Robert Gates
Official portrait, 2006
22nd United States Secretary of Defense
In office
December 18, 2006 – June 30, 2011
PresidentGeorge W. Bush
Barack Obama
DeputyGordon R. England
William J. Lynn III
Preceded byDonald Rumsfeld
Succeeded byLeon Panetta
24th Chancellor of the College of William & Mary
Assumed office
February 3, 2012
PresidentW. Taylor Reveley III
Katherine Rowe
Preceded bySandra Day O'Connor
22nd President of Texas A&M University
In office
August 1, 2002 – December 16, 2006
Preceded byRay M. Bowen
Succeeded byEd J. Davis (Interim)
15th Director of Central Intelligence
In office
November 6, 1991 – January 20, 1993
PresidentGeorge H. W. Bush
DeputyRichard James Kerr
William O. Studeman
Preceded byWilliam H. Webster
Succeeded byR. James Woolsey Jr.
Acting
December 18, 1986 – May 26, 1987
PresidentRonald Reagan
Preceded byWilliam J. Casey
Succeeded byWilliam H. Webster
17th United States Deputy National Security Advisor
In office
March 20, 1989 – November 6, 1991
PresidentGeorge H. W. Bush
Preceded byJohn Negroponte
Succeeded byJonathan Howe
16th Deputy Director of Central Intelligence
In office
April 18, 1986 – March 20, 1989
PresidentRonald Reagan
George H. W. Bush
Preceded byJohn N. McMahon
Succeeded byRichard James Kerr
36th National President of the Boy Scouts of America
In office
2014–2016
Preceded byWayne M. Perry
Succeeded byRandall Stephenson
Personal details
Born
Robert Michael Gates

(1943-09-25) September 25, 1943
Wichita, Kansas, U.S.
Political partyRepublican[1]
Spouse
Becky Wilkie
​
(m. 1967)​
Children2
EducationCollege of William & Mary (BA)
Indiana University Bloomington (MA)
Georgetown University (PhD)
Signature
Military service
Branch/serviceUnited States Air Force
Years of service1967–1969 (Air Force)
Rank1st Lieutenant

Robert Michael Gates (born September 25, 1943) is an American intelligence analyst and university president who served as the 22nd United States secretary of defense from 2006 to 2011. He was appointed by President George W. Bush and was retained by President Barack Obama. Gates began his career serving as an officer in the United States Air Force but was quickly recruited by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA).[2] Gates served for twenty-six years in the CIA and at the National Security Council, and was director of central intelligence under President George H. W. Bush from 1991 to 1993. After leaving the CIA, Gates became president of Texas A&M University and was a member of several corporate boards. Gates served as a member of the Iraq Study Group, the bipartisan commission co-chaired by James A. Baker III and Lee H. Hamilton that studied the lessons of the Iraq War.

Gates was nominated by Republican president George W. Bush as secretary of defense in 2006, replacing Donald Rumsfeld.[3] He was confirmed with bipartisan support.[4] In 2007, Time named Gates one of the year's most influential people.[4] In 2008, Gates was named one of America's Best Leaders by U.S. News & World Report.[5] He continued to serve as secretary of defense in President Barack Obama's administration[6] and retired in 2011. "He'll be remembered for making us aware of the danger of over-reliance on military intervention as an instrument of American foreign policy," said former senator David L. Boren.[7] Gates was presented the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the nation's highest civilian award, by President Obama during his retirement ceremony.[8]

Since leaving the Obama administration, Gates was elected president of the Boy Scouts of America, served as Chancellor of the College of William & Mary, and served as a member on several corporate boards. In 2012, Gates was elected as a fellow of the National Academy of Public Administration.[9]

Early life and education

Gates was born in Wichita, Kansas, the son of Isabel V. (née Goss) and Melville A. "Mel" Gates.[10] Gates attained the rank of Eagle Scout in the Boy Scouts of America (BSA) and received the Distinguished Eagle Scout Award and Silver Buffalo Award[11] from the BSA as an adult.[12][13] He graduated from Wichita High School East in 1961.[14] Gates is also a Vigil Honor member within the Order of the Arrow, BSA's National Honor Society. He was selected as the 2017 BSA National Alumnus of the Year.[15]

Gates then received a scholarship to attend the College of William & Mary, graduating in 1965 with a B.A. in history. At William & Mary, Gates was an active member and president of the Alpha Phi Omega (national service fraternity) chapter and the Young Republicans; he was also the business manager for the William and Mary Review, a literary and art magazine.[16] At his William & Mary graduation ceremony, Gates received the Algernon Sydney Sullivan Award naming him the graduate who "has made the greatest contribution to his fellow man".[16]

Gates then received an M.A. in history from Indiana University Bloomington in 1966. He completed his PhD in Russian and Soviet history at Georgetown University in 1974. The title of his Georgetown doctoral dissertation is Soviet Sinology: An Untapped Source for Kremlin Views and Disputes Relating to Contemporary Events in China[17] and is available from University Microfilms International as document number 7421652. He received an Honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters from William & Mary (1998), the University of Oklahoma (2011),[18][19] Georgetown University (2014)[20] and an honorary doctorate award from Kansas State University (2012).

He married Rebecca "Becky" Gates (née Wilkie) on January 7, 1967, and they have two children.[21][22]

Intelligence career

Positions

While at Indiana University, Gates was recruited by the Central Intelligence Agency and joined in 1966.[23] On January 4, 1967, he was commissioned as a Second Lieutenant in the United States Air Force after attending Officer Training School under CIA sponsorship.[21][23] From 1967 to 1969, he was assigned to the Strategic Air Command as an intelligence officer, which included a year at Whiteman Air Force Base in Missouri, where he delivered intelligence briefings to Intercontinental Ballistic Missile crews.[24] After fulfilling his military obligation, he rejoined the CIA as an intelligence analyst.[25]

Gates left the CIA in 1974 to serve on the staff of the National Security Council. He returned to the CIA in late 1979, serving briefly as the director of the Strategic Evaluation Center, Office of Strategic Research. He was named the Director of the DCI/DDCI Executive Staff in 1981, Deputy Director for Intelligence in 1982, and Deputy Director of Central Intelligence from April 18, 1986, to March 20, 1989.

Director of Central Intelligence

Gates while Director of Central Intelligence

Gates was Deputy Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs from March until August 1989, and was Assistant to the President and Deputy National Security Adviser from August 1989 until November 1991.

