:
Casualties and losses
62,000 Christian civilians killed since the turn of the 21st century[48][49]

Religious violence in Nigeria refers to Christian-Muslim strife in modern Nigeria, which can be traced back to 1953. Today, religious violence in Nigeria is dominated by the Boko Haram insurgency, which aims to establish an Islamic state in Nigeria.[50] Since the turn of the 21st century, 62,000 Nigerian Christians have been killed by the terrorist group Boko Haram, Fulani herdsmen and other groups.[48][49] The killings have been referred to as a silent genocide.[51][52]

Background

Nigeria was amalgamated in 1914, only about a decade after the defeat of the Sokoto Caliphate and other Islamic states by the British, which were to constitute much of Northern Nigeria. The aftermath of the First World War saw Germany lose its colonies, one of which was Cameroon, to French, Belgian and British mandates. Cameroon was divided into French and British parts, the latter of which was further subdivided into southern and northern parts. Following a plebiscite in 1961, the Southern Cameroons elected to rejoin French Cameroon, while the Northern Cameroons opted to join Nigeria, a move which added to Nigeria's already large Northern Muslim population.[53] The territory comprised much of what is now Northeastern Nigeria, and a large part of the areas affected by the present and past insurgencies.

Following the return of democratic government in 1999, the Muslim-dominated northern Nigerian states have introduced Sharia law, including punishments against blasphemy[54][55] and apostasy.[56] Several incidents have occurred whereby people have been killed for or in response to perceived blasphemy. Since the turn of the 21st century, 62,000 Nigerian Christians have been killed by the terrorist group Boko Haram, Fulani herdsmen and other groups.[57][58] The killings have been referred to as a silent genocide.[59][60]

History

Religious conflict in Nigeria goes as far back as 1953, and in the case of the town of Tafawa Balewa, to 1948.[61] The 1980s saw an upsurge in violence due to the death of Mohammed Marwa ("Maitatsine") (see below). In the same decade, the military ruler of Nigeria, General Ibrahim Babangida, enrolled Nigeria in the Organisation of the Islamic Conference. This was a move which aggravated religious tensions in the country, particularly among the Christian community.[62] In response, some in the Muslim community pointed out that certain other African member states have smaller proportions of Muslims, as well as Nigeria's diplomatic relations with the Holy See.

Since the return of democracy to Nigeria in 1999, Sharia was instituted as a main body of civil and criminal law in 9 Muslim-majority and in some parts of 3 Muslim-plurality states, when then-Zamfara State governor Ahmad Rufai Sani[63] began the push for the institution of Sharia at the state level of government.

1980s

In the 1980s, the serious outbreak between Christians and Muslims occurred in Kafanchan in southern Kaduna State in a border area between the two religions, propagated by extreme leaders who were able to rally a young, educated group of individuals who feared that the nation would not be able to protect their religious group.[64] The leaders were able to polarize their followers through speeches and public demonstrations.[65]

The activities in those times had led to the loss of lives and properties as they moved about destroying government facilities which they saw as legacies or replica of western cultures in their various communities. These religious campaigns have seen an increase in gun battles between the members of these sects and security forces with loss of lives witnessed on both sides.[66] Although direct conflicts between Christians and Muslims were rare, tensions did flare between the two groups as each group radicalised. There were clashes in October 1982 when Muslim zealots in Kano were able to enforce their power in order to keep the Anglican House Church from expanding its size and power base. They saw it as a threat to the nearby Mosque, even though the Anglican House Church had been there forty years prior to the building of the Mosque.[67] Additionally, there were two student groups in Nigeria who came into contestation, the Fellowship of Christian Students and the Muslim Student Society. In one instance there was an evangelical campaign organised by the FCS and brought into question why one sect should dominate the campus of the Kaduna State College of Education in Kafanchan. This quarrel accelerated to the point where the Muslim students organised protests around the city and burned a Church at the college. The Christian majority at the college retaliated on March 9. Twelve people died, several Mosques were burnt and a climate of fear was created. The retaliation was pre-planned.[68]

The exploitation of the media used to propagate the ideas of the conflict, thereby radicalising each force even more. Media was biased on each side so while places like the Federal Radio Corporation discussed the idea of defending Islam during this brief moment of terror, it did not report the deaths and damage caused by Muslims, galvanising the Muslim population. Similarly, the Christian papers did not report the damage and deaths caused by Christians but rather focused on the Islamic terror.[69] Other individuals leading these religious movements use the media to spread messages which gradually became more intolerant of other religions, and because of these religious divisions radical Islam continues to be a problem in Nigeria today.[70]

Maitatsine

In the late 1970s and early 1980s, there was a major Islamic uprising led by Maitatsine and his followers, Yan Tatsine that led to several thousand deaths. After Maitatsine's death in 1980, the movement continued some five years more.

