San Luis Dam
View of San Luis Dam and the intake structure.
CountryUnited States
LocationMerced County, California
Coordinates37°03′33″N 121°04′29″W / 37.05917°N 121.07472°W / 37.05917; -121.07472[1]
Construction began1963 (1963)
Opening date1968 (1968)
Owner(s)U.S. Bureau of Reclamation and California Department of Water Resources
Dam and spillways
Type of damEmbankment
Height (foundation)382 ft (116 m)[2]
Length18,600 ft (5,700 m)[2]
Dam volume77,656,000 cu yd (59,372,000 m3)[3]
Reservoir
CreatesSan Luis Reservoir
Total capacity2,041,000 acre⋅ft (2.518 km3)[3]
Catchment area82.6 sq mi (214 km2)[2]
Surface area12,700 acres (5,100 ha)
Normal elevation544 ft (166 m)[2]
William R. Gianelli Powerplant[4]
Commission date1968[4]
TypePumping-generating
Hydraulic head323 ft (98 m) max[4]
Turbines8 x 53.0 MW Francis turbines[4]
Installed capacity424 MW[4]

San Luis Dam is a major earth-filled dam in Merced County, California, which forms San Luis Reservoir, the largest off-stream reservoir in the United States. The dam and reservoir are located in the Diablo Range to the east of Pacheco Pass and about 10 miles (16 km) west of Los Banos. San Luis Dam, a jointly-owned state and federal facility, stores more than 2 million acre feet (2.5 km3) of water for the California State Water Project and the federal Central Valley Project. Although the dam is located in the valley of San Luis Creek, the majority of its water comes from man-made aqueducts which are supplied from other rivers in Northern California.

San Luis provides water mainly for irrigation in the San Joaquin Valley, where it augments the supply for more than 1 million acres (400,000 ha) of agricultural land, although some water is also used for urban and environmental uses. The dam was built between 1963 and 1968, and filled for the first time in 1969. It provides flexibility to the state water system by capturing, via pumps and canals, the wet season (November–April) runoff that would otherwise flow from the Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta into the Pacific Ocean. It also generates hydroelectricity by releasing the water when it is needed. However, it has indirectly impacted the environment by enabling increased water diversion from sensitive estuary regions. In recent years, a combination of drought and pumping restrictions enacted to protect endangered fish have contributed to low water levels at the San Luis Reservoir.[5]

The dam and reservoir are visible from the Romero Overlook Visitors Center, which is located along Highway 152.[6]

Overview

San Luis Reservoir is designed to capture excess runoff flowing out of the Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta, the largest watershed of California, during the winter and spring rainy season so it can be used during the dry season. This water includes both natural river flows, and water that is evacuated from Shasta Lake, Lake Oroville, Folsom Lake and other reservoirs for flood control purposes. This is accomplished via a system of canals and pumping stations which divert water from the Delta and deliver it south to water users.[7]

A view of the William R. Gianelli Powerhouse, with part of the San Luis Dam embankment visible above it.

The San Luis Dam, a zoned compacted earthfill structure, is one of the largest embankment dams in the United States, with a structural height of 382 feet (116 m), a length of 18,600 feet (5,700 m) and a structural volume of 77,656,000 cubic yards (59,372,000 m3).[2][3] When full, San Luis Reservoir is more than 300 feet (91 m) deep, covers 12,700 acres (5,100 ha), and contains 2,041,000 acre-feet (2.518 km3) of water. The storage capacity of San Luis Reservoir is divided with 55 percent belonging to the state and 45 percent to the federal government.[8]

The Delta-Mendota Canal, originally built in 1951, carries irrigation water for the federal Central Valley Project (CVP) operated by the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation to supply San Joaquin Valley farms. The California Aqueduct was built in 1968 as part of the State Water Project (SWP), to deliver water to Los Angeles and other cities and farmlands in Southern California. Both canals begin at the Clifton Court Forebay near Tracy, California where the Jones and Banks Pumping Plants draw water from the Delta in order to deliver it south. The canals are linked to O'Neill Forebay, a small reservoir located directly in front of San Luis Dam where the water is temporarily stored for distribution. Most CVP project water is dedicated to irrigation while the SWP water supply is split, with 30 percent going to agriculture and 70 percent to urban areas.[9]

