Remembrance Day of the Latvian Legionnaires
Flowers being laid at the foot of the Freedom Monument
Observed byFormer members of the Latvian Legion, their relatives and supporters
SignificanceThe 15th (1st Latvian) and the 19th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (2nd Latvian) fighting alongside for the first and only time against the Red Army in 1944[1]
CelebrationsMemorial service in Riga Cathedral, procession to the Freedom Monument, laying flowers at the Freedom Monument and a cemetery in Lestene
DateMarch 16
FrequencyAnnual

Remembrance Day of the Latvian Legionnaires (Latvian: Leģionāru piemiņas diena), often known simply as the Legionnaire Day (Leģionāru diena) or March 16 (16. marts) in Latvia, is a day when soldiers of the Latvian Legion, part of the Waffen-SS, are commemorated. From 1998 until 2000, it was officially recognized as a "Remembrance Day for Latvian soldiers" by the Saeima.[2]

The day has been controversial as the Legion was a unit of Nazi Germany, and the remembrance day has been criticized by the European Commission against Racism and Intolerance, Russia, Canada, and Jewish organizations such as Simon Wiesenthal Center.[3] Others argue that no one has ever been convicted of committing war crimes as a member of the Legion and hold that it was a purely military unit fighting against the Soviet Union that had occupied Latvia in 1940.[4][5][6][7]

Origins

Latvian Legion in 1943

The idea of a Remembrance Day for the Latvian legionnaires was raised in exile by the Daugavas Vanagi veterans' organization in 1952. The date of March 16 was chosen because in 1944 both divisions of the Latvian Legion, the 15th (1st Latvian) and the 19th (2nd Latvian) fought alongside each other, for the first and only time, against the Red Army.[1]

From March 16 to 18, 1944 heavy battles were fought on the eastern bank of the Velikaya River for "Hill 93.4", a strategically important height, defended by the 15th and the 19th Waffen-SS divisions. On March 16 at 6:40, the Soviet assault began with a massive artillery barrage. At 7:00 the Soviet tanks and infantry launched an attack on "Hill 93.4" and captured it at 11:00 as the defenders withdrew. On March 18 at 17:40 the reinforced and approximately 300-men-strong 15th Division, led by Colonel Artūrs Silgailis, recaptured the hill in a counterattack with relatively small losses – seven non-commissioned officers and soldiers killed, 20 wounded and five missing. After that, the Red Army did not try to attack there again.[8]

History

1989/90–2000

Remembrance Day of the Latvian legionnaires has been publicly observed in Latvia since 1989/90.[1] It was officially recognized as a "Remembrance Day for Latvian soldiers" by the Saeima in 1998, a compromise between the For Fatherland and Freedom/LNNK party who wanted to establish the day as the "Remembrance Day for the Latvian Legion" and other members of the coalition fearing the potential effect such a move would have on the international reputation of Latvia.[2] In 1998 the procession to lay flowers at the base of the Freedom Monument drew the attention of foreign media[9] and the following year the State Duma condemned the event as "a glorification of Nazism".[10] In 2000, the Latvian government abolished it as an official commemoration day.[2] Observance continued unofficially.

2005–2008

In 2005, a counterdemonstration was dispersed by police, arresting some of its participants;[11] and the procession itself was condemned by the Simon Wiesenthal Center.[12] In 2006, the Latvian government tried to bring the situation under control by fencing off the Freedom Monument, with Riga City Council claiming it required restoration. Some later questioned this statement, as politicians named various other reasons for the move, the enclosed area was much larger than needed for restoration, and the weather did not seem appropriate for restoration.[13] The unapproved events took place despite the ban and 65 participants were arrested by Latvian police, two of the arrested participants being citizens of Estonia.[14] In 2006, laws requiring approval to arrange gatherings were ruled out as unconstitutional.[15]

On March 16, 2007, the government mobilized the police force to guard the vicinity of the monument and the day went by relatively peacefully.[16] The veterans' organizations Daugavas Vanagi and National Association of Latvian Soldiers have announced that they dissociate themselves from ultra-radicals who organize processions at the monument and advised patriotic Latvians to attend other events.[17] In 2008, the confrontation was limited to verbal arguments and insults.[18]