Gates was nominated to become the Director of Central Intelligence (head of the CIA) in early 1987. He withdrew his name after it became clear the Senate would reject the nomination due to controversy about his role in the Iran-Contra Affair.[26]

Gates was nominated, for the second time, for the position of Director of Central Intelligence by President George H. W. Bush on May 14, 1991, confirmed by the Senate on November 5, and sworn in on November 6.[27]

During a Senate committee hearing on his nomination, former division chief Melvin Goodman testified that the agency was the most corrupt and slanted during the tenure of William Casey with Gates serving as deputy. According to Goodman, Gates was part of an agency leadership that proliferated false information and ignored 'reality'. National Intelligence Council chairman Harold P. Ford testified that during his tenure, Gates had transgressed professional boundaries.[28]

Deputy directors during his tenure were Richard J. Kerr (from November 6, 1991, until March 2, 1992) and Adm. William O. Studeman (from April 9, 1992, through the remainder of Gates' tenure). He served until 1993.

Level of involvement in the Iran–Contra scandal

Because of his senior status in the CIA, Gates was close to many figures who played significant roles in the Iran–Contra Affair and was in a position to have known of their activities. In 1984, as deputy director of CIA, Gates advocated that the U.S. initiate a bombing campaign against Nicaragua and that the U.S. do everything in its power short of direct military invasion of the country to remove the Sandinista government.[29]

Gates was an early subject of Independent Counsel's investigation, but the investigation of Gates intensified in the spring of 1991 as part of a larger inquiry into the Iran–Contra activities of CIA officials. This investigation received an additional impetus in May 1991, when President George H. W. Bush nominated Gates to be Director of Central Intelligence (DCI). The chairman and vice chairman of the United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence (SSCI) requested, in a letter to the Independent Counsel on May 15, 1991, any information that would "significantly bear on the fitness" of Gates for the CIA post.

Gates consistently testified that he first heard on October 1, 1986, from Charles E. Allen, the national intelligence officer who was closest to the Iran initiative, that proceeds from the Iran arms sales may have been diverted to support the Contras. Other evidence proves, however, that Gates received a report on the diversion during the summer of 1986 from DDI Richard Kerr.[30] The issue was whether the Independent Counsel could prove beyond a reasonable doubt that Gates was deliberately not telling the truth when he later claimed not to have remembered any reference to the diversion before meeting with Allen in October.

President George H. W. Bush meets with Robert Gates, General Colin Powell, Secretary Dick Cheney and others about the situation in the Persian Gulf and Operation Desert Shield, January 15, 1991

Grand jury secrecy rules hampered Independent Counsel's response. Nevertheless, in order to answer questions about Gates' prior testimony, Independent Counsel accelerated his investigation of Gates in the summer of 1991. This investigation was substantially completed by September 3, 1991, at which time Independent Counsel determined that Gates' Iran–Contra activities and testimony did not warrant prosecution.

Independent Counsel made this decision subject to developments that could have warranted reopening his inquiry, including testimony by Clair E. George, the CIA's former deputy director for operations. At the time Independent Counsel reached this decision, the possibility remained that George could have provided information warranting reconsideration of Gates' status in the investigation. George refused to cooperate with Independent Counsel and was indicted on September 19, 1991. George subpoenaed Gates to testify as a defense witness at George's first trial in the summer of 1994, but Gates was never called.

The final report of the Independent Counsel for Iran–Contra Scandal, issued on August 4, 1993, said that Gates "was close to many figures who played significant roles in the Iran/contra affair and was in a position to have known of their activities. The evidence developed by Independent Counsel did not warrant indictment ..."[31]

Career after leaving the CIA

1993–1999

After retiring from the CIA in 1993, Gates worked as an academic and lecturer. He evaluated student theses for the International Studies Program of the University of Washington. He lectured at Harvard, Yale, Johns Hopkins, Vanderbilt, Georgetown, Indiana, Louisiana State, Oklahoma, and the College of William & Mary. Gates served as a member of the Board of Visitors of the University of Oklahoma International Programs Center and a trustee of the endowment fund for the College of William & Mary, his alma mater, which in 1998 conferred upon him honorary degree of Doctor of Humane Letters.[32] In 1996, Gates' autobiography, From the Shadows: The Ultimate Insider's Story of Five Presidents and How They Won the Cold War, was published. Gates has also written numerous articles on government and foreign policy and has been a frequent contributor to the op-ed page of The New York Times.[33]

Texas A&M

Gates at Texas A&M

Gates was the interim Dean of the Bush School of Government and Public Service at Texas A&M University from 1999 to 2001. On August 1, 2002, he became the 22nd president of Texas A&M. As the university president, Gates made progress in four key areas of the university's "Vision 2020" plan, a plan to become one of the top 10 public universities by 2020. The four key areas include improving student diversity, increasing the size of the faculty, building new academic facilities, and enriching the undergraduate and graduate education experience.[34] During his tenure, Gates encouraged the addition of 440 new faculty positions and a $300 million campus construction program, and saw increases in minority enrollment. On February 2, 2007, Gates was conferred the title of president emeritus by unanimous vote of the Texas A&M University System Board of Regents. Gates and his wife Becky received honorary doctoral degrees from Texas A&M on August 10, 2007.[35]

Gates left the presidency of Texas A&M University on December 16, 2006,[36] and was sworn in two days later as Secretary of Defense. He returned on April 21, 2009, as the speaker for the annual Aggie Muster ceremony. He is one of only 6 speakers not to be a graduate of Texas A&M University since Dwight D. Eisenhower spoke in 1946.[37] In his affiliation with A&M, Gates has served on the National Security Higher Education Advisory Board.[38]

Corporate boards

Gates has been a member of the board of trustees of Fidelity Investments, and on the board of directors of NACCO Industries, Inc., Brinker International, Inc., Parker Drilling Company, Science Applications International Corporation, and VoteHere, a technology company which sought to provide cryptography and computer software security for the electronic election industry.[39] Following his nomination, a White House spokeswoman said that Gates planned to sell all the stock he owns in individual companies and sever all ties with them if confirmed by the Senate.[40]

Public service

Gates is a former president of the National Eagle Scout Association.[41]

In January 2004, Gates co-chaired a Council on Foreign Relations task force on U.S. relations towards Iran. Among the task force's primary recommendation was to directly engage Iran on a diplomatic level regarding Iranian nuclear technology. Key points included a negotiated position that would allow Iran to develop its nuclear program in exchange for a commitment from Iran to use the program only for peaceful means.[42]

At the time of his nomination by President George W. Bush to the position of Secretary of Defense, Gates was also a member of the Iraq Study Group, also called the Baker Commission, which was expected to issue its report in November 2006, following the mid-term election on November 7. He was replaced by former Secretary of State Lawrence Eagleburger.

