Replicas of the Jewish Temple are scale models or authentic buildings that attempt to replicate either the Temple of Solomon or the Second Temple (Herod's Temple) in Jerusalem.

Scale models

Judah Leon model

In the seventeenth century, Rabbi Jacob Judah Leon of Amsterdam (1602–1675) built a widely exhibited model of the Temple based on his understanding of the biblical specifications.[1]

Schott model

The Hamburg Temple Model

Another notable model was constructed by Gerhard Schott (1641–1702), follows an interpretation made by the Spanish Jesuit Juan Bautista Villalpando. Schott's model, known as the Hamburg temple model, is still displayed in the Hamburg Museum in Hamburg.[2]

Conrad Schick models

Portrait of Conrad Schick and his model of the Jewish temple

Conrad Schick constructed a series of replicas of the Jewish Temple. His replica of the Biblical Tabernacle was visited in Jerusalem by several crowned heads of state, toured the United Kingdom, and was exhibited at the 1873 Vienna World's Fair. It was purchased by the King of Württemberg, who awarded Schick a knighthood in recognition of his work. Schick built a replica of the contemporary Temple Mount and Dome of the Rock for the Ottoman Sultan. His final model, in four sections, each representing the Temple Mount as it appeared in a particular era, was exhibited at the St. Louis World's Fair of 1904.[3][4]

A scale model existed at the Chachmei Lublin Yeshiva, but was destroyed during World War II. Two of Schick's models are located in the basement of the Schmidt school for girls in east Jerusalem, near the Damascus Gate.

Another of Schick's models is at the Bijbels Museum ("Biblical Museum") in Amsterdam.

Avi-Yonah model

Herod's Temple as imagined in the Holyland Model of Jerusalem.

The Israel Museum in Jerusalem houses the Holyland Model of Jerusalem, a model of Jerusalem in the Late 2nd Temple Period originally constructed by archeologist Michael Avi-Yonah at the Holyland hotel.

Other models

The Yeshiva University Museum in Manhattan has models by archaeological architect Leen Ritmeyer.[5] The North Visitors' Center at Temple Square, in Salt Lake City, Utah has a scale model of Jerusalem as it may have looked at the time of Christ.[6]

Alec Garrard of Norfolk, UK, worked for 30 years creating a 1:100 scale model of Herod's Temple. His model has been recognized as the most authentic version of the temple in the world.[7]

The Holy Land Experience, a Christian theme park in Orlando, Florida featured a large replica of Herod's Temple inside the walls of a replica of the Jerusalem of Jesus' day.[8]

Building-sized replicas of the Temple

The Temple of Solomon in São Paulo

In 2009, Jews from settlements Mitzpe Yeriho in the West Bank, began to build a life-size replica of the Temple of Jerusalem.[9]

In 2010 the Universal Church of the Kingdom of God started the construction of a replica of Solomon's temple in São Paulo, Brazil. According to local press reports, the building would be an "exact replica" of the ancient Temple of Solomon,[10] but with increased dimensions, despite resembling considerably more Herod's Temple. The temple was inaugurated in July 2014. The mega-church seats 10,000 worshipers and stands 180 feet tall, the height of an 18-story building.

Buildings evoking the Temple

El Escorial, Spain, was constructed from a plan based on the descriptions of Solomon's temple.[11]

A number of churches and synagogues have been designed to evoke the Temple. The most famous of them is the Escorial Palace Monastery in Spain (1563–1584), by architect Juan Bautista de Toledo under the order of Philip II of Spain. The central axis reveals a pattern of courtyard, sanctuary, Holy of Holies.[12]

The Old Whalers Church in Sag Harbor, New York was built in 1844 by architect Minard Lafever as a replica of the Temple.[13][14]

The 1906 building of Temple Israel (Boston, Massachusetts) was intended to be a replica of the Temple.[15] The Church of St. Polyeuctus in Constantinople was built with the precise proportions given in the Bible for the Temple of Solomon.[16]

The 1909 building of the Herzliya Hebrew High School in Tel Aviv, designed by Joseph Barsky, was intended to evoke Solomon's Temple following a widely circulated reconstruction of the temple by Charles Chipiez.[17]

The Mesa Arizona Temple of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.