2008 Legionnaire Day procession through the flag alley at the foot of Freedom Monument

2009–2011

Following the 2009 Riga riot, Riga City Council banned the 2009 procession and two counterdemonstrations, citing fears of unrest. Around 300 people disobeyed the ban, walking to lay flowers at the Freedom Monument under heavy police protection. A few counterdemonstrators were arrested.[19] The head of the Anti-Fascist Committee of Latvia had invited its supporters to go on "an excursion" around Old Riga that day.[20]

In 2010, Riga City Council banned the procession and a counterdemonstration. On March 15 the Riga District Court overruled the ban, and 500 to 1,000 people participated in the 2010 commemoration events in Riga the next day.[21] In 2011, to avert provocation and public disturbances all six both pro- and anti-Legionnaire Day events were once again disallowed.[22] Nonetheless, around 1,000 people went on the procession and approximately 100 protested against it.[23]

2012–present

In 2012, around 2,000 people took part in the procession[24] and 1,200 police officers were employed to maintain order in Riga.[25] Prime Minister Valdis Dombrovskis called for coalition ministers from the National Alliance not to participate in the events, warning that otherwise they might lose their ministerial positions.[26] Three people were detained; one for displaying fascist symbols, one for displaying Soviet symbols and one for disturbing the work of police officers.[27]

On March 11, 2014, the government of Latvia agreed to forbid ministers from attending March 16 events.[28] Nevertheless, the Minister of Environmental Protection and Regional Development Einārs Cilinskis from National Alliance stated that he intended to take part in the procession as he had done for the past 16 years;[29] which resulted in Cilinskis losing his ministerial post.[30] Protesters from the "Association Against Nazism" were moved to a fenced-in zone in adjacent Bastejkalns Park where they installed improvised gallows. The day passed without serious incident, though seven people were arrested for various misdemeanours.[31]

In 2013, the Saeima rejected a proposal from the National Alliance to amend the law on Holidays and Remembrance Days and make Legionnaire Day a national remembrance day.[32][33] In 2018[34] and 2019, the Saeima turned down similar proposals from the National Alliance.[35]

In 2016, British YouTuber and freelance journalist Graham Phillips was detained for disrupting the day's events and resisting police orders in what was described as a "provocation" by the Latvian Interior Minister Rihards Kozlovskis, after which Phillips was deported from Latvia and after an additional assessment denied entry into the country for the next three years.[36] Six members of the Berlin-based Association of Persecutees of the Nazi Regime – Federation of Antifascists also said to have been denied entry into the country. 13 members of Saeima were reported to have participated in the Remembrance Day of the Latvian Legionnaires procession, while 40 people protested.[37]

In 2017, five people were detained during the procession in Riga, two for resisting the police and three for violating regulations on meetings, processions, and pickets.[38]

In 2021, no public remembrance events took place on March 16 because of the COVID-19 pandemic in Latvia.[39] In 2023, "several hundred" people, including members of the National Alliance, participated in the parade in Rīga.[40]

Controversy

As part of the Waffen-SS, the Latvian Legion is seen by some as being a Nazi unit, while others argue that it fought only the Soviet Union that had previously occupied and annexed Latvia, it is not responsible for the Holocaust (since it was founded more than a year after Latvian Jews were murdered or sent to concentration camps) or any other Nazi war crimes, and should be viewed as a separate entity,[41] being recognized as such by the US.[42] Even though up to 80–85% of people were conscripted, it was officially named Volunteer Legion to circumvent the Hague Convention of 1907 prohibiting drafting inhabitants of occupied territories by the occupying power.[1]

In Latvia

The government of Latvia does not recognize March 16 as an official remembrance day and has declared that Latvia commemorates its fallen soldiers on Lāčplēsis Day (November 11). People are allowed to commemorate the fallen on March 16 on their own private accord, but higher officials and members of the government do not participate at the commemorative events taking place in the Riga centre in their official capacity.[43] The Latvian Ministry of Foreign Affairs has stressed that no Nazi uniforms, symbols, or slogans appear on this or other days in Latvia, as they are illegal.[44]