The San Luis Pumping-Generating Plant (also known as the William R. Gianelli Power Plant) is situated between O'Neill and San Luis Reservoirs and can pump water uphill for storage in San Luis during period of low demand, and release it during periods of high demand. The plant has eight reversible Francis turbine units which can generate up to 424 megawatts when releasing water. The power consumption while pumping is 376 megawatts. The maximum water flow while generating is 13,120 cubic feet per second (372 m3/s), and maximum pumping is 11,000 cubic feet per second (310 m3/s).[4]

The sale of peaking power lowers the overall cost of operating the State Water Project, particularly the giant electric pumps along the California Aqueduct. A short 230 kV power line heads eastward to deliver this electricity to Northern California's electricity backbone, Path 15.[10] However, due to friction losses when pumping water uphill, only about 70 percent of the energy can be recouped when the water is discharged.

History

The valley filled by the San Luis Reservoir was originally inhabited by the Yokuts people; during the early 19th century it was part of Rancho San Luis Gonzaga and small-scale agriculture began in the area, supplied by groundwater and canals from the San Joaquin River. The Central Valley Project was begun in the 1930s to provide an additional water supply to the area and greatly expanded the irrigated acreage. However, the lack of local water storage limited the system's flexibility.[11] During the dry summer months when surface water was frequently unavailable, farmers pumped vast volumes of groundwater to irrigate their crops, considerably depleting the regional aquifer. The Bureau of Reclamation recognized the need for a large storage reservoir in order to provide a year-round water supply, and began studies for this project in 1955.[11]

During the 1950s the State of California also began building its own water project, whose design also required an off-stream water storage reservoir. The state approached the federal government with an offer to design a joint-use facility; however it took several years for the Bureau of Reclamation to agree to the proposal. On May 16, 1960, the state and the Bureau of Reclamation signed a "coordinated operation" agreement which laid out plans for the construction of joint-use facilities, including the San Luis Dam and Power Plant.[11] The state government was to cover 55 percent of the cost with the federal government providing the rest. On June 3, 1960, President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed an act authorizing the San Luis Unit Project.[11]

Map showing the realignment of Highway 152 around the San Luis Reservoir in 1963. The former roadbed is now under water.

Plans for the dam were completed by 1961 and the groundbreaking ceremony took place on August 18, 1962. In front of a crowd of 15,000 people, President John F. Kennedy and California Governor Pat Brown gave the signal to detonate the first explosive charges in the San Luis dam site. Work began the same month to reroute Pacheco Pass Highway (today's SR 152) around the future reservoir basin.[12] The primary contract for the dam itself was awarded to Morrison-Knudsen, Utah Construction & Mining Co., and Brown & Root in 1963 for $85.9 million. Alfred M. Petrofsky held the role of chief engineer.[11]

Construction of San Luis Dam lasted from 1963 to early 1968. The dam was constructed in several zones with quarried local earth and rock averaging as much as 130,000 cubic yards (99,000 m3) per day. The 100-ton Caterpillar dump trucks used during construction were, at the time, the largest in the US. The construction of the four water intake towers, each 284 feet (87 m) high, involved the first use of tower cranes in the US.[11] The work force peaked at 2,304 in October 1965 and declined thereafter; in January 1968, with construction almost completed, the first water was delivered through the California Aqueduct to begin filling the giant reservoir. The dam was officially dedicated on April 20, 1968, by Secretary of the Interior Stewart L. Udall. On May 31, 1969, the San Luis Reservoir filled for the first time.[11]

In 1981, during low water conditions in San Luis Reservoir, a 1,100-foot (340 m) long segment of the upstream face of the dam partially collapsed, causing 400,000 cubic yards (310,000 m3) of material to fall into the reservoir. Since the reservoir was at a low level the dam was in no immediate danger of failure, however it could not be safely refilled until the damage was repaired. By August 1982, the area had been stabilized with 1,400,000 cubic yards (1,100,000 m3) of additional fill (known as a "buttressing berm"), at a cost of $6.1 million. In July 1984 another crack appeared in the dam, but it soon stabilized.[13]

Water supply

San Luis Reservoir, O'Neill Forebay and San Joaquin Valley farmlands, seen from space.

