The Renner–Teller effect is observed in the spectra of molecules having electronic states that allow vibration through a linear configuration. For such molecules electronic states that are doubly degenerate at linearity (Π, Δ, ..., etc.) will split into two close-lying nondegenerate states for non-linear configurations. As part of the Renner–Teller effect, the rovibronic levels of such a pair of states will be strongly Coriolis coupled by the rotational kinetic energy operator causing a breakdown of the Born-Oppenheimer approximation. This is to be contrasted with the Jahn–Teller effect which occurs for polyatomic molecules in electronic states that allow vibration through a symmetric nonlinear configuration, where the electronic state is degenerate, and which further involves a breakdown of the Born-Oppenheimer approximation but here caused by the vibrational kinetic energy operator.

In its original formulation, the Renner–Teller effect was discussed for a triatomic molecule in a degenerate electronic state that has a linear equilibrium configuration. The 1934 article by Rudolf Renner[1] was one of the first that considered dynamic effects that go beyond the Born–Oppenheimer approximation, in which the nuclear and electronic motions in a molecule are uncoupled. This is a good approximation when the electronic energies are well separated. However, in linear molecules many of the electronic states are two-fold degenerate due to C∞v or D∞h symmetry, and the Born–Oppenheimer approximation breaks down significantly. Since the best-known linear triatomic molecule (CO2) is electronically non-degenerate in its ground state, Renner chose the electronically excited two-fold degenerate Π-state of this well-known molecule as a model for his studies. The products of purely electronic and purely nuclear rovibrational states served as the zeroth-order (no rovibronic coupling) wave functions in Renner's study. The rovibronic coupling acts as a perturbation.

Because Renner is the only author of the 1934 paper that first described the effect, it can be called simply the Renner effect. Renner did this work as a PhD student under the supervision of Teller and presumably Teller was perfectly happy not to be a coauthor. However, in 1933 Gerhard Herzberg and Edward Teller had recognized that the potential of a triatomic linear molecule in a degenerate electronic state splits into two when the molecule is bent.[2] A year later this effect was worked out in detail by Renner.[1] Herzberg refers to this as the "Renner–Teller" effect in one of his influential books,[3] and this name is most commonly used.

While Renner's theoretical study concerned carbon dioxide, a linear triatomic molecule, the first actual observation of the Renner–Teller effect was in an electronic excited state of the NH2 molecule which is bent at equilibrium.[4]

Much has been published about the Renner–Teller effect since its first experimental observation in 1959; see the bibliography on pages 412-413 of the textbook by Bunker and Jensen.[5] Section 13.4 of this textbook discusses both the Renner–Teller effect (called the Renner effect) and the Jahn–Teller effect.

See also

References

  1. 1 2 Renner, R. (1934). "Zur Theorie der Wechselwirkung zwischen Elektronen- und Kernbewegung bei dreiatomigen, stabförmigen Molekülen". Zeitschrift für Physik. 92 (3–4): 172–193. Bibcode:1934ZPhy...92..172R. doi:10.1007/BF01350054. S2CID 121493398.
  2. ↑ Herzberg, G.; Teller, E. (1933). "Schwingungsstruktur der Elektronenübergänge bei mehratomigen Molekülen". Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie. 21B: 410–446. doi:10.1515/zpch-1933-2136. S2CID 99159187.
  3. ↑ Molecular Spectra and Molecular Structure Vol. III, G. Herzberg, Reprint Edition, Krieger, Malabar (1991)
  4. ↑ Dressler, K.; Ramsay, D. A. (1959). "The electronic absorption spectra of NH2 and ND2". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences. 251 (1002): 553–602. Bibcode:1959RSPTA.251..553D. doi:10.1098/rsta.1959.0011. S2CID 83464357.
  5. ↑ Molecular Symmetry and Spectroscopy, 2nd ed. Philip R. Bunker and Per Jensen, NRC Research Press, Ottawa (1998) ISBN 9780660196282


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