On March 16, 2012, Efraim Zuroff during his visit to Riga to protest against the Legionnaire Day procession, stated in an interview with Latvian State television LTV1 that the "Latvian SS Legion was not involved in the crimes of the Holocaust" but also stated, as he has done every year since 1999, "although these units were not involved in crimes against humanity, many of their soldiers had previously served in the Latvian security police and had actively participated in the mass murder of civilians, primarily Jews."[45][46]

Head of World War II History Department of the Latvian War Museum Jānis Tomaševskis acknowledged that 11 Latvian Auxiliary Police battalions and Arajs Kommando, whose members had participated in the Holocaust, were later involved in the Latvian Legion, but asserted that "there is no basis to declare that the Latvian Legion was related to the war crimes committed by previous military or paramilitary units". He describes how "[i]nflow of these persons in the legion to a certain extent delayed international court institutions to arrange fast arrest of war criminals", noting the case of Viktors Arājs who was arrested only in 1975 in Germany, but states, "[t]he fact that also war criminals were called in the legion does not make the entire legion a criminal unit."[47]

According to 2017 research by the University of Latvia and SKDS, from 2012 to 2017, public support for Legionnaire Day had decreased from 38% to 33%. Researcher Mārtiņš Kaprāns noted a "more pronounced tolerance" and that "a favourable attitude towards the Lestene memorial has grown both among Latvians and Russians".[48]

In Russia

Russia alleges that the Latvian Legion carried out punitive actions against partisans and the civilian population in the territory of German-occupied Latvia, Poland, Belarus, Ukraine, and Russia (such as Operation Winterzauber).[49]

Director of Russia’s "Historical Memory" foundation Aleksandr Dyukov claims that the Latvian Legion had been involved in the mass killing of civilians, such as the Zhestianaya Gorka massacre, and numerous former members of the Latvian Legion had worked for the American intelligence to pursue anti-Soviet propaganda.[6]

Internationally

In 2011, the European Commission against Racism and Intolerance (ECRI) adopted a report on Latvia, expressing "concern as regards the authorization of certain public events to commemorate two incidents and the authorities' reaction in this connection. As concerns the first incident, every year, on March 16, a gathering commemorating soldiers who fought in a Latvian unit of the Waffen SS is held in the centre of Riga. In this connection, ECRI regrets that, in spring 2010, an administrative district court overruled a decision of the Riga City Council prohibiting this procession" and recommended "that the Latvian authorities condemn all attempts to commemorate persons who fought in the Waffen SS and collaborated with the Nazis. ECRI further recommended that the authorities ban any gathering or march legitimising in any way Nazism".[50]

Institute for Strategic Dialogue has stated, "[c]laiming that members of the Estonian and Latvian SS units were voluntarily collaborating with Nazis oversimplifies history", explaining, "the vast majority of soldiers were conscripted against their will" and "[d]raft evasion was initially punishable by prison, and later punishable by death".[51]

In 2013, United Nations special rapporteur on racism submitted a communication to Latvia concerning the events of March 16.[52] In 2018, the European Parliament adopted a resolution on the rise of neo-fascist violence in Europe, observing that "every year on 16 March thousands of people gather in Riga for Latvian Legion Day to honour Latvians who served in the Waffen-SS".[53] In 2019, Canada condemned the event.[54][55]

The organizers of the march are trying to present the members of the legion as freedom fighters who paved the way for Latvian independence but nothing could be further from the truth. The Nazis had absolutely no intention of granting independence to any of the Baltic countries and it is only because Nazi Germany lost the Second World War could Latvia regain its independence after the fall of the USSR. People who fought for victory of Third Reich should not be glorified as heroes – such a victory would have meant the end of Western civilization.