A handful of LDS temples are evocations of the Temple of Solomon. The Cardston Alberta, Laie Hawaii, and Mesa Arizona Temples of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints are all designed after the style of the second temple built by King Herod.[18] Others, such as the Salt Lake Temple pay more indirectly homage, by orienting towards Jerusalem and having a large basin used as a baptismal font is mounted on the backs of twelve oxen, as was the brazen sea of Solomon's Temple.[19]

Masonic Temples in Freemasonry bear a similar symbolism. Solomon's Temple is a central symbol in Freemasonry, which holds that the first three Grand Masters were King Solomon, King Hiram I of Tyre, and Hiram Abiff, the fictitious craftsman and architect who built the temple. Masonic initiation rites include the reenactment of a scene set on the Temple Mount while it was under construction. Every Masonic Lodge, therefore, is symbolically the Temple for the duration of the degree, and possesses ritual objects representing the architecture of the Temple. These may either be built into the hall or be portable. Among the most prominent are replicas of the pillars Boaz and Jachin through which every initiate has to pass.[20]

Replicas in the form of the Dome of the Rock

The Marriage of the Virgin, 1502

During and after the Christian conquest of Jerusalem, the Dome of the Rock was renamed the Templum Domini, and the nearby Al Aqsa Mosque was renamed the Temple of Solomon, the latter of which was where the Temple Knights had their headquarters in Jerusalem. The two buildings were sometimes conflated,[21] and a number of buildings were designed as replicas of Solomon's Temple in the shape of the Dome of the Rock.

These replicas include the octagonal, fifteenth-century Church of St. Giacomo in Italy, and the octagonal, nineteenth-century Moorish Revival style Rumbach Street synagogue in the Pest section of Budapest.[22]

Palestine Park on the grounds of Chautauqua Institution in Chautauqua, New York has a small replica of the temple, depicted as the Dome of the Rock, part of a living topographical map of the Holy Land, complete with the Sea of Galilee, the Jordan River, and the Dead Sea. Lake Chautauqua stands in for the Mediterranean.[23]

In art, both Perugino's Marriage of the Virgin and Raphael's The Marriage of the Virgin both show the Temple as a Renaissance version of the Dome of the Rock.[24]

Replicas of the tabernacle

Model of the tabernacle in Timna Valley Park, Israel

The Glencairn Museum in Bryn Athyn, Pennsylvania has a replica of the biblical tabernacle dating from 1922.[25] The Mennonite Information Center in Lancaster, Pennsylvania had a replica dating from the 1940s.[26][27]

The Mishkan Shiloh synagogue in Shilo, Mateh Binyamin is designed as a replica of the Tabernacle.[28]

In Israel, Timna Valley Park and Kibbutz Almog feature full-scale replicas.[29][30]