Declined appointment as Director of National Intelligence

In February 2005, Gates wrote in a message posted on his school's website that "there seems to be a growing number of rumors in the media and around campus that I am leaving Texas A&M to become the new director of national intelligence in Washington, D.C." The message said that "To put the rumors to rest, I was indeed asked to take the position, wrestled with perhaps the most difficult—and close—decision of my life, and last week declined the position."[43]

Gates committed to remain as president of Texas A&M University and President George W. Bush offered the position of United States Director of National Intelligence (DNI) to John Negroponte, who accepted.[44]

Gates said in a 2005 discussion with the university's Academy for Future International Leaders that he had tentatively decided to accept the DNI position out of a sense of duty and had written an email that would be sent to students during the press conference to announce his decision, explaining that he was leaving to serve the U.S. once again. Gates, however, took the weekend to consider what his final decision should be, and ultimately decided that he was unwilling to return to Washington, D.C., in any capacity, simply because he "had nothing to look forward to in D.C. and plenty to look forward to at A&M".[45]

Secretary of Defense

Gates boards a UH-60 Blackhawk, Camp Monteith, Kosovo

Bush Administration

Gates being sworn in as Defense Secretary on December 18, 2006

On November 8, 2006, after the 2006 midterm election, President George W. Bush announced his intent to nominate Gates to succeed the resigning Donald Rumsfeld as U.S. Secretary of Defense.[46][47]

Gates was unanimously confirmed by the United States Senate Armed Services Committee on December 5, 2006. During his confirmation hearing on December 5, 2006, Gates replied to a question that, in his opinion, the United States was neither winning nor losing the war in Iraq.[48] The next day, Gates was confirmed by the full Senate by a margin of 95–2, with Republican Senators Rick Santorum and Jim Bunning casting the two dissenting votes and senators Elizabeth Dole, Evan Bayh, and Joe Biden not voting.[49] On December 18, 2006, Gates was sworn in as Secretary of Defense by White House Chief of Staff Josh Bolten at a private White House ceremony and then by Vice President Dick Cheney at the Pentagon.[50]

Gates with Japan Minister of Defense Shigeru Ishiba at Japan in November 2007

Under the Bush administration, Gates directed the war in Iraq's troop surge, a marked change in tactics from his predecessor.[51] With violence on the decline in Iraq, in 2008, Gates also began the troop withdrawal of Iraq, a policy continued into the Obama administration.

Gates, Vice President Joe Biden, Admiral Mike Mullen and General Jim Mattis in Baghdad, Iraq

Walter Reed Medical Center scandal

Several months after his appointment, The Washington Post published a series of articles beginning February 18, 2007, that brought to the spotlight the Walter Reed Army Medical Center neglect scandal.[52] As a result of the fallout from the incident, Gates announced the removal of Secretary of the Army Francis J. Harvey, and later, he approved the removal of Army Surgeon General Kevin C. Kiley.[53]

Controversy over Joint Chiefs

On June 8, 2007, Gates announced that he would not recommend the renomination of Peter Pace, the Chairman of Joint Chiefs of Staff, due to anticipated difficulties with the confirmation process. Instead, Gates recommended Mike Mullen, the Chief of Naval Operations at the time, to fill the position. Gates stated: "I am no stranger to contentious confirmations, and I do not shrink from them. However, I have decided that at this moment in our history, the nation, our men and women in uniform, and General Pace himself would not be well-served by a divisive ordeal in selecting the next chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff." Gates referred to Pace as a friend and praised his service as a Marine.[54]

Misshipments of nuclear weapons

On June 5, 2008, in response to the findings on Air Force misshipments of nuclear weapons and nuclear weapons components, Gates announced the resignations of Secretary of the Air Force Michael Wynne and Air Force Chief of Staff Michael Moseley.[55] Gates would later write that the USAF was "one of my biggest headaches" during his time in the office.[56]

Obama Administration

Gates with Israeli Minister of Defense Ehud Barak at the Pentagon in 2009

On December 1, 2008, President-elect Obama announced that Robert Gates would remain in his position as Secretary of Defense during his administration,[6] reportedly for at least the first year of Obama's presidency.[57] Gates was the fourteenth Cabinet member in history to serve under two presidents of different parties, and the first to do so as Secretary of Defense. One of the first priorities under President Barack Obama's administration for Gates was a review of U.S. policy and strategy in Afghanistan.[58] Gates, sixth in the presidential line of succession, was selected as designated survivor during Obama's inauguration.[59] On March 1, 2009, he told David Gregory on Meet the Press that he would not commit to how long he would serve as Secretary of Defense but implied that he would not serve the entire first term.[60]

Former Committee chairman Robert Byrd (D-West Virginia, far right) shakes hands with Secretary of Defense Robert Gates, while Sens. Patrick Leahy (D-Vermont, center right) and Tom Harkin (D-Iowa) look on. The hearing was held to discuss further funding for the War in Iraq.

While Gates continued the troop withdrawals in Iraq, which already had begun in the Bush administration, he also implemented a rapid, limited surge of troops in Afghanistan in 2009.[61] Robert Gates removed General David D. McKiernan from command in Afghanistan on May 6, 2009[62][63] and replaced him with General Stanley A. McChrystal. The Washington Post called it "a rare decision to remove a wartime commander". The Washington Post described the replacement as one of several replacements of generals who represented the "traditional Army" with generals "who have pressed for the use of counter-insurgency tactics".[62]

Gates is greeted by Indonesian military members after arriving in Jakarta, Indonesia on July 22, 2010.

In December 2009, Gates visited Afghanistan following President Barack Obama's announcement of the deployment of 30,000 additional personnel against the Taliban insurgency.[64]

Gates with Afghan president Hamid Karzai in March 2011

Time magazine notes that Gates and U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton have "forged a formidable partnership", speaking frequently, "comparing notes before they go to the White House", meeting with each other weekly and having lunch once a month at either the Pentagon or the State Department.[65]

In a March 2010 speech to a NATO conference in Washington, Secretary Gates said that "The demilitarization of Europe—where large swaths of the general public and political class are averse to military force and the risks that go with it—has gone from a blessing in the 20th century to an impediment to achieving real security and lasting peace in the 21st".[66]

Defense Secretary Robert M. Gates walks with Indian Defense Minister A. K. Antony, at the Ministry of Defense in New Delhi, India, February 27, 2008. Gates also met with the Indian Prime Minister during his trip to the region.