— Efraim Zuroff, [37]

Leanid Kazyrytski has argued that, even though the Nuremberg Tribunal excluded Latvian Waffen SS units from the list of criminal organizations, the Latvian Legion possessed all the features attributed to a criminal organization by the Nuremberg Tribunal.[56]

Traditions

Remembrance event of the fallen soldiers at the Lestene war cemetery on March 16, 2015

Traditionally, a memorial service is held in Riga Cathedral, after which the participants go on a procession to the Freedom Monument where they lay flowers. Another ceremony receiving much less publicity takes place at the war cemetery in Lestene, Tukums Municipality.[57]

Participating organizations

Organizations whose members have been seen to participate in events:

Organizations that support veterans of the Legion and participate in events:

Parties whose members have been seen to participate in events

Organizations that have demonstrated against the events

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Neiburgs, Uldis (March 14, 2018). "The Latvian Legion and 16 March". Museum of Occupation of Latvia. Archived from the original on October 21, 2018. Retrieved October 26, 2018.
  2. 1 2 3 Pettai, Eva-Clarita; Pettai, Vello (2014). Transitional and Retrospective Justice in the Baltic States. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 234. ISBN 978-11-070-4949-9.
  3. ↑ Taylor, Scott (March 12, 2018). "On Target: No Denying Latvia's Nazi Past". Esprit de Corps. Archived from the original on October 16, 2023. Retrieved October 16, 2023.
  4. ↑ Rislakki, Jukka (2008). "Why did tens of thousands of Latvian volunteers fight in the SS troops and why are SS veterans still allowed to march on the streets of Rīga instead of being brought to justice?". The Case for Latvia. Disinformation Campaigns Against a Small Nation. Amsterdam; New York: Rodopi. pp. 127–142. ISBN 978-90-420-2424-3. OCLC 237883206.
  5. ↑ Kaprāns, Mārtiņš (March 20, 2017). "Spring in Latvia—a perfect time for rewriting history". East StratCom Task Force. Archived from the original on October 17, 2018. Retrieved October 26, 2018.
  6. 1 2 Skujiņa-Trokša, Kristīne (April 15, 2021). "Who rewrites history? The portrayal of the Legionnaire Day in pro-Kremlin media". Debunk.org. Retrieved July 4, 2022.
  7. ↑ Zīle, Roberts (October 2, 2009). "To call us Nazi sympathisers is absurd". The Guardian. Retrieved September 13, 2010.
  8. ↑ Corum, James S.; Mertelsmann, Olaf; Piirimäe, Kaarel, eds. (2014). "The 15th Division of the Latvian Legion in the Fight on the Velikaya River (1 March–14 April 1944): A Case Study in Maintaining Fighting Power". The Second World War and the Baltic States (Tartu Historical Studies). Peter Lang GmbH. pp. 176–178. ISBN 978-36-316-5303-6. Archived from the original on September 8, 2019. Retrieved March 23, 2020.
  9. ↑ 16. marts Latviešu leģiona vēstures kontekstā by Antonijs Zunda, professor of Latvian University Archived March 17, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, retrieved on March 16, 2006
  10. ↑ "Appeal of the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of Russian Federation 'To the members of the Saeima of the Republic of Latvia in connection with the organisation in Riga of the march of the veterans of the Latvian legion of SS', N 3788-II GD". pravo.gov.ru (in Russian). March 18, 1999. Retrieved March 16, 2008.
  11. ↑ "Skirmish taken place by the Freedom Monument" (in Russian). Delfi. March 16, 2005. Retrieved March 16, 2008.
  12. ↑ "Wiesenthal Center Condemns Marches in Riga and Liepaja, Latvia of Latvian SS Veterans". Simon Wiesenthal Center. March 16, 2005. Retrieved March 16, 2015.