Most of the water stored behind San Luis Dam is used for irrigation. The CVP share of the water is released down the Delta-Mendota Canal into the San Joaquin River, which provides water for 380,000 acres (150,000 ha) of farmland in the central part of the San Joaquin Valley.[14] Parts of the CVP and SWP water supply the Westlands Water District of Fresno and Kings Counties, which irrigates up to 735,000 acres (297,000 ha) of land on the west side of the San Joaquin Valley. Prior to the construction of San Luis Dam and the joint use portion of the California Aqueduct (the San Luis Canal) this area depended entirely on groundwater.[15] In 2016 the main crops grown here were almonds, tomatoes, pistachios and wheat.[16] Most of the Westlands district consists of large corporate farms totaling hundreds if not thousands of acres.[17] The SWP also provides more than 980,000 acre-feet (1.21 km3) of water per year for farmers in Kern County.[18]

San Luis Reservoir stores water for the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California (MWD) which is one of the primary providers of water for the Greater Los Angeles Area. This water reaches Southern California via the East and West Branches of the California Aqueduct.[19] It also provides water for the Central Coast cities like San Luis Obispo and Santa Barbara via the Coastal Branch of the California Aqueduct. Local water agencies and irrigation districts are allowed to "bank" water in San Luis Reservoir for later use, by purchasing it during the rainy season at lower prices when it is not immediately needed. However, regulations only allow such carryover storage when San Luis is not full, since state and federal water takes priority. Once the reservoir fills, any carryover water that has not been used is effectively "lost", i.e. transferred to the CVP and SWP supplies.[20]

In addition to supplying the main CVP and SWP canals, San Luis Reservoir also supplies water to the Santa Clara Valley via the Pacheco Tunnel and Hollister Conduit, which travel under the Diablo Range. At the western end of the tunnel, the water is stored behind San Justo Dam, an earthfill dam completed in 1986. These facilities are all part of the San Felipe Division of the Central Valley Project.[21]

The San Luis & Delta-Mendota Water Authority represents the 29 federal water contractors served by the San Luis Unit, consisting of a combined 2,100,000-acre (850,000 ha) service area in the San Joaquin and Santa Clara Valleys. The Authority operates the Federally owned portion of the San Luis Reservoir and water supply infrastructure.[22]

Environmental issues

Before San Luis Dam was built, most of the pumping from the Delta occurred during the summer when there is high demand for irrigation. The construction of San Luis Dam enabled the additional capture of winter flows that would otherwise be lost to the sea. However, water pumping during certain times of the winter and early spring interfere with fish migration, notably the Sacramento River chinook salmon. The pumping changes the primary direction of water flow in the Delta from east–west to north–south, confusing the fish. As a result, certain environmental restrictions have been in place since the 1990s to limit pumping during the spring chinook run (March–April). This has led to frequent low water levels at San Luis Reservoir; in late summer 2016 it fell to 10 percent of capacity, the lowest since 1991.[23]

These restrictions have been criticized by water agencies as too stringent, especially since California is in a long-term drought. During winter 2016 at least 180,000 acre-feet (220,000,000 m3) of water was allowed to drain from the Delta into the Pacific instead of being pumped into San Luis Reservoir.[24] In December 2016, Congress passed a bill allowing increased water pumping during times when fish are not at high risk. This will generally allow more water to be stored at San Luis Reservoir. The bill will require daily monitoring of fish to ensure environmental laws are not violated, instead of relying on hard limits which may not match current conditions. California Senator Dianne Feinstein remarked that "the goal... is to run California's water system based on good science, not intuition."[25]

Proposed expansion

In 2013, the Bureau of Reclamation proposed raising the BF Sisk Dam by 20 feet (6.1 m) to create about 130,000 acre-feet (160,000,000 m3) of extra storage capacity. An expanded reservoir could store more water in wet years to compensate for less water being pumped in dry years due to environmental restrictions. The project would cost $360 million and would also involve seismic upgrades to protect the dam from earthquakes.[26][27] The dam expansion is one of several major water projects that could be funded, in part, by a $2.7 billion bond measure approved by California voters in 2014.[28]

BF Sisk Dam and Reservoir seen from the Romero Overlook, June 2014.