Gates announced in February 2010 that the department would lift its ban on women serving on submarines.[67] Gates also prepared the armed forces for the repeal of the don't ask, don't tell policy. Since the repeal in 2010, homosexuals are able to serve in the military openly.[68] In service of that goal, he announced in late March 2010 the approval of new regulations that would make it more difficult to kick gays out of the military. Gates called the guideline changes, which went into effect immediately, a matter of "common sense and common decency" that would be "an important improvement" allowing the Pentagon to apply current law in "a fairer and more appropriate" manner. The Pentagon's legal counsel, Jeh Johnson, said the new regulations are by no means a moratorium on the current law and stressed that cases would move forward under the new standards.[69]

In August 2010, speaking to Foreign Policy magazine Secretary Gates said that he would remain as Secretary of Defense until 2011 and then retire. "I think that it would be a mistake to wait until January 2012," he said. "This is not the kind of job you want to fill in the spring of an election year."[70][71]

In March 2011, Gates directed the role of the United States armed forces in the 2011 military intervention in Libya. While aboard a military aircraft on March 20, 2011, Gates told the press that "military forces are just one way to bring stability to Libya".[72]

Gates sitting with Obama, Biden, and the U.S. national security team gathered in the Situation Room to monitor the progress of Operation Neptune Spear

Gates was photographed in the White House Situation Room photograph taken on May 1, 2011, by Pete Souza during the raid that killed Al-Qaeda terrorist organization leader Osama bin Laden.[73]

Gates officially retired as Secretary of Defense on July 1, 2011, and was presented the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the nation's highest civilian award, by President Obama during his retirement ceremony.[8]

Fiscal restraint

Gates' tenure with the Obama administration included a huge shift in military spending. In April 2009, Gates proposed a large shift in budget priorities in the U.S. Department of Defense 2010 budget. The budget cuts included many programs geared toward conventional warfare, such as the end of new orders of the F-22 Raptor, and further development of Future Combat Systems manned vehicles. However, these cuts were counterbalanced by increases in funding for programs like the special forces.[74] Gates called this the "nation's first truly 21st century defense budget".[75] In late April 2010, he suggested the Navy cease funding development of a new multibillion-dollar ballistic missile submarine program on the grounds of cost and relevancy.[76] He suggested the hundreds of billions of dollars would be better spent on a new generation of vessels tailored to the threats and tactics more likely to be faced, noting, "Mark my words, the Navy and Marine Corps must be willing to re-examine and question basic assumptions in light of evolving technologies, new threats and budget realities."[77] In a speech made on May 8, 2010, Gates stated that he would make politically unpopular cuts to the Pentagon bureaucracy in his future budgets.[78][79]

The attacks of Sept. 11, 2001, opened a gusher of defense spending that nearly doubled the base budget over the last decade ... Military spending on things large and small can and should expect closer, harsher scrutiny. The gusher has been turned off, and will stay off for a good period of time.[78][79]

Gates speaks to Navy SEAL trainees, NAB Coronado, California, 2010

It was announced in August 2010 that Gates was trying to find $100 billion in Defense savings through to 2015, in order to instill a "culture of savings and restraint" in the military. Secretary Gates said that "It is important that we do not repeat the mistakes of the past, where tough economic times or the winding down of a military campaign leads to steep and unwise reductions in defense". Gates said "As a matter of principle and political reality, the Department of Defense cannot expect America's elected representatives to approve budget increases each year unless we are doing a good job, indeed everything possible, to make every dollar count".[80] These cuts included the closing of the Joint Forces Command, the redundancy of fifty general and admirals, and the removal of 150 senior civilian positions.

NATO comments

On January 16, 2008, Gates was quoted in the Los Angeles Times as saying NATO forces in southern Afghanistan do not know how to properly combat a guerrilla insurgency and that could be contributing to rising violence in the country.[81] The Netherlands[82] and United Kingdom[83] protested.

In a June 10, 2011, speech in Brussels,[84] before NATO, Gates again stated that other NATO members must do more as the United States tackles its budget deficit. He said bluntly that[85]

In the past, I've worried openly about NATO turning into a two-tiered alliance: Between members who specialize in "soft" humanitarian, development, peacekeeping and talking tasks, and those conducting the "hard" combat missions. Between those willing and able to pay the price and bear the burdens of alliance commitments, and those who enjoy the benefits of NATO membership—be they security guarantees or headquarters billets—but don't want to share the risks and the costs. This is no longer a hypothetical worry. We are there today. And it is unacceptable. The blunt reality is that there will be dwindling appetite and patience in the U.S. Congress—and in the American body politic writ large—to expend increasingly precious funds on behalf of nations that are apparently unwilling to devote the necessary resources or make the necessary changes to be serious and capable partners in their own defense. Nations apparently willing and eager for American taxpayers to assume the growing security burden left by reductions in European defense budgets. Indeed, if current trends in the decline of European defense capabilities are not halted and reversed, future U.S. political leaders—those for whom the Cold War was not the formative experience that it was for me—may not consider the return on America's investment in NATO worth the cost.

College chancellor (2011-2025)

Secretary of Defense Chuck Hagel speaks with Robert Gates and Leon Panetta, November 2013
Gates at the LBJ Library in 2016

On September 6, 2011, it was announced that Gates had accepted the position of chancellor at the College of William & Mary, succeeding Sandra Day O'Connor for a seven-year term.[86] He took the office of the chancellor on February 3, 2012.[87]

In September 2018, Gates was re-appointed to serve a second seven-year term as chancellor at the College of William & Mary.[88]

Extracurricular activities

Gates is a Principal, along with Condoleezza Rice, Stephen Hadley and Anja Manuel, in RiceHadleyGates LLC, a strategic consulting firm.[89]

Gates also serves as an honorary director on the board of directors at the Atlantic Council.[90]

On May 2, 2012, Starbucks Corporation announced that Gates had been elected to the Starbucks board of directors. He will serve on the board's nominating and corporate governance committee.[91]

On October 30, 2013, the Boy Scouts of America announced that Gates had been elected to the National executive board. While on this board, he will serve as the national president-elect. In May 2014, he began a two-year-long term as the BSA national president. Randall Stephenson, chairman and chief executive officer of AT&T Inc. serves under Gates as the president-elect. Gates has succeeded Wayne Perry as the national president.[92] On May 21, 2015, Gates stated that the "status quo [ban on gay adult leaders] in [the BSA] movement's membership standards cannot be sustained" and that he would no longer seek to revoke the charters of scout units that accept gay adult leaders.[93]

In the wake of the annexation of Crimea in March 2014, Gates wrote an op-ed piece on Vladimir Putin, Russian expansionism, the nascent sanctions regime, the US military budget, and the need for bold leadership.[94]

Gates, along with former Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice and other Republican former foreign policy officials, recommended to incoming president Donald Trump that Exxon CEO Rex Tillerson be considered for the Trump Administration as Secretary of State.[95][96]

Gates, along with all other living former secretaries of defense, ten in total, published a Washington Post op-ed piece 3 January 2021 telling President Trump not to involve the military in determining the outcome of the 2020 elections.[97] Three days later the Capitol was attacked.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, Gates participated as a member of the National Advisory Council for the COVID Collaborative.[98]

Memoirs

In his memoir, Duty: Memoirs of a Secretary at War, Gates alternately criticized and praised Obama's military leadership, writing, "I never doubted [his] support for the troops, only his support for their mission [in Afghanistan]", and "I was very proud to work for a president who had made one of the most courageous decisions I had ever witnessed in the White House" by authorizing the 2011 raid that killed Osama bin Laden.[99][100]

Criticism

Gates responds to a question during the Senate Armed Services Committee hearing on December 5, 2006

