John P. Robarts Research Library
The southeast side of Robarts Library, seen behind the Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library
43°39′52″N 79°23′58″W / 43.66444°N 79.39944°W / 43.66444; -79.39944
Location130 St. George Street
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
TypeAcademic library
Established1973 (1973)
Architect(s)Mathers & Haldenby, Warner Burns Toan & Lunde, Diamond Schmitt Architects Edit this on Wikidata
Branch ofUniversity of Toronto Libraries
Other information
WebsiteWebsite

The John P. Robarts Research Library, commonly referred to as Robarts Library, is the main humanities and social sciences library of the University of Toronto Libraries and the largest individual library in the university. Opened in 1973 and named for John Robarts, the 17th Premier of Ontario, the library contains more than 4.5 million bookform items, 4.1 million microform items and 740,000 other items.

The library building is one of the most significant examples of brutalist architecture in North America. Its towering main structure rests on an equilateral triangular footprint and features extensive use of triangular geometric patterns throughout. It forms the main component of a three-tower complex that also includes the Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library and the Claude T. Bissell Building, which houses the Faculty of Information. The library's imposing appearance has earned it the nicknames Fort Book[1] and The Peacock/Turkey.

Architecture

Detailed view of the upper-level exterior

The design of the Robarts Library complex was headed by Mathers & Haldenby Architects with consultation from Warner, Burns, Toan & Lunde, the New York architectural firm whose earlier works included the libraries at Cornell and Brown universities and who specialized in precast concrete buildings. Coinciding with the Canadian Centennial celebrations, the initial plan was expanded to add three more storeys to the original design. Construction of the library began in 1968 and completed in 1973, at a cost of over $40 million.

Robarts Library occupies a 3-acre (12,000 m2) site on a field of open space and mature tree cover. The building rests on an equilateral triangle footprint with each side measuring 330 feet (100 m), the same length as a Canadian football field from goal post to goal post.[2] The building is oriented such that one side of the equilateral triangle faces west while the other two sides face northeast and southeast. From the southeast corner, the building appears as a peacock.[3]

The elevation is mostly concrete, albeit differing in textures and directionality: smooth concrete lines the façade in a horizontal manner, the rough concrete lining vertically. The steel-framed windows are situated onto the bays protruding from the façade, and are reminiscent of overhanging towers in medieval castle architecture. The bay windows seem to elevate upwards, opening up the two lowermost levels into voids enclosed with steel-framed glazing, making these elements seem lighter than they really are. To stretch further one's imagination, it is as if these elements are elevators that transport the "scholar[s] anxious to escape the noise and turmoil of the vulgar press [into]… a dream palace enshrining in its holy mysteries the power of the word."[4]

A mid-level mezzanine connects the library building with the Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library.
Robarts Library Lobby

Comprising fourteen storeys, plus two underground floors, the brutalist and futurist structure features raised podia and a suspended fourth floor.[5] A mezzanine level physically connects Robarts Library to the Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library building at its southeastern side, and to the Claude T. Bissell Building, housing the Faculty of Information, at its northeastern side. The concrete waffle slab floor plates are adorned with triangular-patterned tessellation. A hexagonal central circulation atrium is enclosed at the core of the building and through the middle of the mezzanine level.[5] The gross area of the building is over 1,036,000 square feet (96,200 m2).[6]

Robarts Library as viewed from its northwestern corner. The connection to the Claude Bissell Building is visible at left

In 2008, the university announced that Robarts Library would be receiving a significant upgrade, the first phase of which was completed in the spring of 2011. During these years a major transformation gradually took place at Robarts, beginning with the renovation of the apexes on each stack floor in 2008 (finished in 2010), the Map & Data Library on the 5th floor in 2009, the Media Commons on the 3rd floor in 2010, and the second floor porticos in 2011. The renovations were intended to create a welcoming environment that would both provide informal study space and function to let people know about the services and resources available throughout the building. Signage throughout the building was redesigned and refreshed to improve navigation and usability of the library and its resources, and new touch screens are already improving communication with students, providing information such as the number of available workstations on each floor at any given time. Robarts outdoor signage can be scanned with the smartphone app Layar for augmented reality links.

Robarts Common

The next phase of the renewal was the addition of a five-storey pavilion which would become a new face of Robarts, opening up the west side of the building to the street, bringing a flood of natural light to the lower floors and making the overall environment more inviting, accessible and productive for students.[7] The new pavilion opened as Robarts Common in September 2022, adding 1,200 new work and study spaces to Robarts, and bringing the library's total number of study spaces to over 6,000.[8] The renovations were designed by Diamond and Schmitt Architects Incorporated.

