Ronga
Native toMozambique, South Africa
Native speakers
720,000 (2006)[1]
Language codes
ISO 639-3rng
Glottologrong1268
S.54[2]
Linguasphere99-AUT-dd
incl. varieties
99-AUT-dda...-dde

Ronga (XiRonga; sometimes ShiRonga or GiRonga) is a Bantu language of the Tswa–Ronga branch spoken just south of Maputo in Mozambique. It extends a little into South Africa. It has about 650,000 speakers in Mozambique and a further 90,000 in South Africa, with dialects including Konde, Putru and Kalanga.

The Swiss philologist Henri Alexandre Junod seems to have been the first linguist to have studied it, in the late 19th century.

Phonology[3]

Front Central Back
Close i u
Mid e o
Open a
Labio-(dental) Alveolar Lateral Post-alveolar Retroflex Velar/

Glottal

plain lab. plain lab. plain lab. plain lab. plain lab. plain lab.
Nasal voiced m n nʷ ɲ ɲʷ ŋʷ
breathy mʱ nʱ nʷʱ
Stop voiceless p t tʷ k kʷ
aspirated pʰ tʰ kʰ kʷʰ
voiced b d dˡʷ ɡ ɡʷ
breathy bʱ dʱ ɡʱ ɡʷʱ
non-pulmonic ɓ ɗ ɡǂ
Affricate voiceless p̪f psʷ ts tʃ tʂ tʂʷ
aspirated p̪fʰ psʷʰ tsʰ tʃʰ tʂʰ
voiced b̪v bzʷ dz dʒ dʐ dʐʷ
breathy dʒʱ
Fricative voiceless f s sʷ ɬ ɬʷ ʃ ʃʷ
voiced v z ʒ ʐ ʐʷ
breathy vʱ ɦ
Sonorant voiced r l lʷ j w
breathy wʱ

Alphabet

Its alphabet is similar to that of Tsonga as provided by Methodist missionaries and Portuguese settlers.

Methodist alphabet
Letter ABCDEGHIJKLMNṄOPRSŜTUVWXYZẐ
Value ab~βtʃde~ɛɡhidʒklmnŋɔ~oprsʂtuvwʃjzʐ
1989 alphabet[4]
Letter ABByChDEGHHlIJKLLhMNNʼOPPsRSSvSwTUVVhWXXjYZZvZw
Value ab~βb͡ʐtʃde~ɛɡhɸidʒklʎmnŋɔ~opp͡ʂrsʂsʷtuʋvwʃʒjzʐzʷ

Grammar

Ronga is grammatically so close to Tsonga in many ways that census officials have often considered it a dialect; its noun class system is very similar and its verbal forms are almost identical. Its most immediately noticeable difference is a much greater influence from Portuguese, due to being centred near the capital Maputo (formerly Lourenço Marques).

Literature

The first book to be published in Ronga was the Gospel of John translated mainly by Henri Berthoud from the Swiss Romande Mission. It was published by the British and Foreign Bible Society in 1896. Further translation was done by Pierre Loze from Mission Romande (Swiss Romande Mission) and H.L. Bishop (Wesleyan Methodist Missionary Society), assisted by Jeremia Caetano and Efraim Hely. The New Testament was published in 1903, and the whole Bible was published by the British and Foreign Bible Society in 1923.

References

Ronga language test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator
  1. ↑ Ronga at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  2. ↑ Jouni Filip Maho, 2009. New Updated Guthrie List Online
  3. ↑ "PHOIBLE 2.0 -". phoible.org. Retrieved 2022-06-10.
  4. ↑ "Table from 'I Seminario sobre a Padronizacão da Ortografia de Línguas Moçambicanas'". www.bisharat.net.



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