As deputy director and director of America's leading intelligence agency for many years, Gates and his CIA staff have been faulted for failing to accurately gauge the decline and disintegration of the Soviet Union. More particularly, Gates has been criticized for allegedly concocting evidence to show that the Soviet Union was stronger than it actually was.[101] George Shultz said that, while Secretary of State from 1982 to 1989, he felt the CIA under Gates was trying to "manipulate" him, that the agency was "a big powerful machine not under good control. I distrust what comes out of it."[102] Shultz personally convinced Reagan that the U.S. should soften its stance towards the USSR after Gorbachev came to power in 1985; Shultz told Gates at the time that his CIA was "usually wrong" about the Soviet Union, having dismissed Gorbachev's policies as "just another Soviet attempt to deceive us."[103] In 1991, Stansfield Turner, former Director of Central Intelligence, described the "enormity of this failure to forecast the magnitude of the Soviet crisis. ... I never heard a suggestion from the CIA ... that numerous Soviets recognized a growing systemic economic problem."[104] Turner said this failure was a consequence of deliberate distortion by those in the upper echelon of the CIA who were helping to sell the Reagan administration's defense buildup, a view backed by former CIA analyst Melvin Goodman at Gates' 1991 confirmation hearings: "[William] Casey seized on every opportunity to exaggerate the Soviet threat ... [while] Gates' role in this activity was to corrupt the process and the ethics of intelligence."[105] Reviewing the third installment of Gates' memoirs in 2016, Goodman said, "In my 24 years at the CIA, there was never the kind of toxic atmosphere that existed when Gates served as deputy director for intelligence, deputy director of CIA, and finally director of CIA."[106] Also, according to Newsweek, Gates, as deputy director of CIA, allegedly vouched for the comprehensiveness of a CIA study presented to the Senate and President Reagan alleging that the Soviet Union played a role in the 1981 shooting of Pope John Paul II. A CIA internal review later denounced the report as being skewed,[101] but that Gates did not try to influence the report's conclusions.[107]

Shortly after his retirement from his tenure as Defense Secretary in summer 2011, during a meeting of the National Security Council Principals Committee, Gates highlighted many of the measures taken by the U.S. to advance Israel's security during the Obama Administration, including providing access to state of the art weaponry, assisting with the development of missile-defense systems, and sharing high-level intelligence, before expressing his view that the U.S. has received nothing in return from the Israeli government with regards to the peace process. According to senior U.S. administration sources, other officials present offered no rebuttal to Gates' analysis. This was not the first time Gates publicly expressed frustration with the Netanyahu government, with which he had worked hard to provide wide-scale and deep military cooperation.[108] The Likud party of Israel responded to Gates' description of Benjamin Netanyahu as a danger to Israel's future by claiming that most Israelis support the prime minister.[109]

Publications

Articles

Awards and decorations

Gates' awards and decorations include:

Government awards
Other awards

References

Citations

  1. ↑ "Gates: Military looks to accelerate Iraq pullout". NBC News. Associated Press. December 1, 2008. Archived from the original on December 16, 2013. Retrieved May 5, 2009. Gates also cleared up confusion about his political affiliation. During his tenure at the CIA, he said, he thought he should be apolitical so he did not register with a political party. But, he added, "I consider myself a Republican."
  2. ↑ Gates, Robert (1996). From The Shadows (2006 Paperback ed.). Simon & Schuster. pp. 20–21.
  3. ↑ "Robert M. Gates – George W. Bush / Barack Obama Administration". Office of the Secretary of Defense – Historical Office. Archived from the original on February 7, 2017. Retrieved February 7, 2017.
  4. 1 2 Brzezinski, Zbigniew (2007). "Robert Gates". Time. Archived from the original on May 5, 2008.
  5. ↑ "America's Best Leaders: Robert Gates, U.S. Secretary of Defense". Archived from the original on December 20, 2008. Retrieved November 25, 2008.
  6. 1 2 "Key members of Obama-Biden national security team announced". change.gov (Press release). December 1, 2008. Archived from the original on December 1, 2008. Retrieved December 1, 2008.
  7. ↑ "Looking Back, Gates Says He's Grown Wary of 'Wars of Choice'". The New York Times. June 18, 2011. Archived from the original on February 2, 2017. Retrieved February 18, 2017.
  8. 1 2 "Obama Awards Gates Presidential Medal of Freedom". American Forces Press Service via Defense.gov. June 30, 2011. Archived from the original on December 21, 2011. Retrieved June 30, 2011.
  9. ↑ Incorporated, Prime. "National Academy of Public Administration". National Academy of Public Administration. Retrieved February 10, 2023.
  10. ↑ "robert gates". ancestry.com. Archived from the original on August 8, 2013. Retrieved February 20, 2012.
  11. ↑ "Scouting magazine: List of Silver Buffalo recipients". ScoutingMagazine.org. August 30, 2016. Archived from the original on July 9, 2019. Retrieved May 31, 2019.
  12. ↑ "Distinguished Eagle Scouts" (PDF). Scouting.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 8, 2013. Retrieved November 4, 2010.
  13. ↑ Townley, Alvin (2007). Legacy of Honor: The Values and Influence of America's Eagle Scouts. New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 217–218. ISBN 978-0-312-36653-7. Archived from the original on December 19, 2006. Retrieved December 29, 2006.
  14. ↑ Shane, Scott (November 19, 2006). "Pentagon Pick Returns to City He Gladly Left". The New York Times. p. 1. Archived from the original on May 15, 2013. Retrieved September 25, 2006.
  15. ↑ Wendell, Bryan (February 16, 2018). "BSA names its National Alumnus of the Year for 2018". Bryan on Scouting. Archived from the original on May 31, 2019. Retrieved May 31, 2019.
  16. 1 2 Whitson, Brian (December 8, 2006). "Senate confirms Gates ('65) as U.S. Secretary of Defense". W&M News. College of William & Mary Office of University Relations. Front. Archived from the original on November 27, 2006. Retrieved November 9, 2006.
  17. ↑ Soviet Sinology: An Untapped Source for Kremlin Views and Disputes Relating to Contemporary Events in China. Archived from the original on January 8, 2016. Retrieved March 6, 2016 – via Google Scholar. University Microfilms International document number 7421652 Archived January 24, 2023, at the Wayback Machine
  18. ↑ Straszheim, Deborah (February 6, 1998). "W&m Charter Day To Honor Gilmore". Daily Press. Archived from the original on May 14, 2013. Retrieved February 11, 2013.
  19. ↑ "Five Outstanding Individuals to Receive Honorary Degrees at OU Commencement". Public Affairs, University of Oklahoma. Archived from the original on December 30, 2013. Retrieved February 11, 2013.
  20. ↑ "Georgetown Announces Speakers for 2014 Commencement". Georgetown University. May 1, 2014. Archived from the original on May 2, 2014. Retrieved May 1, 2014.
  21. 1 2 Gates, Robert (April 21, 2008). "Secretary Gates Remarks at Maxwell-Gunter Air Force Base, Montgomery Alabama" (transcript). DefenseLink News. US Department of Defense. Archived from the original on December 11, 2008. Retrieved December 23, 2008.
  22. ↑ "Becky Gates". Archived from the original on October 18, 2021. Retrieved October 18, 2021.
  23. 1 2 "DefenseLink Biography: Robert M. Gates". U.S. Dept. of Defense. July 2007. Archived from the original on November 30, 2009. Retrieved April 21, 2008.
  24. ↑ Powers, Thomas (June 20, 1996). "Who Won the Cold War?". New York Review of Books. Vol. 43, no. 11. Archived from the original on September 13, 2005.
  25. ↑ "AllGov – Officials". allgov.com. Archived from the original on January 18, 2012. Retrieved December 29, 2011.
  26. ↑ "Gates to Withdraw as CIA Nominee". The Washington Post. March 2, 1987. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on September 4, 2018. Retrieved September 4, 2018.
  27. ↑ "Robert Gates Fast Facts". CNN. Archived from the original on September 4, 2018. Retrieved September 4, 2018.
  28. ↑ "Ex-Aide Calls CIA Under Casey and Gates Corrupt and Slanted" Archived March 5, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, Paul Horvitz. The New York Times. October 2, 1991. Retrieved June 8, 2011
  29. ↑ "Los Angeles Times, November 25, 2006, free archived version at commondreams.org, lase visited November 26, 2006". Archived from the original on June 22, 2007.
  30. ↑ Walsh, Lawrence E. (August 4, 1993). "Chapter 16: Robert M. Gates". Final Report of the Independent Counsel for Iran/Contra Matters. Vol. I: Investigations and Prosecutions. Washington, D.C.: United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit / United States Government Printing Office. p. 223. ISBN 0160430097. OCLC 612998360. Retrieved April 11, 2023.
  31. ↑ Final Report of the Independent Counsel for Iran/Contra Matters; Volume I 1993.
  32. ↑ "Honorary degree recipients". wm.edu. Archived from the original on March 6, 2013. Retrieved April 23, 2014.
  33. ↑ Texas A&M press release Archived March 12, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, July 1999.
  34. ↑ Gates, Robert M. (2005). "Texas A&M Academic Convocation" (PDF). tamu.edu. Texas A&M University. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 23, 2006.
  35. ↑ "Aggies Wrap First Week of Fall Camp with Pair of Workouts" (Press release). Texas A&M University Athletic Department. August 11, 2007. Archived from the original on August 13, 2007. Retrieved August 15, 2007.
  36. ↑ "History of the Office". Texas A&M University. Archived from the original on May 8, 2014. Retrieved May 7, 2014.
  37. ↑ "Speaker". tamu.edu. Archived from the original on March 7, 2009.
  38. ↑ "FBI Director Appoints National Security Higher Education Advisory Board". FBI. Archived from the original on June 1, 2016. Retrieved July 28, 2016.
  39. ↑ Lewellen-Biddle, Mark (December 11, 2003). "Voting Machines Gone Wild!". In These Times. Archived from the original on November 24, 2006. Retrieved September 25, 2007.
  40. ↑ Theimer, Sharon (December 6, 2006). "Gates' Assets Include Defense Stock". The Washington Post. Associated Press. Archived from the original on June 4, 2011. Retrieved September 25, 2007.
  41. ↑ "NESA Mourns Loss of Eagles in Operation Iraqi Freedom". Boy Scouts of America. 2008. Archived from the original on August 28, 2008. Retrieved July 7, 2008.
  42. ↑ Iran: Time for a New Approach Archived December 3, 2006, at the Wayback Machine, final report of an independent task force, July 2004, Council of Foreign Relations Press
  43. ↑ "Gates Turns Down Bush Administration Position". KBTX.com. February 1, 2005. Archived from the original on January 18, 2014. Retrieved July 14, 2012.