Features and collections

Interior shelving of the library

A 1974 article in the Canadian Architect magazine outlines the library's significance to serving a campus community the size of a town, as well as by being a central storage for humankind's recorded thoughts and inspiration.[9] The library was initially intended for use by graduate students only, but following a student protest that included an illegal occupation of the building,[10] undergraduate students were also granted access. The library's initial design was for a mechanical book conveyor belt system to allow for faster collection by library staff, who would then send books downstairs for pickup. After Robarts was opened to all students, the conveyor system was discarded, although the tracks used by the conveyor system are still visible above the shelves. The library is open only to current students, faculty, and staff, external researchers, associate members, and alumni with paid privileges, as well as members of the University of Toronto School community. It is closed to members of the public.[11]

The building houses a number of special collections, including the Mu Collection (Chinese: 慕氏藏書) which is a set of rare books from China in the Cheng Yu Tung East Asian Library,[12] the largest research collection for Hong Kong and Canada-Hong Kong studies outside of Hong Kong at the Richard Charles Lee Canada-Hong Kong Library,[13] and a sizable collection in Russian, Polish, Czech and Slovak, Ukrainian, and other East European languages at the Petro Jacyk Central & East European Resource Centre.[14]

In addition to an extensive collection of texts, the library provides limited after-hours study space to students during the academic year with the exception of weekends. The book stacks are off-limits after hours. In August 2010, the Adaptive Technology Resource Centre moved from the first floor of Robarts Library to OCAD University, which is shared with students with disabilities from that college, as well as from nearby Toronto Metropolitan University and Seneca College. The Internet Archive Canada headquarters are located on the seventh floor.[15]

Robarts Library may have served as a model for the secret library in Umberto Eco's The Name of the Rose. Eco spent much of the time writing the novel at the University of Toronto, and the stairwell of the secret library bears a particularly strong resemblance to that in Robarts Library.[5]

Robarts was used for exterior shots of the prison setting in Resident Evil: Afterlife. The entire building is visible numerous times, having been digitally edited and transplanted from its downtown Toronto location to Los Angeles. In the film, it has been surrounded by a prison wall and hundreds of thousands of zombies. While the exterior retains its triangular shape, the interior is rectangular.[16]

References

  1. ↑ Leung, Maria Saros (February 26, 2008). "Robarts expansion to create more student spaces". University of Toronto News. news.utoronto.ca. Archived from the original on June 20, 2010.
  2. ↑ U of T Q&A Archived 2008-02-25 at the Wayback Machine Quote: Each side of the equilateral triangle is 330 feet (100 m) long - the length of a Canadian football field from goal post to goal post - and it can provide space for 4,000 persons at any one time.
  3. ↑ "Construction begins on Robarts Library expansion". U of T News. University of Toronto. One challenge for Diamond Schmitt Architects was to complement the architecture of the peacock-shaped Robarts, a heritage building of brutalist architecture so iconic it inspired a video game.
  4. ↑ Acland, James. "Protest 2: a brain factory." Canadian Architect. v.19, n.8. Don Mill, Ont.: Hugh C. Maclean Publications, Ltd. 1974: 36-39
  5. 1 2 3 McClelland, Michael; Stewart, Graeme; E.R.A. Architects (2007). Concrete Toronto: A Guidebook to Concrete Architecture from the Fifties to the Seventies. Coach House Books. pp. 34, 164, 173. ISBN 978-1-55245-193-9.
  6. ↑ Leighton, Philip D.; Weber, David C. (2000). Planning Academic and Research Library Buildings. ALA Editions. pp. 20, 138. ISBN 0-8389-0747-4.
  7. ↑ "Robarts Expansion to Begin This Spring | By Sharon Aschaiek | Winter 2016 | University of Toronto Magazine". magazine.utoronto.ca. Retrieved 2016-01-15.
  8. ↑ "U of T celebrates official opening of Robarts Common". U of T News. University of Toronto. 2022-09-13. Retrieved 2023-11-06.
  9. ↑ Gretton, Robert. "John P. Robarts Research Library, University of Toronto." Canadian Architect. v.19, n.8. Don Mills, Ont.: Hugh C. Maclean Publications, Ltd. 1974: 28-33
  10. ↑ Friedland, Martin L. (2013). The University of Toronto: A History, Second Edition. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. pp. 537, 538. ISBN 9781442615366.
  11. ↑ "Members of the public". onesearch.library.utoronto.ca. 26 November 2014. Retrieved 2022-10-23.
  12. ↑ "About the East Asian Library | Cheng Yu Tung East Asian Library". east.library.utoronto.ca. Retrieved 2019-08-27.
  13. ↑ "Richard Charles Lee Canada-Hong Kong Library | 利銘澤典宬". hongkong.library.utoronto.ca. Retrieved 2019-08-27.
  14. ↑ "New Acquisitions | Petro Jacyk Central & East European Resource Centre". pjrc.library.utoronto.ca. Retrieved 2019-08-27.
  15. ↑ Calamai, Peter (2007-05-16). "Archivists embrace digital page". Toronto Star. Retrieved 2008-07-02.
  16. ↑ Austin, Daniel (December 8, 2009). "Explosions for 'Resident Evil' shoot rock south Riverdale". Global National. Archived from the original on April 3, 2012. Retrieved October 11, 2011.
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