1990s

In 1991, the German evangelist Reinhard Bonnke was accused of attempting to start a crusade in Kano, causing a religious riot leading to the deaths of more than a dozen people.[71][72]

2000s–2010s

Since the restoration of democracy in 1999, secular governments have dominated the country at the federal level, while the Muslim-dominated Northern Nigerian states have implemented strict Sharia law. Religious conflict between Muslims and Christians has erupted several times since 2000 for various reasons, often causing riots with several thousands of victims on both sides.[73] Since 2009, the Islamist movement Boko Haram has fought an armed rebellion against the Nigerian military, sacking villages and towns and taking thousands of lives in battles and massacres against Christians, students and others deemed enemies of Islam.

Riots

The events of Abuja in 2000 and Jos in 2001 were riots between Christians and Muslims in Jos, Nigeria about the appointment of a Muslim politician, Alhaji Muktar Mohammed, as local coordinator of the federal programme to fight poverty.[74] Another such riot killed over 100 people in October 2001 in Kano State.[75][76]

In 2002, the Nigerian journalist Isioma Daniel wrote an article that led to the demonstrations and violence that caused the deaths of over 200 in Kaduna,[77][78][79] as well as a fatwa placed on her life.[80] The 2002 Miss World contest was moved from Abuja to London as a result. The rest of the 2000s decade would see inter-religious violence continue in Jos and Kaduna.

The reaction to the Mohammed cartoons brought about a series of violent protests in Nigeria. Clashes between rioters and police claimed several lives, with estimates ranging from 16[81] to more than a hundred.[82] This led to reprisal attacks in the south of the country, particularly in Onitsha.[83][84] More than a hundred lost their lives.[85][86]

2010s–2020s

In 2018, US President Donald Trump called out the killing of Christians in Nigeria.[87]

In May 2022, Deborah Yakubu, a Christian student in Sokoto, was lynched outside her university by a Muslim mob.[88] Following the lynching, there was violence against other Christian sites, according to a statement released by the Catholic Diocese of Sokoto. "During the protest, groups of youths led by some adults in the background attacked the Holy Family Catholic Cathedral at Bello Way, destroying church glass windows, those of the Bishop Lawton Secretariat, and vandalized a community bus parked within the premises. St. Kevin’s Catholic Church was also attacked and partly burnt; windows of the new hospital complex under construction, in the same premises, were shattered. The hoodlums also attacked the Bakhita Centre […], burning down a bus within the premises.”[89]

In June 2022, a massacre left over 50 parishioners dead in the St. Francis Xavier Church, in Owo.[90] Responsibility for the attack was unclear, but the Government blamed ISWAP, whereas many locals blamed Fulani herdsmen.

Besides issues with terrorist groups Boko Haram and ISWAP, Christians also complain of persecution by Fulani herdsmen, who are mostly Muslim, and who have terrorised mostly Christian farmers in the Middle Belt. Christian clergy and faithful have also been targeted in cases of kidnapping by armed gangs seeking ransoms. In a speech in the European Parliament, in October 2022, bishop Wilfred Chikpa Anagbe, of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Makurdi, compared the situation of Christians in his country to "nothing short of a Jihad clothed in many names: terrorism, kidnappings, killer herdsmen, banditry, other militia groups" and called on the international community to abandon what he termed a "conspiracy of silence" on the subject.[91]