  44. ↑ "Bush names Negroponte intelligence chief". CNN. February 18, 2005. Archived from the original on September 22, 2006. Retrieved November 8, 2006.
  45. ↑ Esterbrook, John (November 8, 2006). "A Closer Look at Robert Gates". CBS News. Archived from the original on May 30, 2009. Retrieved February 3, 2009.
  46. ↑ "Bush replaces Rumsfeld to get 'fresh perspective'". CNN. November 8, 2006. Archived from the original on June 1, 2008. Retrieved November 8, 2006.
  47. ↑ Sheryl Gay Stolberg and Jim Rutenberg (November 8, 2006). "Rumsfeld Resigns as Defense Secretary After Big Election Gains for Democrats". The New York Times. Archived from the original on July 15, 2016. Retrieved November 8, 2006.
  48. ↑ Garamone, Jim (December 6, 2006). "Senate Confirms Gates as 22nd Defense Secretary". American Forces Press Service. Archived from the original on December 14, 2006. Retrieved December 6, 2006.
  49. ↑ "Robert Gates confirmed as secretary of defense". NBC News. Associated Press. December 6, 2006. Archived from the original on July 2, 2015. Retrieved December 6, 2006.
  50. ↑ "New US defence secretary sworn in". BBC News. December 18, 2006. Archived from the original on January 21, 2007. Retrieved December 18, 2006.
  51. ↑ "Gates: Troop Surge Will Take Time to Judge". archive.defense.gov. June 16, 2007. Archived from the original on September 30, 2017. Retrieved July 4, 2020.
  52. ↑ "[Unknown title]". The Washington Post. February 21, 2007. Archived from the original on January 7, 2008. Retrieved September 4, 2019.
  53. ↑ "Army surgeon general ousted amid Walter Reed scandal". CNN. March 12, 2007. Archived from the original on October 8, 2008.
  54. ↑ "DoD News Briefing with Secretary Robert Gates from the Pentagon". U.S. Department of Defense. June 8, 2007. Archived from the original on July 14, 2015.
  55. ↑ "DoD News Briefing with Secretary Gates from the Pentagon". U.S. Department of Defense. June 5, 2008. Archived from the original on June 6, 2008. Retrieved June 5, 2008.
  56. ↑ "Gates Versus the Air Force". airforcemag.com. Air Force Association. February 5, 2014. Archived from the original on February 21, 2014. Retrieved February 6, 2014.
  57. ↑ "Gates Cabinet Appointment 'A Done Deal'". Political Radar. ABC News. November 25, 2008. Archived from the original (Blog) on January 27, 2009. Retrieved November 25, 2008.
  58. ↑ Fireman, Ken; Capaccio, Tony (December 2, 2008). "Gates Says Review of Afghanistan Policy Will Be 'High Priority'" (Article). Worldwide News. Bloomberg L.P. Archived from the original on January 24, 2023. Retrieved December 2, 2008.
  59. ↑ "Defense Secretary Gates to be 'designated successor' Tuesday". CNN. January 20, 2009. Archived from the original on March 25, 2021. Retrieved January 20, 2009.
  60. ↑ Rueb, Emily S. (March 2, 2009). "Gates Defends Iraq Withdrawal Plan". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 13, 2018. Retrieved March 27, 2010.
  61. ↑ "Gates against further surge of US troops in Afghanistan". The Times of India. May 4, 2009. Archived from the original on May 5, 2009. Retrieved June 12, 2009.
  62. 1 2 Scott Tyson, Ann (May 12, 2009). "Top U.S. Commander in Afghanistan Is Fired". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on February 4, 2011.
  63. ↑ Dreazen, Yochi J.; Spiegel, Peter (May 12, 2009). "U.S. Fires Afghan War Chief: Four-Star General Replaced by Counterinsurgency Expert as Campaign Stumbles". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on May 15, 2009.
  64. ↑ "Karzai Delays Naming Cabinet as Pentagon Chief Lands for Talks". bloomberg.com. Archived from the original on July 26, 2021. Retrieved March 11, 2017.
  65. ↑ Rubin, Elizabeth (February 3, 2010). "What Is Robert Gates Really Fighting For?". Time. Archived from the original on September 5, 2019. Retrieved September 4, 2019.
  66. ↑ Dempsey, Judy (March 3, 2010). "Shaping Policy by Playing Safe". The New York Times. Archived from the original on September 23, 2016. Retrieved February 18, 2017.
  67. ↑ "Women Allowed on Submarines". The New York Times. Associated Press. April 30, 2010. Archived from the original on June 13, 2018. Retrieved February 18, 2017.
  68. ↑ "Gates: Pentagon preparing repeal of 'don't ask, don't tell' policy". CNN. February 2, 2010. Archived from the original on April 13, 2010. Retrieved May 22, 2010.
  69. ↑ "Gates approves new regs on gays in military". The Hill. March 25, 2010. Archived from the original on March 27, 2010. Retrieved March 26, 2010.
  70. ↑ "The Transformer". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on October 19, 2014. Retrieved March 11, 2017.
  71. ↑ "Secretary of Defense Robert Gates to retire; says '2011 sounds pretty good'". Daily News. New York. August 16, 2010. Archived from the original on October 18, 2021. Retrieved October 18, 2021.
  72. ↑ Pellerin, Cheryl (March 20, 2011). "Gates: Military Effort in Libya One Part of Solution". archive.defense.gov. American Forces Press Service. Archived from the original on September 30, 2017. Retrieved July 5, 2020.
  73. ↑ Crawford, Jamie (May 1, 2012). "The bin Laden Situation Room revisited – One year later". CNN – Security Clearance. Archived from the original on March 12, 2017. Retrieved May 4, 2012.
  74. ↑ "Gates announces major Pentagon priority shifts - CNN". CNN. Archived from the original on April 17, 2009. Retrieved December 29, 2022.
  75. ↑ "United States Department of Defense". defenselink.mil. Archived from the original on July 20, 2009.
  76. ↑ "Gates confronts cost of new subs". Politico. April 29, 2010. Archived from the original on May 2, 2010. Retrieved April 30, 2010.
  77. ↑ "DailyTech – Officials Question the Need For Expensive U.S. Navy Ships". dailytech.com. Archived from the original on May 7, 2010. Retrieved May 6, 2010.
  78. 1 2 Shanker, Thom (May 8, 2010). "Gates Takes Aim at Pentagon Spending". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 9, 2010. Retrieved May 9, 2010.
  79. 1 2 Jaffe, Greg (May 9, 2010). "Gates: Cuts in Pentagon bureaucracy needed to help maintain military force". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on May 9, 2010. Retrieved May 9, 2010.
  80. ↑ "Gates announces major job cuts as Pentagon looks to cut spending". The Hill. August 9, 2010. Archived from the original on December 23, 2010. Retrieved August 16, 2010.
  81. ↑ Spiegel, Peter (January 16, 2008). "Gates says NATO force unable to fight guerrillas". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on February 6, 2008. Retrieved May 22, 2010.
  82. ↑ "U.S. envoy quizzed on Gates' remarks". Los Angeles Times. January 17, 2008. Archived from the original on October 18, 2021. Retrieved October 18, 2021.
  83. ↑ Evans, Michael (January 17, 2008). "Outrage as US accuses Britain of inexperience in Taleban conflict". The Times. London. Archived from the original on June 4, 2011. Retrieved March 27, 2010.
  84. ↑ "Speech View". defense.gov. Archived from the original on June 10, 2011. Retrieved June 12, 2011.
  85. ↑ Shanker, Thom (June 10, 2011). "Defense Secretary Warns NATO of 'Dim' Future". The New York Times. U.S. Archived from the original on June 13, 2011. Retrieved June 10, 2011.
  86. ↑ Ukman, Jason (September 6, 2011). "Gates takes chancellor's post at William and Mary". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on November 13, 2012.
  87. ↑ Karas, Rachel (February 3, 2012). "Gates becomes newest William and Mary chancellor". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on May 23, 2014.
  88. ↑ "Robert M. Gates to be reappointed as W&M Chancellor". wm.edu. Archived from the original on February 15, 2019. Retrieved February 14, 2019.
  89. ↑ "The RiceHadleyGates Team". Rice Hadley Gates LLC. Archived from the original on March 1, 2020. Retrieved September 25, 2014.
