A Sabon Gari (strangers' quarters or literally new town in the Hausa language, plural Sabon Garuruwa) is a section of cities and town in Northern Nigeria South Central Niger and Northern Cameroon whose residents are not indigenous to Hausa lands.
Historical Background
Before the British arrived in Northern Nigeria in 1900, there were already established communities of strangers who lived separately from the indigenous population. These communities, found in Northern Nigeria and other parts of West Africa, maintained their segregation from the Hausa population due to religious beliefs. However, despite their separation, these communities were still subjected to the authority of the local emir. With the passage of time, the composition of these communities began to change, and today, apart from Kano in Northern Nigeria, the Sabon Garis have become areas of mixed habitation.
The establishment of British colonial rule under Lord Frederick Lugard and the construction of new railway lines led to a large influx of laborers and traders from Southern Nigeria. The immigrants, which were mostly Igbo and Yoruba people, settled in new towns or Sabon Garuruwa, as these new towns were called by the local Hausa people. The Cantonments Proclamation of 1914 institutionalized this system of residential segregation. The Sabon Garuruwa became Native Reservations, officially reserved for employees of the government and commercial firms, and in practice inhabited by residents not indigenous to Northern Nigeria.
Under British colonial rule, power in Northern Nigeria was indirectly exercised through the emirs, who remained part of the colonial administration. Initially, the emirs administered the Sabon Garurus, but the Township Ordinance of 1917 shifted the administration of these areas and their residents directly to British rule. Residents of Sabon Garis were granted more rights than those under the authority of the local emir. For instance, they had the opportunity to send representatives to the advisory board (court) responsible for their township and could choose between courts that applied either Muslim or British law.
Sabon Garuruwa were established in all major cities of Northern Nigeria, most notably in Kano, Kaduna and Zaria. One exception was Maiduguri, which never had a Sabon Gari. A typical city or town in Northern Nigeria would consist of the old city within fortified walls and inhabited by indigenous Hausa or Fulani people. The Sabon Gari would house immigrants mostly from Southern Nigeria. The Tudun Wada would house people from Northern Nigeria that were not indigenous to the local area. Europeans would live in the European Reservation Areas.
When General Ironsi abolished the Nigerian federation in 1966 with Decree no. 34, it led to widespread pogroms against Igbos residing in Sabon gabris in Northern Nigeria.[1] These pogroms killed an estimated 8,000 to 30,000 Igbo, half of them children, and caused more than a million to two million to flee to the Eastern Region.[2]
Over time, the initially strict residential segregation would partially break down. Eventually, a typical Sabon Gari would house a diversity of people from all parts of Nigeria and to a lesser extent from other parts of West Africa. For example, in 1939 various ethnic groups were represented in the Sabon Gari of Kaduna as follows: 27% were Hausa, 11% were Igbo, 19% were Yoruba, 15% were Nupe and 28% were other ethnicities.[3] [4]
Sabon Garuruwa Today
Even today, Sabon Garuruwa are predominantly inhabited by people from Southern Nigeria. Ethnic and religious tensions between groups from southern and northern Nigeria lead to frequent riots and civil unrest in the Sabon Garuruwa of northern cities. With the introduction of Sharia law in some of the Northern states of Nigeria, some Sabon Garuruwa with its predominantly Christian population have become the place commonly known for it forbidden activities like alcohol consumption and gambling. [5] Zinder and Maradi, the two largest Hausa cities in Niger's Hausa speaking southeast retain Sabon Gari districts.[6]
According to the 2016 Nigeria population census the Sabon Gari Local Government is populated with 393,300.[7]
See also
References
- ↑ Meredith, Martin (2005). The fate of Africa : from the hopes of freedom to the heart of despair : a history of fifty years of independence (1st ed.). New York. p. 201. ISBN 1-58648-246-7. OCLC 58791298.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ↑ Heerten, Lasse; Moses, A. Dirk (2014-07-03). "The Nigeria–Biafra war: postcolonial conflict and the question of genocide". Journal of Genocide Research. 16 (2–3): 173. doi:10.1080/14623528.2014.936700. ISSN 1462-3528. S2CID 143878825.
Repeated outbursts of violence between June and October 1966 peaked in massacres against Igbos living in the Sabon Gari, the 'foreigners' quarters' of northern Nigerian towns. According to estimates, these riots claimed the lives of tens of thousands. This violence drove a stream of more than a million refugees to the Eastern Region, the 'homeland' of the Igbos' diasporic community.
- ↑ Salm, Steven J.; Toyin Falola (2004). Nigerian Cities. Africa World Press. pp. 113–114. ISBN 1-59221-169-0.
- ↑ King, Lamont (2003). "From Caliphate To Protectorate: Ethnicity And The Colonial Sabon Gari System In Northern Nigeria". Journal of Colonialism and Colonial History. 4 (2). doi:10.1353/cch.2003.0044. S2CID 161441027.
- ↑ The Sharia effect? BBC.co.uk, accessed September 22, 2007
- ↑ Jolijn Geels. Niger. Bradt UK/ Globe Pequot Press USA (2006) ISBN 978-1-84162-152-4
- ↑ Rizos, Georgios; Papadopoulos, Symeon; Kompatsiaris, Yiannis (2016). "Predicting News Popularity by Mining Online Discussions". Proceedings of the 25th International Conference Companion on World Wide Web - WWW '16 Companion. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press. pp. 737–742. doi:10.1145/2872518.2890096. ISBN 9781450341448. S2CID 1722349.