According to Aid to the Church in Need, four Catholic priests were murdered in Nigeria in 2022 alone, and 23 priests and one seminarian were kidnapped during the year, or had been kidnapped before but remained in captivity in 2022. The majority of the kidnapped priests were later released, although three were killed and, in November 2022, three were still missing, including Fr John Bako Shekwolo, who was kidnapped in March 2019. A further four nuns were kidnapped in 2022, and released soon afterward. The priests who were murdered were Fr Vitus Borogo,[92] Fr Joseph Bako,[93] Fr John Mark Cheitnum,[94] and Fr Christopher Odia.[95] The Catholic organisation, which has several projects in Nigeria, deplored the wave of violence, saying: "The increase in kidnappings, murders and general violence against civilians, including members of the Catholic clergy in many parts of Nigeria, is a scourge that is yet to be properly addressed by the local authorities".[93]

During an online conference, in June 2022, bishop Matthew Man-Oso Ndagaoso, from the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Kaduna, summed up the problems affecting Christians in the country. "For the past 14 years the nation has been grappling with Boko Haram, mostly in the northeast. While we were grappling with that, we had the issue of banditry in the northwest. And while we were grappling with this, we had the issue of kidnappings for ransom, which is becoming more widespread. And while grappling with this we have the old conflict with the Fulani herders."[96] Regarding the murders and kidnappings of priests in Nigeria, the same bishop said, in another interview, "everybody is on edge. All of us, the clergy, the laypeople, everybody. People are afraid, and rightly so. People are traumatised, and rightly so. With this situation, nobody is safe anywhere. If you go out of your house, even in the daytime, until you come back, you are not safe".[92]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Following Mohammed Yusuf's death, Boko Haram splintered into numerous factions which no longer operated under a unified leadership. Though Abubakar Shekau eventually became the preeminent commander of the movement, he never really controlled all Boko Haram groups. Instead, the factions were loosely allied, but also occasionally clashed with each other.[1][2] This situation changed in 2015 when Shekau pledged allegiance to ISIL.[3][4] The leadership of ISIL eventually decided to replace Shekau as a local commander with Abu Mus'ab al-Barnawi, whereupon the movement split completely. Shekau no longer recognized the authority of ISIL's central command, and his loyalists started to openly fight the followers of al-Barnawi.[3] Regardless, Shekau did never officially renounce his pledge of allegiance to ISIL as a whole; his forces are thus occasionally regarded as "second branch of ISWAP". Overall, the relation of Shekau with ISIL remains confused and ambiguous.[5]
  2. ↑ The exact origin of Ansaru is unclear, but it had already existed as Boko Haram faction[10] before officially announcing its foundation as separate group on 1 January 2012.[10][11][12] The group has no known military presence in Nigeria since 2015, but several of its members appear to be still active.[13]