See also

References

  1. ↑ "San Luis Dam". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. January 19, 1981. Retrieved February 9, 2017.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 "B.F. Sisk Dam". U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. Retrieved February 9, 2017.
  3. 1 2 3 "San Luis Unit Project". U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. Retrieved February 9, 2017.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "San Luis (William R. Gianelli) Powerplant". U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. Retrieved February 9, 2017.
  5. ↑ Rogers, Paul (August 16, 2013). "San Luis Reservoir 17 percent full, causing Silicon Valley water problems". The Mercury News. Retrieved February 9, 2017.
  6. ↑ "Locations: Romero Overlook Visitors Center (San Luis Reservoir)". California Department of Water Resources. Retrieved February 10, 2017.
  7. ↑ "San Luis Reservoir". Water Education Foundation. Retrieved February 9, 2017.
  8. ↑ "B.F. Sisk Dam (SCCAO)". Safety of Dams Program. U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. January 20, 2017. Retrieved February 11, 2017.
  9. ↑ "San Luis Joint-Use Complex" (PDF). California Department of Water Resources. Retrieved February 9, 2017.
  10. ↑ "Chapter 31: Power Production and Energy" (PDF). North-of-the-Delta Offstream Storage Project EIR/EIS. California Department of Water Resources. December 2013. Retrieved February 12, 2017.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Autobee, Robert. "San Luis Unit History". U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. Retrieved February 9, 2017.
  12. ↑ Hawkins, Stephen (August 18, 2022). "Pres. John F. Kennedy was at the San Luis Reservoir groundbreaking 60 years ago". KMPH. Retrieved August 26, 2022.
  13. ↑ Schuster, Robert L. (2006). U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1723: Interaction of Dams and Landslides—Case Studies and Mitigation (PDF) (Report). U.S. Geological Survey. Retrieved February 9, 2017.
  14. ↑ "Delta Division Project". U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. Retrieved February 10, 2017.
  15. ↑ "About Westlands". Westlands Water District. Retrieved February 10, 2017.
  16. ↑ "Westlands Water District 2016 Crop Acreage Report" (PDF). Westlands Water District. 2016. Retrieved February 10, 2017.
  17. ↑ "Toxic Waters in the Gilded State". Columbia University Earth Institute. June 16, 2011. Retrieved February 11, 2017.
  18. ↑ "2015 State Water Project Allocation" (PDF). California Department of Water Resources. Retrieved February 10, 2017.
  19. ↑ Madrigal, Alexis (February 26, 2014). "The Town Los Angeles Drank: A $25 billion plan, a small town, and a half century of wrangling over the most important resource in the biggest state". Mother Jones. Retrieved February 10, 2016.
  20. ↑ Burns, Melinda (January 15, 2017). "Heavy Rains in Northern California Threaten South Coast Water Stashed in San Luis Reservoir: If Merced County lake fills, which looks likely, Santa Barbara County water agencies could lose their carryover State Project Water stored there". Noozhawk. Retrieved February 10, 2017.
  21. ↑ "San Felipe Division Project". U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. Retrieved February 10, 2017.
  22. ↑ "About Us". San Luis & Delta-Mendota Water Authority. Retrieved February 10, 2017.
  23. ↑ Haagenson, Gene (August 3, 2016). "San Luis Reservoir at Lowest Level in 25 Years". ABC News. Retrieved February 10, 2017.
  24. ↑ Fitchette, Todd (March 11, 2016). "Feinstein calls for increased pumping during storms". Western FarmPress. Retrieved February 10, 2016.
  25. ↑ Lindt, John (December 17, 2016). "Water bill to speed pumping south of Delta". Visalia Times-Delta. Retrieved February 10, 2017.
  26. ↑ "San Luis Reservoir Expansion Draft Appraisal Report" (PDF). U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. December 2013. Retrieved February 11, 2017.
  27. ↑ Rogers, Paul (December 11, 2013). "San Luis Reservoir, one of California's largest, would grow bigger under a proposed $360 million expansion". Mercury News. Retrieved February 11, 2017.
  28. ↑ Colbert, Bruce (March 31, 2016). "Proposed California ballot measure funds water storage projects". Capital Press. Retrieved February 22, 2017.
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