  90. ↑ "Board of Directors". Atlantic Council. Archived from the original on March 8, 2021. Retrieved February 12, 2020.
  91. ↑ "Starbucks names Robert Gates as board member". The Seattle Times. Associated Press. May 2, 2012. Archived from the original on October 21, 2020. Retrieved January 30, 2020.
  92. ↑ "Chief's Corner". Scouting Wire. Archived from the original on November 1, 2013. Retrieved October 30, 2013.
  93. ↑ "Robert Gates: Boy Scouts' ban on gay troop leaders not sustainable". Yahoo News. May 21, 2015. Archived from the original on May 30, 2020. Retrieved May 21, 2015.
  94. ↑ Gates, Robert M. (March 25, 2014). "Robert Gates: Putin's Challenge to the West – WSJ". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on June 7, 2014. Retrieved March 14, 2017.
  95. ↑ Nicholas, Peter; Bender, Michael C.; Lee, Carol E. (December 14, 2016). "How Rex Tillerson, a Late Entry to Be Secretary of State, Got Donald Trump's Nod". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on August 17, 2018. Retrieved August 17, 2018.
  96. ↑ Schleifer, Theodore; Labott, Elise; Krieg, Gregory (December 13, 2016). "GOP heavyweights with ties to Exxon pushed Tillerson". CNN. Archived from the original on August 17, 2018. Retrieved August 17, 2018.
  97. ↑ "All 10 living former defense secretaries: Involving the military in election disputes would cross into dangerous territory". Washington Post. January 3, 2021. Retrieved January 3, 2021.
  98. ↑ "About". COVID Collaborative. Archived from the original on May 15, 2022. Retrieved June 1, 2022.
  99. ↑ "Pentagon ex-head Gates criticises Obama's Afghan tactics". BBC News. Archived from the original on January 8, 2014. Retrieved January 8, 2013.
  100. ↑ Cloud, David S. (January 7, 2014). "Ex-Defense Secretary Robert Gates has harsh words for Obama and Biden". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on January 9, 2014. Retrieved January 9, 2014.
  101. 1 2 "Old Names, Old Scandals". Newsweek. November 8, 2006. Archived from the original on November 18, 2006.
  102. ↑ Schultz, George P. (1996). Turmoil and Triumph: Diplomacy, Power, and the Victory of the American Deal. New York, NY: Scriber. 1924–5.
  103. ↑ Smolansky, Bettie M.; Smolansky, Oles M., eds. (2001). The Lost Equilibrium: International Relations in the Post-Soviet Era. p. 28.
  104. ↑ Moynihan, Daniel P.; Combest, Larry (1997). Secrecy: Report of the Commission on Protecting and Reducing Government Secrecy. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office. p. A74.
  105. ↑ Diamond, John M. (2008). The CIA and the Culture of Failure: U.S. Intelligence from the End of the Cold War to the Invasion of Iraq. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. p. 37. ISBN 978-0-804-75601-3.
  106. ↑ Goodman, Melvin A. (February 4, 2016). "The Reality of Robert Gates". consortiumnews.com. Archived from the original on February 6, 2016. Retrieved February 10, 2016.
  107. ↑ "In Rebuttal to Senate Panel, C.I.A. Nominee Seems Truthful but Incomplete". The New York Times. October 13, 1991. Archived from the original on October 18, 2021. Retrieved October 18, 2021.
  108. ↑ Goldberg, Jeffrey (September 5, 2011). "Robert Gates Says Israel Is an Ungrateful Ally". Bloomberg.com. Archived from the original on February 13, 2014. Retrieved March 11, 2017.
  109. ↑ "Likud defends Netanyahu after report Gates called him 'ungrateful'". Haaretz. September 6, 2011. Archived from the original on September 6, 2011. Retrieved September 7, 2011.
  110. ↑ Gates, Robert M. (September 29, 2023). "The Dysfunctional Superpower". Foreign Affairs. No. November/December 2023. ISSN 0015-7120. Retrieved January 10, 2024.
  111. ↑ Gates, Robert M. (August 13, 2020). "The Scowcroft Model". Foreign Affairs. ISSN 0015-7120. Retrieved January 10, 2024.
  112. ↑ Gates, Robert M. (June 2, 2020). "The Overmilitarization of American Foreign Policy". Foreign Affairs. No. July/August 2020. ISSN 0015-7120. Retrieved January 10, 2024.
  113. ↑ Gates, Robert M. (May 1, 2010). "Helping Others Defend Themselves". Foreign Affairs. No. May/June 2010. ISSN 0015-7120. Retrieved January 10, 2024.
  114. ↑ Gates, Robert M. (January 1, 2009). "A Balanced Strategy". Foreign Affairs. No. January/February 2009. ISSN 0015-7120. Retrieved January 10, 2024.
  115. ↑ Gates, Robert M. (December 1, 1987). "The CIA and Foreign Policy". Foreign Affairs. No. Winter 1987/88. ISSN 0015-7120. Retrieved January 10, 2024.
  116. ↑ "Obama honors Gates on last day as defense chief". NBC News. Associated Press. June 30, 2011. Archived from the original on November 26, 2022. Retrieved November 26, 2022.
  117. ↑ "Honorary degrees | Kansas State University". k-state.edu. Archived from the original on December 29, 2022. Retrieved December 29, 2022.
  118. ↑ Troyer, Rebecca M. (December 19, 2009). "IU Winter Commencement 2009: Robert Gates to IU grads: 'America needs the best and brightest'". Herald Times. Bloomington, Indiana. Archived from the original on November 26, 2022. Retrieved November 26, 2022.
  119. ↑ Brown, Dennis (March 23, 2011). "12 distinguished figures to join Gates as honorary degree recipients". Notre Dame News. Archived from the original on December 29, 2022. Retrieved December 29, 2022.
  120. ↑ "Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement". achievement.org. American Academy of Achievement. Archived from the original on December 15, 2016. Retrieved August 17, 2020.
  121. ↑ AW & ST, January 14, 2013, issue, p. 47
  122. ↑ "Man of the Year: Secretary of Defense Robert Gates". mtvU. Viacom. December 29, 2010. Archived from the original on January 8, 2016. Retrieved December 4, 2011.
  123. ↑ Martinez, Luis (December 23, 2010). "mtvU: Defense Secretary is a Rock Star". ABC News. Archived from the original on January 12, 2012. Retrieved December 4, 2011.
  124. ↑ "The FP Top 100 Global Thinkers". Foreign Policy. November 28, 2011. Archived from the original on November 30, 2011. Retrieved December 4, 2011.
  125. ↑ "Gates named recipient of 2011 Sylvanus Thayer Award". Archived from the original on August 8, 2013. Retrieved March 8, 2012.
  126. ↑ "Newington Town Crier - 11-11-2011 by Bristol Press / New Britain Herald - Issuu". November 11, 2011. Archived from the original on December 29, 2022. Retrieved December 29, 2022 – via Issuu.
  127. ↑ Morrison, Tech. Sgt. Jerry (December 12, 2008). Welcome Gift (Photo). DoD. Archived from the original (.jpg) on July 14, 2015. Retrieved January 10, 2015. U.S. Defense Secretary Robert M. Gates receives Bahrain's Order of the First Class Award from His Majesty King Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa at the Safriya Palace in Manama, Bahrain, Dec. 12, 2008
  128. ↑ "2017 Autumn Conferment of Decoration Secretary Robert M. Gates". us.emb-japan.go.jp. Embassy of Japan. Archived from the original on July 26, 2019. Retrieved July 26, 2019.

Sources

Bibliography

  • Robert Gates, From the Shadows: The Ultimate Insider's Story of Five presidents and How They Won the Cold War. Simon & Schuster; Reprint edition (1997). ISBN 978-0684810812
  • Robert Gates, Duty: Memoirs of a Secretary at War. Alfred A. Knopf (2014). ISBN 978-0307959478
  • Robert Gates, A Passion for Leadership: Lessons on Change and Reform from Fifty Years of Public Service (2016). ISBN 978-0307959492
  • Robert Gates, Exercise of Power: American Failures, Successes, and a New Path Forward in the Post-Cold War World. Alfred A. Knopf (2020) ISBN 978-1524731885

Further reading

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Robert Gates.
Wikisource has original works by or about:
Robert Gates
Wikiquote has quotations related to Robert Gates.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.