References

  1. 1 2 TRADOC G-2 (2015), pp. 4, 19.
  2. ↑ ICG 2014, pp. ii, 22, 26, 27.
  3. 1 2 3 Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi (5 August 2018). "The Islamic State West Africa Province vs. Abu Bakr Shekau: Full Text, Translation and Analysis". Archived from the original on 17 August 2018. Retrieved 17 August 2018.
  4. ↑ "Boko Haram swears formal allegiance to ISIS". Associated Press. Fox News. 8 March 2015. Archived from the original on 20 November 2015. Retrieved 11 March 2015.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  5. ↑ Warner & Hulme (2018), p. 22.
  6. ↑ "Behind Boko Haram's Split: A Leader Too Radical for Islamic State". The Wall Street Journal. 15 September 2016. Archived from the original on 1 October 2016. Retrieved 2 October 2016.(subscription required)
  7. ↑ "Boko Haram Split Creates Two Deadly Forces". Voice of America. 2 August 2017. Archived from the original on 3 August 2017. Retrieved 3 August 2017.
  8. ↑ "Shekau Resurfaces, Accuses New Boko Haram Leader al-Barnawi of Attempted Coup". 360nobs. 4 August 2016. Archived from the original on 17 July 2018. Retrieved 16 July 2018.
  9. ↑ Yinka Ibukun (26 March 2018). "Nigeria Turns to Dialogue to End 9-Year Islamist Insurgency". Bloomberg News. Archived from the original on 8 April 2018. Retrieved 16 July 2018.
  10. 1 2 ICG 2014, p. 26.
  11. ↑ Sudarsan Raghavan (31 May 2013). "Nigerian Islamist militants return from Mali with weapons, skills". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 29 December 2014. Retrieved 29 December 2014.
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  15. ↑ ICG 2014, pp. 22, 26, 27.
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  19. ↑ ICG 2014, p. 23.
  20. ↑ Faced with Boko Haram, Cameroon weighs death penalty for terrorism. Archived 24 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine By Tansa Musa, Reuters. YAOUNDE Wed 3 December 2014 9:56 am EST.
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  22. 1 2 West Africa leaders vow to wage 'total war' on Boko Haram Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine By John Irish and Elizabeth Pineau. 17 May 2014 2:19 PM.
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  26. ↑ ICG (2018), pp. 5, 6.
  27. ↑ ICG (2018), pp. i, 3, 7.
  28. ↑ ICG (2018), p. 3.
  29. ↑ Adama Nossiter (12 March 2015). "Mercenaries Join Nigeria's Military Campaign Against Boko Haram". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 15 March 2015. Retrieved 16 March 2015.
  30. ↑ Colin Freeman (10 May 2015). "South African mercenaries' secret war on Boko Haram". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 18 March 2018. Retrieved 17 March 2018.
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  34. ↑ Canada joins effort to free Nigerian schoolgirls. Archived 1 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine 14 May 2014 3:23 pm Updated: 15 May 2014 7:01 pm. By Murray Brewster, The Canadian Press
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  40. ↑ "Egypt Pledges To Support Nigeria in Fight Against Boko Haram • Channels Television". 30 May 2015. Archived from the original on 22 July 2018. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
  41. ↑ "Boko Haram: Egypt assures Nigeria of support – The Nation Nigeria". 20 October 2015. Archived from the original on 22 July 2018. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
  42. ↑ Israel sends experts to help hunt for Nigerian schoolgirls kidnapped by Islamists. Archived 10 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine The Jerusalem Post; 20 May 2014 18:03.
  43. ↑ Andrew McGregor (8 May 2019). "Nigeria Seeks Russian Military Aid in its War on Boko Haram". Aberfoyle International Security. Retrieved 28 April 2019.
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  48. 1 2 F. Haverluck, Michael (7 August 2020). "'Silent slaughter' – 2 decades of genocide in Nigeria". Genocide Watch. 7 August 2020.
  49. 1 2 "ICON Launches New Report Proving Nigerian Genocide". Missions Box. 3 August 2020.
  50. ↑ "Who are Nigeria's Boko Haram Islamist group?". BBC News. 2016-11-24. Retrieved 2021-06-05.
  51. ↑ "Silent Slaughter". International Committee on Nigeria.
  52. ↑ "Nigeria's Silent Slaughter Genocide in Nigeria and the Implications for the International Community". International Committee on Nigeria.
  53. ↑ Meredith, Martin. "11. A House Divided". The State of Africa: A History of Fifty Years of Independence. The Free Press. p. 197.
  54. ↑ Amnesty International. Report on Saudi Arabia 2007. Archived from the original. Archived March 22, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