References

  1. ↑ Al L. Shane, Jacob Judah Leon of Amsterdam (1602–1675) and his models of the Temple of Solomon and the Tabernacle, Ars Quatuor Coronatorum, 96, 1983, pp. 145-169
  2. ↑ The Temple of Jerusalem by Simon Goldhill, Harvard University Press, 2005, p. 140
  3. ↑ Simon Goldhill, The Temple of Jerusalem, Harvard University Press, 129
  4. ↑ H. Goren and R. Rubin, "Conrad Schick's Models of Jerusalem and its Monuments", PEQ 128 (1996), pp. 103-124
  5. ↑
  6. ↑ Temple Square North Visitors' Center (2012-02-21). "Temple Square North Visitors' Center". churchofjesuschrist.org. Retrieved 2013-10-15.
  7. ↑ A model of biblical proportions: man spends 30 years creating a model of Herod's Temple
  8. ↑ Branham, Joan R. "The Temple That Won't Quit". Harvard Divinity Bulletin. 36, No. 3 (Autumn 2008). Retrieved 23 March 2021.
  9. ↑ Fanatycy budują replikę Świątyni Jerozolimskiej [on-line], [w:] "Dziennik" [dostęp: 9.10.2009].
  10. ↑ Réplica do Templo de Salomão deve custar R$ 200 milhões Eduardo Reina, 22 de julho de 2010, O Estado de S.Paulo.
  11. ↑ Juan Rafael de la Cuadra Blanco (2005). "King Philip of Spain as Solomon the Second. The origins of Solomonism of the Escorial in the Netherlands", en The Seventh Window. The King's Window donated by Phillip II and Mary Tudor to Sint Janskerk (1557), p. 169-180 (concept & editing Wim de Groot, Verloren Publishers, Hilversum ed.). ISBN 90-6550-822-8.
  12. ↑ Simbology [sic] and projective genesis in architecture: El Escorial and the Temple of Solomon, by Juan Rafael de la Cuadra Blanco, Ph. Dr. Architect.
  13. ↑ "The Rise of Eclecticism in New York, Talbot Hamlin, Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, Vol. 11, No. 2 (May, 1952), pp. 3-8.
  14. ↑ "The Architecture of Minard Lafever, Jacob Landy New York, Columbia University Press, 1970, pp. 230, 287.
  15. ↑ The Jews of Boston, Sarna, Jonathan D., and Smith, Ellen, editors, Boston, 1995, p. 177
  16. ↑ Hamblin, William J. and Seeely, David Rolph, Solomon's Temple; Myth and History, Thames and Hudson, 2007, p. 109
  17. ↑ Sergey R. Kravtsov, "Reconstruction of the Temple by Charles Chipiez and Its Application in Architecture", Ars Judaica, Vol. 4, 2008
  18. ↑ "LDS Temples - Mormon Temples - Temples of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints". Ldschurchtemples.com. Retrieved 2013-10-15.
  19. ↑ Hamblin, William J. and Seeely, David Rolph, Solomon's Temple; Myth and History, Thames and Hudson, 2007, p. 191–3
  20. ↑ James Stevens Curl, The Art and Architecture of Freemasonry, Overlook Press, New York, 1991, 56 -62
  21. ↑ Babbs, Sean. "Research Guides: HIST 2220 War and Society (Jobin) - An Introduction to Works Held in Rare and Distinctive Collections: The Crusades in Medieval and Early Modern Literature and Art". libguides.colorado.edu. Retrieved 2023-12-09.
  22. ↑ Kühnel, Bianca (2013-01-01), "Migrations of a Building: The Dome of the Rock in Jewish Synagogue Architecture", Synergies in Visual Culture / Bildkulturen im Dialog (in German), Brill Fink, pp. 123–137, ISBN 978-3-8467-5466-5, retrieved 2023-12-09
  23. ↑ Imagining the Holy Land: maps, models, and fantasy travels by Burke O. Long, Indiana University Press, 2002, pp. 28 ff.
  24. ↑ The Architecture of the Italian Renaissance, Jacob Burckhardt, Peter Murray, James C. Palmes, University of Chicago Press, 1986, p. 81
  25. ↑ "Home". Glencairn Museum. Retrieved 2013-10-15.
  26. ↑ "Mennonite Information Center". Mennoniteinfoctr.com. Retrieved 2013-10-15.
  27. ↑ "Rising up; Tabernacle replica in Gordonville fixed after storm", Lancaster New Era, Lancaster, June 15, 2002,: Joan Kern
  28. ↑ ON THE ROAD TO SHILO by Yocheved Aron
  29. ↑ Jewish Journal, July 14, 2005, "Hit Biblical Jackpot at Timna's Mines", Lisa Alcalay Klug
  30. ↑ The Tabernacle – Shadows of the Messiah: Its Sacrifices, Services, and Priesthood, David M. Levy, Kregel Publications, 2003, p. 91
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