  13. ↑ Putniņa, Aivita (March 14, 2006). "Wooden coat of the Freedom Monument" (in Latvian). Providus. Retrieved March 16, 2008.
  14. 1 2 Latvijas jaunāko laiku vēsturē ierakstīta jauna 16. marta lappuse Archived July 16, 2007, at the Wayback Machine Archived press coverage regarding March 16, 2006 (Neatkarīgā; Diena; Latvijas Vēstnesis; Latvijas Avīze; Nedēļa), retrieved on March 17, 2007
  15. ↑ "Constitutional Court's judgment in case 2006-03-0106" (PDF). Constitutional Court of the Republic of Latvia. November 23, 2006. Retrieved March 16, 2008.
  16. ↑ "Police preparing for March 16 events in Riga center" (in Latvian). Delfi. March 16, 2007. Retrieved March 19, 2007.
  17. ↑ Skreija, Edgars (March 13, 2007). ""Daugavas Vanagi" un National Association of Latvian soldiers: Let's not politicize March 16" (in Latvian). Delfi. Retrieved March 19, 2007.
  18. 1 2 "Legionnaire remembrance events have passed without any incidents" (in Latvian). Delfi. March 16, 2008. Retrieved March 16, 2008.
  19. ↑ Strautmanis, Andris (March 16, 2009). "Veterans defy ban, march to Freedom Monument". Latvians Online. Retrieved September 13, 2010.
  20. ↑ "Access to Freedom Monument in Riga restricted". The Baltic Course. March 16, 2011. Retrieved March 16, 2015.
  21. ↑ Strautmanis, Andris (March 16, 2010). "Hundreds march to honor Legion, while protesters attack fascism". Latvians Online. Retrieved September 13, 2010.
  22. ↑ "All March 16 gatherings banned in Riga". The Baltic Course. March 8, 2011. Retrieved March 16, 2015.
  23. ↑ "Legion Day procession under way in Riga". The Baltic Course. March 8, 2011. Retrieved March 16, 2015.
  24. ↑ "Events by Freedom Monument went peacefully". The Baltic Times. March 16, 2012. Retrieved March 16, 2015.
  25. ↑ "Public order on March 16 to be ensured by 1200 policemen". Baltic News Network. March 14, 2012. Retrieved March 16, 2015.
  26. ↑ "National Alliance's ministers might be sacked for participation in March 16 events". Baltic News Network. November 16, 2011. Retrieved March 16, 2015.
  27. ↑ Petrova, Alla (March 16, 2012). "Latvian Legion walking in Riga". The Baltic Course. Retrieved March 16, 2015.
  28. ↑ "March 16 events off-limits for ministers". The Baltic Times. March 12, 2014. Retrieved March 16, 2015.
  29. ↑ "Straujuma does not know how to react to Cilinskis' participation in the March 16th walk". Baltic News Network. March 10, 2014. Retrieved March 16, 2015.
  30. ↑ "No ministers to parade on March 16 vows PM". Public Broadcasting of Latvia. March 4, 2015. Retrieved March 16, 2015.
  31. ↑ "Legion Day events in Riga ended without incident". The Baltic Course. March 14, 2014. Retrieved March 16, 2015.
  32. ↑ "Saeima did not make March 16 a national commemoration day". The Baltic Times. March 14, 2013. Retrieved March 16, 2015.
  33. ↑ "March 16 won't be a national commemoration day in Latvia". The Baltic Course. March 14, 2013. Retrieved March 16, 2015.
  34. ↑ "Saeima rejects National Alliance's proposal to make 16 March an official remembrance day". Baltic News Network. March 15, 2018. Retrieved October 26, 2018.
  35. ↑ "National Alliance repeats March 16 memorial request". Public Broadcasting of Latvia. February 25, 2019. Retrieved February 25, 2019.
  36. ↑ "Pro-Kremlin journalist Graham Phillips deported from Latvia and blacklisted for three years". The Baltic Times. March 17, 2017. Retrieved February 25, 2019.
  37. 1 2 Sokol, Sam (March 17, 2016). "German anti-fascists face down pro-Nazi Latvian demonstrators in Riga". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved February 25, 2019.
  38. ↑ "Five people detained at Legionnaires' Day events". Public Broadcasting of Latvia. LETA. March 17, 2017. Retrieved October 26, 2018.