  55. ↑ Amnesty International. Amnesty International Report on Saudi Arabia 2009. Archived from the original. Archived January 15, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
  56. ↑ Nigeria: Recent reports regarding the treatment of persons who convert from Islam to Christianity. Recent reports on Sharia law in relation to religious conversion, Ireland: Refugee Documentation Centre, 26 June 2012, Q15539; available at: . Accessed 18 July 2014.
  57. ↑ F. Haverluck, Michael (7 August 2020). "'Silent slaughter' – 2 decades of genocide in Nigeria". Genocide Watch. 7 August 2020.
  58. ↑ "ICON Launches New Report Proving Nigerian Genocide". Missions Box. 3 August 2020.
  59. ↑ "Silent Slaughter". International Committee on Nigeria.
  60. ↑ "Nigeria's Silent Slaughter Genocide in Nigeria and the Implications for the International Community". International Committee on Nigeria.
  61. ↑ Augustine adah (2013-07-23). "Will relocation of Tafawa Balewa LG headquarters guarantee peace?". Hallmark. Archived from the original on 2014-06-21. Retrieved 2014-06-21.
  62. ↑ Holman, Michael (24 February 1986) "Nigeria, Politics; Religious Differences Intensify", Financial Times,
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  64. ↑ Jibrin Ibrahim, "Politics of religion in Nigeria: The Parameters of the 1987 Crisis in Kaduna State', Review of African Political Economy, 45 (1989), 65-82. pp. 65–68, https://www.jstor.org/stable/4006011, accessed on 01/11/2011
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  67. ↑ Ibrahim, pp. 65-66
  68. ↑ Ibrahim, pp. 66–68
  69. ↑ Ibrahim, pp. 67–70
  70. ↑ Ibrahim, p. 72
  71. ↑ Violence in Nigeria: The Crisis of Religious Politics and Secular Ideologies, by Toyin Falola, pg 212. ISBN 1580460186, ISBN 9781580460187
  72. ↑ Nigeria: Information about a riot on 14 October 1991 at a meeting with the German evangelist Reinhard Bounike in Kano. Canada: Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, Nigeria: Information about a riot on 14 October 1991 at a meeting with the German evangelist Rienhard Bounike in Kano, 1 August 1992, NGA11576, [accessed 8 June 2014]
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  74. ↑ Obed Minchakpu (2001-10-01). "Religious Riots in Nigeria Leave Hundreds Dead". Christianity Today. Retrieved 2008-11-30.
  75. ↑ Obasanjo Assesses Riot Damage in Kano - 2001-10-16. Voice of America News.
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  77. ↑ On this day. 2002: Riots force Miss World out of Nigeria. BBC News website, Sunday, 24 November 2002, 14:49 GMT.
  78. ↑ THE "MISS WORLD RIOTS": Continued Impunity for Killings in Kaduna. Human Rights Watch, Vol. 15, No. 13 (A), 23 July 2003.
  79. ↑ Obasanjo blames media for Miss World riots, CNN.com. Tuesday, 26 November 2002. Posted: 1144 GMT
  80. ↑ Astill, James; Bowcott, Owen (27 November 2002). "Fatwa is issued on Nigerian journalist". Guardian Unlimited. Retrieved 2007-07-21.
  81. ↑ Nigeria cartoon riots kill 16, Amelia Hill and Anushka Asthana. The Observer, Sunday 19 February 2006.
  82. ↑ Churches Burned in Nigeria Riots; Death Toll Passes 127. Christian Today, 27 February 2006.
  83. ↑ Muslim dead burnt after Nigerian riots, Taipei Times. Accessed 8 Jun 2014.
  84. ↑ At least 27 dead in new religious riots in Nigeria. George Esiri, 22 Feb 2006.
  85. ↑ 100+ Dead After Anti-Muslim Riots, Ted Olsen/ 23 February 2006. Christianity Today.
  86. ↑ Why the Cartoon Protest turned Lethal in Northern Nigeria. By Sunday B. Agang.
  87. ↑ Ochab, Ewelina U. "Trump May Not Be Wrong On the Fulani Herdsmen Crisis In Nigeria". Forbes. Retrieved 2020-12-16.
  88. ↑ "NIGERIA: Christian student stoned and burned to death in Sokoto". ACN International. 2022-05-13. Retrieved 2022-11-18.
  89. ↑ ACN (2022-05-17). "Anti-Christian violence and curfew follow killing of girl in Sokoto, Nigeria". ACN International. Retrieved 2022-11-18.
  90. ↑ ACN (2022-06-07). "ACN statement about the Pentecost massacre in St. Francis Xavier Church in Owo, Nigeria". ACN International. Retrieved 2022-11-18.
  91. ↑ "Church in Nigeria". ACN International. 2022-10-17. Retrieved 2022-11-16.
  92. 1 2 ACN (2022-06-29). "Murder of two catholic priests in Nigeria". ACN International. Retrieved 2022-11-18.
  93. 1 2 ACN (2022-05-12). "ACN deplores murder of Fr Joseph in Kaduna, Nigeria". ACN International. Retrieved 2022-11-18.
  94. ↑ ACN (2022-07-21). "Another priest killed in Nigeria". ACN International. Retrieved 2022-11-18.
  95. ↑ ACN (2022-07-05). "Three more priests kidnapped in Nigeria". ACN International. Retrieved 2022-11-18.
  96. ↑ ACN (2022-06-03). "The Government has failed us in Nigeria, and the West is complicit". ACN International. Retrieved 2022-11-18.

Sources

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