In United States history, the Second Report on the Public Credit,[1] also referred to as The Report on a National Bank,[2] was the second of four influential reports on fiscal and economic policy delivered to Congress by the first U.S. Secretary of the Treasury, Alexander Hamilton.[2][3] Submitted on December 14, 1790,[2][3] the report called for the establishment of a central bank with the primary purpose to expand the flow of legal tender, monetizing the national debt[4][5] by issuing of federal bank notes.[6]

Modeled on the Bank of England,[6] the privately held but publicly funded institution would also serve to process revenue fees and to perform fiscal duties for the federal government.[5][7] Hamilton regarded the bank as indispensable to produce a stable and flexible financial system.[6][8]

The ease with which Federalists advanced legislation to incorporate the bank impelled agrarian opposition that was hostile to Hamilton's emerging economic nationalism. Resorting to constitutional arguments,[5][8][9] Representative James Madison challenged Congress's broad authority to grant charters of incorporation under the "necessary and proper" clause of the US Constitution[10] and charged Hamilton with violating a literal, strict constructionist interpretation of the founding document.[11][12]

Despite Madison’s objections, the Bank Bill of 1791 penned to form the First Bank of the United States passed without amendment in the US House of Representatives[12] by a vote of 39-20[13] on February 8, 1791. The bank was endowed with a 20-year charter.[7]

Debate on constitutionality of Bank

Madison's misgivings on the Bank's constitutionality raised doubts in President Washington's mind as to the legality[14] of the Bank Bill.[13] Washington delayed signing it to consult with his cabinet.[15] Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson and Attorney General Edmund Randolph concurred with Madison that the federal government was one of strictly enumerated powers[16] and bolstered that argument by citing the Tenth Amendment. They advanced the position of states' rights and believed in limited federal power.[17][18]

The Tenth Amendment was not ratified until December 15, 1791 after the Bank Bill passed Congress on February 2, 1791 and so it was not then part of the Constitution.

Hamilton's famous rebuttal[16][19] on the Bank was submitted to Washington on February 23, 1791. It introduced the doctrine of "implied powers"[8] based on the principle of broad construction of the Constitution.[20] He argued that the authority to create the Bank was not explicitly mandated [17] in the Constitution but was inherent to a central government and was required for it to fulfill its duties prescribed in the founding document.[21][22]

The "broad"[12] or "liberal"[23][24] interpretation swayed Washington, who signed the Bank Bill on February 25, 1791.

Hamilton's success in advancing his fiscal and financial plans[5] moved Madison and Jefferson towards establishing the political foundations for a two-party system.[25][26] Based on a New York-Virginia alliance,[27] the Democratic-Republican Party would defeat the Federalist Party in the "Revolution of 1800."[28]

Design, function, and performance of Bank

The First Bank of the United States[29] had a mixture of government and private ownership and was subject to public oversight. The federal government appointed five of the 25 Bank's directors and held one fourth of its stock. The remaining 20 of the Bank's directors were selected, and the other 75% of its stock was provided by the investors. The Secretary of the Treasury was presented with statements by Bank administrators to see that the debt limit did not exceed $10 million exclusive of deposits and to assure its compliance with the government's rules of incorporation.[29]

Certificates of indebtedness, or government American Revolutionary War debt, had been paid with government securities at face value, plus arrears of interest, under the terms of Hamilton's First Report on the Public Credit.[30][31] The new securities were accepted by the Bank to purchase its stock up to three quarters (75%) of their value.[5] Based on the collateral of the securities, the Bank issued new notes, producing a dramatic increase in the money supply[30] and serving as the principal circulating medium, the legal tender, for the country.[5]

Hamilton enlisted the United States in a generous short-term loan arrangement[32][33] in which the federal government borrowed $2 million in Bank stock with funds lent by the Bank itself.[5][30][34]

"By 1792," observed the historian John Chester Miller, "largely as a result of the leadership assumed by Alexander Hamilton, the heavy war debt dating from the struggle for independence had been put in the course of ultimate extinction, the price of government securities had been stabilized close to their face value, hoarded wealth had been brought out of hiding, a system of debt management had been created, the power of the Federal government had been decisively asserted over the states, foreign capital had begun to pour into the United States, and the credit of the Federal government had been solidly established."[35]

The Reports on the Public Credit and Hamilton's arguments for the Bank of the United States "laid the philosophical foundation for a genuinely effective national government."[23]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Garraty, 1999, p. 908
  2. 1 2 3 Malone, 1960, p. 259
  3. 1 2 Staloff, 2005, p. 91
  4. ↑ Staloff, 2005, p. 97, p. 98
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Malone, 1960, p. 262
  6. 1 2 3 Miller, 1960, p. 53
  7. 1 2 Staloff, 2005, p. 97
  8. 1 2 3 Brock, 1957, p. 44
  9. ↑ Miller, 1960, p. 56-56
  10. ↑ Staloff, 2005, p, 116
  11. ↑ Malone, 1960, p. 262-263
  12. 1 2 3 Staloff, 2005, p. 116
  13. 1 2 Miller, 1960, p. 57
  14. ↑ Malone, 1960, p. 261
  15. ↑ Miller, 1960, p. 57-58
  16. 1 2 Miller, 1960, p. 58-59
  17. 1 2 Malone, 1960, p. 263
  18. ↑ Staloff, 2005, p. 117, p. 314
  19. ↑ Staloff, 2005, p. 117
  20. ↑ Miller, 1960, p. 59
  21. ↑ Malone, 1960, p. 263-264
  22. ↑ Staloff, 2005, p. 117, p.118-119
  23. 1 2 Malone, 1960, p. 264
  24. ↑ Staloff, 2005, p. 120
  25. ↑ Miller, 1960, p. 103-104
  26. ↑ Malone, 1960, p. 265-265
  27. ↑ Hofstader, 1948, p. 14
  28. ↑ Miller, 1960, p. 273
  29. 1 2 Miller, 1960, p. 55
  30. 1 2 3 Staloff, 2004, p. 97
  31. ↑ Miller, 1960, p. 49
  32. ↑ Miller, 1960, p. 61
  33. ↑ Staloff, 2004, p. 98
  34. ↑ Miller, 1960, p. 56
  35. ↑ Miller, 1960, p. 68-69

Cited in footnotes

  • Brock, W.R. 1957. The Ideas and Influence of Alexander Hamilton in Essays on the Early Republic: 1789-1815. Ed. Leonard W. Levy and Carl Siracusa. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1974.
  • Burstein, Andrew and Isenberg, Nancy. 2010. Madison and Jefferson. New York: Random House
  • Ellis, Joseph J. 2000. Founding Brothers: The Revolutionary Generation. Vintage Books. New York. ISBN 0-375-70524-4
  • Garraty, John A. and Carnes, Mark C. 1999. American National Biography. Oxford University Press, New York. ISBN 0-19-512788-9
  • Hofstadter, Richard. 1948. The American Political Tradition and the Men Who Made It. New York: A. A. Knopf.
  • Malone, Dumas and Rauch, Basil. 1960. Empire for Liberty: The Genesis and Growth of the United States of America. Appleton-Century Crofts, Inc. New York.
  • Miller, John C. 1960. The Federalists: 1789-1801. Harper & Row, New York. ISBN 9781577660316
  • Staloff, Darren. 2005. Hamilton, Adams, Jefferson: The Politics of Enlightenment and the American Founding. Hill and Wang, New York. ISBN 0-8090-7784-1
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