Indonesia's enthusiasm to control FIR to grow the aviation industry

Indonesia has at times publicly questioned the existing policy by ICAO to have Singapore continue administering the Riau Islands FIR. Since the mid-2010s, Indonesia has publicly requested control of the FIR over its territorial airspace, including over the Riau Islands. Indonesian President Joko Widodo (Jokowi) and some former military officials have reportedly called for or expressed their wish for Indonesia to take over the FIR over Riau Islands. Jokowi also set a target for Indonesia to satisfy all conditions from ICAO and take over control of the FIR by 2019, although it appears to be a domestic target instead of one that has received the blessings of international aviation authorities.^[2] This bid to take over the Riau Islands FIR has been linked to the desire to establish Indonesia as a major regional aviation player to match existing powerhouses such as Singapore, China, Thailand and Malaysia.^[3] In addition, the issue of taking over the Riau Islands FIR has also been conflated with the perceived matter of territorial claims and air sovereignty, although this has been an issue primarily espoused within Indonesian military circles or among former defense establishment personnel.^[4][5]

Indonesia's inadequate capabilities to manage the FIR

However, not all Indonesian government officials have shared the desire for Indonesia to take over the FIR. For example, Indonesian Transportation Minister Ignasius Jonan indicated in 2015 that Indonesia was not able to manage the FIR due to limited resources.^[6] Further, some Indonesian aviation industry experts have pointed to Indonesia's lack of presence^[7] on ICAO and poor aviation safety record^[8] as factors for its inability to convince the ICAO authorities that it could manage the FIR safely, efficiently and effectively. In particular, doubts were raised on the safety record of the Indonesia aviation industry, which was ranked the poorest globally in terms of safety.^[9] The Indonesian case was not helped by a lackluster safety record that saw an average of 40 air crashes a year since 2001 and which had almost 60 Indonesian airlines banned from operating in the EU.^[10] However, European Commission lifted the ban on 14 June 2018 and cleared all carriers from Indonesia from the EU Air Safety List.^[11]

Air Chief Marshal Chappy Hakim, Chief of Staff of the Indonesia Air Force from 2002 to 2005 has pointed out notable flaws in the management of numerous airports around the country which have faced an inability to handle increasingly busy air traffic lanes and criticized the Indonesian government for poor national planning which has favoured civil commercial flights over the country's own national air defense and also covered up the occurrence of aviation accidents.

Singapore's responses

In response to requests from Indonesia, Singapore has over the years stuck to factual statements that said the current arrangement was made by ICAO with aviation safety as its key consideration, and that it was not unusual globally and historically for the air traffic authorities of one country to provide air traffic management services in the territorial airspace of another country.^[12] To back up the claim, it has pointed to Indonesia's management of the airspace of other countries as an example. That being said, there have also been some signs that the Singapore government believes the matter might have been politicized and used as an issue to rally popular support from Indonesians, although Singapore's suspicion does not appear to have been seriously raised to Indonesia for formal consideration.^[13] Singapore's factual responses have not been formally debated in public or discussed at the diplomatic level, and it remains to be seen if Indonesia has conceded that Singapore's position is accurate and the safest arrangement for air travelers.

Collection of fees

There have also been unsubstantiated claims made by the Indonesian military community. For example, former Indonesian Airforce Chief of Staff Koesnadi Kardi claimed in November 2017 that Indonesia only received a small amount of money collected from Route Air Navigation Services (RANS),^[14] which were the charges levied to recover the cost for facilities and/or services rendered to users of the airspace. In response to the accusation, which implied that Singapore had retained control of the FIR to benefit financially at the expense of Indonesians, Singapore authorities swiftly rebuked the accusation that "(a)ll RANS charges that Singapore collects on behalf of Indonesia are remitted to the Directorate-General of Civil Aviation (DGCA) Indonesia, less the bank transfer costs. And DGCA Indonesia has always found the accounts to be in order."^[12] In addition, Indonesian Airforce Commander Colonel Azhar Aditomo also claimed that the reason for expensive flights to and from the Riau Islands was because Singapore controlled the FIR.^[15] However, the claim was also invalidated by the matter-of-fact reply that Singapore took no proceeds from the RANS and did not benefit financially from administering the FIR. Both accusations were not followed up with formal protests or complaints, which raised doubts about their accuracy when juxtaposed against Singapore's response.

Ill intent towards Singapore and its aviation industry

Another former Indonesian military Chief of Staff also claimed that "Singapore would be destroyed if Indonesia took over the (Riau Islands) FIR", on the basis that Singapore's status as an aviation hub would be undone without control of the FIR.^[16] The comment was in line with historical animosities displayed by some Indonesian leaders towards Singapore. In response, Singapore continued to avoid commenting on such speculative comments, reiterating that the matter was one that concerned aviation safety and efficiency.

New FIR boundary

On 25 January 2022, Indonesia and Singapore signed an agreement where both countries will seek the approval of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) in Montreal, Canada to realign the Jakarta FIR with Indonesian territorial waters. This realignment ensures that the airspace over the islands of Karimun, Batam, Bintan and Natuna, controlled by Singapore since 1946, follows the archipelaegic boundaries of Indonesia.

The realigned FIR boundaries will be presented to the respective parliaments for ratification and submitted to the ICAO for approval before coming into effect.

To facilitate air traffic movements of Singapore's Changi Airport, Indonesia and Singapore agreed that air traffic control over the newly-aligned Jakarta FIR region in that particular section will continue to be delegated by Singapore for the next 25 years, expiring in 2047, subject to further extension by mutual agreement and with the consent of the ICAO.^[17][18]