  39. ↑ "Organizers of March 16 events have withdrawn their applications due to epidemiological situation". The Baltic Times. March 8, 2021. Retrieved March 23, 2021.
  40. ↑ "March 16 parade takes place in Rīga". Public Broadcasting of Latvia. LETA. March 16, 2023. Retrieved March 21, 2023.
  41. ↑ Feldmanis, Inesis; Kangeris, Kārlis (December 15, 2015). "The Volunteer SS Legion in Latvia". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Latvia. Retrieved October 26, 2018.
  42. ↑ Tomaševskis, Jānis (February 28, 2014). "Latvian Legion: controversial points". sargs.lv. Retrieved March 19, 2007.
  43. ↑ "Concerning events on 16 March". Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Latvia). March 16, 2018. Retrieved October 26, 2018.
  44. ↑ "Basic facts about citizenship and language policy of Latvia and some sensitive history-related issues". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Latvia. March 14, 2014. Retrieved March 16, 2015.
  45. ↑ "Remembrance day of the legionnaires went peacefully" (in Latvian). LTV Panorāma. March 16, 2012. Archived from the original on December 21, 2021.
  46. ↑ "Wiesenthal Israel director joins demonstrators against march of Waffen-SS veterans and supporters in Riga". Operation Last Chance. March 18, 2012.
  47. ↑ Tomaševskis, Jānis (April 15, 2021). "Latvian Legion: controversial points". Latvian War Museum. Retrieved July 4, 2022.
  48. ↑ "Support for March 16 falling". Public Broadcasting of Latvia. March 15, 2017. Retrieved October 26, 2018.
  49. ↑ "Involvement of the Lettish SS Legion in War Crimes in 1941–1945 and the Attempts to Revise the Verdict of the Nuremberg Tribunal in Latvia". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia. February 14, 2004. Retrieved November 11, 2005.
  50. ↑ Report on Latvia (fourth monitoring cycle) CRI(2012)3. European Commission against Racism and Intolerance. Paras. 86–87
  51. ↑ "Recurring Pro-Kremlin Rhetoric Linking Baltic States with Nazism". Institute for Strategic Dialogue. September 6, 2022. Retrieved March 21, 2023.
  52. ↑ Communications report of Special Procedures A/HRC/24/21 p. 23
  53. ↑ European Parliament resolution of 25 October 2018 on the rise of neo-fascist violence in Europe (2018/2869(RSP))
  54. ↑ Pugliese, David (March 19, 2019). "Canada condemns annual Latvian parade that honours Nazi SS unit". National Post. Retrieved October 16, 2023.
  55. ↑ Pugliese, David (March 21, 2019). "Canadian government condemns parade in Latvia to honour Nazi SS unit". Ottawa Citizen. Retrieved October 16, 2023.
  56. ↑ Kazyrytski, Leanid (2016). "Latvian SS-Legion: Past and Present. Some Issues Regarding the Modern Glorification of Nazism". Criminal Law Forum. 27 (3): 361–385. doi:10.1007/s10609-016-9286-3. S2CID 148160519.
  57. ↑ "Fallen legionnaires remembered at Lestene cemetery". Public Broadcasting of Latvia. March 16, 2015. Retrieved March 16, 2015.
  58. ↑ "Many MPs from Latvian National Alliance to participate in March 16 events". The Baltic Course. March 2, 2016. Retrieved October 26, 2018.
  59. ↑ "Events commemorating and condemning Latvian Legion to take place on March 16". The Baltic Course. March 6, 2013. Retrieved March 16, 2015.
  60. ↑ День сопротивления в Риге. 16 марта 2006. nbp-info.ru
  61. ↑ Рига: Акция протеста против шествия нацистов 16 марта 2005. nbp-info.ru
  62. ↑ "Six groups sign up for public events in Riga on March 16 Legion Day". The Baltic Course. March 3, 2011. Retrieved March 16, 2015.
  63. ↑ ""Night Watch" makes its way to Latvia in groups" (in Russian). Delfi. March 16, 2008. Retrieved March 21, 2008.
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